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own much property

1 ἔχω

ἔχω (Hom.+) impf. εἶχον, 1 pl. εἴχαμεν and 3 pl. εἶχαν (both as vv.ll.; Mlt-H. 194; B-D-F §82) Mk 8:7; Rv 9:8 or εἴχοσαν (B-D-F §84, 2; Mlt-H. 194; Kühner-Bl. II p. 55) J 15:22, 24; 2 aor. ἔσχον; mixed aor. forms include ἔσχαν Hv 3, 5, 1, ἔσχοσαν 1 Esdr 6:5; 1 Macc 10:15 (ἔσχον, εἴχον vv.ll.); pf. ἔσχηκα; plpf. ἐσχήκειν.—In the following divisions: act. trans. 1–9; act. intr. 10; mid. 11.

① to possess or contain, have, own (Hom.+)

ⓐ to possess someth. that is under one’s control

α. own, possess (s. esp. TestJob 9f) κτήματα πολλά own much property Mt 19:22; Mk 10:22. πρόβατα Lk 15:4; J 10:16. θησαυρόν Mt 19:21; Mk 10:21b. βίον living Lk 21:4; 1J 3:17. δραχμὰς δέκα Lk 15:8. πλοῖα Rv 18:19. κληρονομίαν Eph 5:5. θυσιαστήριον Hb 13:10a; μέρος ἔ. ἔν τινι have a share in someth. Rv 20:6. Gener. μηδὲν ἔ. own nothing (SibOr 3, 244) 2 Cor 6:10. ὅσα ἔχεις Mk 10:21; cp. 12:44; Mt 13:44, 46; 18:25. τί ἔχεις ὸ̔ οὐκ ἔλαβες; what do you have that you have not been given? 1 Cor 4:7. The obj. acc. is often used w. an adj. or ptc.: ἔ. ἅπαντα κοινά have everything in common Ac 2:44 (cp. Jos., Ant. 15, 18). ἔ. πολλὰ ἀγαθὰ κείμενα have many good things stored up Lk 12:19.—Hb 12:1. Abs. ἔ. have (anything) (Soph.et al.; Sir 13:5; 14:11) Mt 13:12a; Mk 4:25a; Lk 8:18a. ἐκ τοῦ ἔχειν in accordance w. what you have 2 Cor 8:11. ἔ. εἰς ἀπαρτισμόν have (enough) to complete Lk 14:28. W. neg. ἔ. have nothing Mt 13:12b; Mk 4:25b; Lk 8:18b.—ὁ ἔχων the one who has, who is well off (Soph., Aj. 157; Eur., Alc. 57; X., An. 7, 3, 28; Ar. 15:7). πᾶς ὁ ἔχων everyone who has (anything) Mt 25:29a; Lk 19:26a. ὁ μὴ ἔχων the one who has nothing (X., An. 7, 3, 28; 1 Esdr 9:51, 54; 2 Esdr 18:10) Mt 25:29b; Lk 19:26b; 1 Cor 11:22.

β. have = hold in one’s charge or keeping ἔ. τὰς κλεῖς hold the keys Rv 1:18; cp. 3:7. τὸ γλωσσόκομον the money-box J 12:6; 13:29.

ⓑ to contain someth. have, possess, of the whole in relation to its parts

α. of living beings, of parts of the body in men and animals μέλη Ro 12:4a; cp. 1 Cor 12:12. σάρκα καὶ ὀστέα Lk 24:39 (Just., A I, 66, 2 καὶ σάρκα καὶ αἷμα) ἀκροβυστίαν Ac 11:3. οὖς Rv 2:7, 11. ὦτα Mt 11:15; Mk 7:16; Lk 8:8. χεῖρας, πόδας, ὀφθαλμούς Mt 18:8f; Mk 9:43, 45, 47. Of animals and animal-like beings ἔ. πρόσωπον Rv 4:7. πτέρυγας vs. 8. κέρατα 5:6. ψυχάς 8:9. τρίχας 9:8. κεφαλάς 12:3 (TestAbr B 14 p. 118, 19 [Stone p. 84]) al. ἔχοντες ὑγιῆ τὴν σάρκα AcPlCor 2:32 (Just., D. 48, 3 σάρκα ἔχων). Of plants (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 6 [Stone p. 62] εὗρον δένδρον … ἔχον κλάδους) ῥίζαν ἔ. Mt 13:6; Mk 4:6.

β. of inanimate things: of cities τ. θεμελίους ἔ. Hb 11:10; cp. Rv 21:14. Of a head-covering χαρακτῆρα ἔχει βασιλικόν has a royal emblem GJs 2:2.

ⓒ to have at hand, have at one’s disposal have ἄρτους Mt 14:17; cp. 15:34; J 21:5, where the sense is prob. ‘Did you catch any fish for breakfast?’. οὐκ ἔχω ὸ̔ παραθήσω αὐτῷ I have nothing to set before him Lk 11:6. μὴ ἐχόντων τί φάγωσι since they had nothing to eat Mk 8:1; cp. Mt 15:32 (Soph., Oed. Col. 316 οὐκ ἔχω τί φῶ). οὐκ ἔχω ποῦ συνάξω I have no place to store Lk 12:17. ἄντλημα a bucket J 4:11a. οἰκίας ἔ. have houses (at one’s disposal) 1 Cor 11:22. Of pers.: have (at one’s disposal) (PAmh 92, 18 οὐχ ἕξω κοινωνόν and oft. in pap) Moses and the prophets Lk 16:29. παράκλητον an advocate, a helper 1J 2:1. οὐδένα ἔ. ἰσόψυχον Phil 2:20. ἄνθρωπον οὐκ ἔ. J 5:7.

ⓓ to have within oneself have σύλλημα ἔχει ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου she has something conceived through the Holy Spirit GJs 18:1. Var. constr. w. ἐν: of women ἐν γαστρὶ ἔ. be pregnant (γαστήρ 2) Mt 1:18, 23 (Is 7:14); 24:19; Mk 13:17; Lk 21:23; 1 Th 5:3; Rv 12:2. ἔ. τινὰ ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ have someone in one’s heart Phil 1:7 (Ovid, Metam. 2, 641 aliquem clausum pectore habere). ἔ. τι ἐν ἑαυτῷ (Jos., Ant. 8, 171; cp. TestAbr A 3 p. 80, 14 [Stone p. 8] ἔκρυψεν τὸ μυστήριον, μόνος ἔχων ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ): ζωήν J 5:26. τὴν μαρτυρίαν 1J 5:10; τὸ ἀπόκριμα τοῦ θανάτου have a sentence of death within oneself 2 Cor 1:9.

ⓔ to have with oneself or in one’s company have μεθʼ ἑαυτοῦ (X., Cyr. 1, 4, 17) τινά someone Mt 15:30; 26:11; Mk 2:19; 14:7; J 12:8; AcPl Ha 8, 35; σὺν αὐτῷ 4:18.—The ptc. w. acc. = with (Diod S 12, 78, 1 ἔχων δύναμιν with a [military] force; 18, 61, 1 ὁ θρόνος ἔχων τὸ διάδημα the throne with the diadem; JosAs 27:8 ἔχοντες ἐσπασμένας τὰς ῥομφαίας ‘with their swords drawn’) ἀνέβησαν ἔχοντες αὐτόν they went up with him Lk 2:42 D.

② to stand in a close relationship to someone, have, have as

ⓐ of relatives πατέρα ἔ. J 8:41. ἀδελφούς Lk 16:28. ἄνδρα (Aristot., Cat. 15b, 27f λεγόμεθα δὲ καὶ γυναῖκα ἔχειν καὶ ἡ γυνὴ ἄνδρα; Tob 3:8 BA) be married (of the woman) J 4:17f; 1 Cor 7:2b, 13; Gal 4:27 (Is 54:1). γυναῖκα of the man (cp. Lucian, Tox. 45; SIG 1160 γυναικὸς Αἴ., τῆς νῦν ἔχει; PGM 13, 320; 1 Esdr 9:12, 18; Just., D. 141, 4 πολλὰς ἔσχον γυναίκας. As early as Od. 11, 603 Heracles ἔχει Ἥβην) 1 Cor 7:2a, 12, 29 (for the wordplay cp. Heliod. 1, 18, 4 in connection w. the handing over of a virgin: σὺ ἔχων οὐκ ἕξεις; Crates, 7th Ep. [p. 58, 8 Malherbe] πάντʼ ἔχοντες οὐδὲν ἔχετε). τέκνα Mt 21:28; 22:24; 1 Ti 3:4; 5:4; Tit 1:6. υἱούς (Artem. 5, 42 τὶς τρεῖς ἔχων υἱούς; cp. θυγατέρα TestAbr B 10 p. 114, 17 [Stone p.76]) Lk 15:11; Gal 4:22. σπέρμα have children Mt 22:25. W. acc. as obj. and in predicate (Ar. 8, 4 τούτους συνηγόρους ἔχοντες τῆς κακίας; 11, 3 ἔσχε μοιχὸν τὸν Ἄρην; Ath. 7, 2 ἔχομεν προφήτας μάρτυρας) ἔ. τινὰ πατέρα have someone as father Mt 3:9. ἔ. τινὰ γυναῖκα (w. γυναῖκα to be understood fr. the context) 14:4; cp. Mk 6:18; ὥστε γυναῖκά τινα τοῦ πατρὸς ἔ. that someone has taken his father’s wife (as his own wife: the simple ἔχειν in this sense as Plut., Cato Min. 21, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 10 §34; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 147. Perh. an illicit relationship is meant, as Longus 4, 17; Hesychius Miles. [VI A.D.], Viri Ill. 4 JFlach [1880] ἔχω Λαί̈δα) 1 Cor 5:1 (Diod S 20, 33, 5 of a man who had illicit relations with his stepmother: ἔχειν λάθρᾳ τοῦ πατρὸς τὴν Ἀλκίαν).

ⓑ more gener. φίλον have a friend Lk 11:5. ἀσθενοῦντας have sick people Lk 4:40 and χήρας widows 1 Ti 5:16 to care for; παιδαγωγοὺς ἔ. 1 Cor 4:15. δοῦλον Lk 17:7. οἰκονόμον 16:1; κύριον ἔ. have a master, i.e. be under a master’s control Col 4:1; δεσπότην ἔ. 1 Ti 6:2; βασιλέα J 19:15. ἀρχιερέα Hb 4:14; 8:1. ποιμένα Mt 9:36. ἔχων ὑπʼ ἐμαυτὸν στρατιώτας I have soldiers under me Lk 7:8. W. direct obj. and predicate acc. ἔ. τινὰ ὑπηρέτην have someone as an assistant Ac 13:5 (Just., A I, 14, 1) ἔ. τινὰ τύπον have someone as an example Phil 3:17.—Of the relation of Christians to God and to Jesus ἔ. θεόν, τὸν πατέρα, τὸν υἱόν have God, the Father, the Son, i.e. be in communion w. them 1J 2:23; 2J 9; AcPl Ha 4, 7.—HHanse, at end of this entry.

③ to take a hold on someth., have, hold (to), grip

ⓐ of holding someth. in one’s hand ἔ. τι ἐν τῇ χειρί have someth. in one’s hand (since Il. 18, 505) Rv 1:16; 6:5; 10:2; 17:4. Of holding in the hand without ἐν τῇ χειρί (Josh 6:8; JosAs 5:7) ἔ. κιθάραν 5:8. λιβανωτὸν χρυσοῦν 8:3, cp. vs. 6; 14:17 and s. ἀλάβαστρον Mt 26:7 and Mk 14:3.

ⓑ of keeping someth. safe, a mina (a laborer’s wages for about three months) in a handkerchief keep safe Lk 19:20.

ⓒ of holding fast to matters of transcendent importance, fig. τὴν μαρτυρίαν Rv 6:9; 12:17; 19:10; the secret of Christian piety 1 Ti 3:9; an example of sound teaching 2 Ti 1:13; keep (Diod S 17, 93, 1 τὴν βασιλείαν ἔχειν=keep control) Mk 6:18.

ⓓ of states of being hold, hold in its grip, seize (Hom. et al.; PGiss 65a, 4 παρακαλῶ σε κύριέ μου, εἰδότα τὴν ἔχουσάν με συμφορὰν ἀπολῦσαί μοι; Job 21:6; Is 13:8; Jos., Ant. 3, 95 δέος εἶχε τοὺς Ἑβρ.; 5, 63; Just., D. 19, 3) εἶχεν αὐτὰς τρόμος καὶ ἔκστασις trembling and amazement had seized them Mk 16:8.

④ to carry/bear as accessory or part of a whole, have on, wear, of clothing, weapons, etc. (Hom. et al.; LXX; TestAbr B p. 114, 22 [Stone p. 76]) τὸ ἔνδυμα Mt 3:4; 22:12 (cp. ἔνδυσιν TestJob 25:7). κατὰ κεφαλῆς ἔχων w. τὶ to be supplied while he wears (a covering) on his head 1 Cor 11:4. ἔ. θώρακας Rv 9:9, 17. ἔ. μάχαιραν wear a sword (Jos., Ant. 6, 190) J 18:10. Sim. of trees ἔ. φύλλα have leaves Mk 11:13 (ApcSed. 8:8).

⑤ be in a position to do someth., can, be able, ἔ. w. inf. foll. (Hom. et al.; cp. Eur., Hec. 761; Hdt. 1, 49; Pla., Phd. p. 76d; Demosth., Ep. 2, 22; Theocr. 10, 37 τὸν τρόπον οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν=I cannot specify the manner; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 21, 2, Hermot. 55; Epict. 1, 9, 32; 2, 2, 24 al.; Ael. Aristid. 51, 50 K.=27 p. 546 D.: οὐκ ἔχω λέγειν; PPetr II, 12, 1, 16; PAmh 131, 15; Pr 3:27; ApcEsdr 2:24; 3:7; 6:5; TestAbr A 8, p. 86, 13 [Stone p. 20]; Jos., Ant. 1, 338; 2, 58; Just., A I, 19, 5, D. 4, 6 οὐκ ἔχω εἰπεῖν) ἔ. ἀποδοῦναι be able to pay Mt 18:25a; Lk 7:42; 14:14. μὴ ἔ. περισσότερον τι ποιῆσαι be in a position to do nothing more 12:4. οὐδὲν ἔ. ἀντειπεῖν be able to make a reply Ac 4:14; cp. Tit 2:8. ἔ. κατηγορεῖν αὐτοῦ J 8:6 (cp. 9a below, end). ἀσφαλές τι γράψαι οὐκ ἔχω I have nothing definite to write Ac 25:26a; cp. 26b. ἔ. μεταδιδόναι Eph 4:28a. ἔ. τὴν τούτων μνήμην ποιεῖσθαι be able to recall these things to mind 2 Pt 1:15. κατʼ οὐδενὸς εἶχεν μείζονος ὀμόσαι he could swear by no one greater Hb 6:13. In the same sense without the actual addition of the inf., which is automatically supplied fr. context (X., An. 2, 1, 9) ὸ̔ ἔσχεν (i.e. ποιῆσαι) ἐποίησεν she has done what she could Mk 14:8.

⑥ to have an opinion about someth., consider, look upon, view w. acc. as obj. and predicate acc. (POxy 292, 6 [c. 25 A.D.] ἔχειν αὐτὸν συνεσταμένον=look upon him as recommended; 787 [16 A.D.]; PGiss 71, 4; Job 30:9; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 16, 19; Ath. 32, 3 τοὺς μὲν υἱοὺς … νοοῦμεν, τοὺς δὲ ἀδελφούς ἔχομεν) ἔχε με παρῃτημένον consider me excused (= don’t expect me to come) Lk 14:18b, 19 (cp. Martial 2, 79 excusatum habeas me). τινὰ ἔντιμον ἔ. hold someone in honor Phil 2:29. ἔ. τινὰ ὡς προφήτην consider someone a prophet Mt 14:5; 21:26, 46 v.l. (cp. GNicod 5 [=Acta Pilati B 5 p. 297 Tdf.] ἔχειν [Jannes and Jambres] ὡς θεούς; Just., D. 47, 5 τὸν μετανοοῦντα … ὡς δίκαιον καὶ ἀναμάρτητον ἔχει). ἔ. τινὰ εἰς προφήτην consider someone a prophet Mt 21:46 (cp. Duris [III B.C.]: 76 Fgm. 21 Jac. ὸ̔ν εἰς θεοὺς ἔχουσιν). εἶχον τ. Ἰωάννην ὄντως ὅτι προφήτης ἦν they thought that John was really a prophet Mk 11:32.

⑦ to experience someth., have (freq. in auxiliary capacity CTurner, JTS 28, 1927, 357–60)

ⓐ of all conditions of body and soul (Hom. et al.; LXX)

α. of illness, et al. (ApcMos 6 νόσον καὶ πόνον ἔχω; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 305) ἀσθενείας have sicknesses/diseases Ac 28:9. μάστιγας physical troubles Mk 3:10. πληγὴν τῆς μαχαίρης Rv 13:14. θλῖψιν J 16:33b; 1 Cor 7:28; Rv 2:10. Esp. of possession by hostile spirits: δαιμόνιον ἔ. be possessed by an evil spirit Mt 11:18; Lk 7:33; 8:27; J 7:20; 8:48f, 52; 10:20. Βεελζεβούλ Mk 3:22. πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον vs. 30; 7:25; Ac 8:7. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου Lk 4:33. πνεῦμα πονηρόν Ac 19:13. πνεῦμα ἄλαλον Mk 9:17. πνεῦμα ἀσθενείας spirit of sickness Lk 13:11. τὸν λεγιῶνα (the evil spirit called) Legion Mk 5:15.

β. gener. of conditions, characteristics, capabilities, emotions, inner possession: ἀγάπην ἔ. have love (cp. Diod S 3, 58, 3 φιλίαν ἔχειν; Just., D. 93, 4 φιλίαν ἢ ἀγάπην ἔχοντε) J 5:42; 13:35; 15:13; 1J 4:16; 1 Cor 13:1ff; 2 Cor 2:4; Phil 2:2; 1 Pt 4:8. ἀγνωσίαν θεοῦ fail to know God 1 Cor 15:34. ἁμαρτίαν J 9:41; 15:22a. ἀσθένειαν Hb 7:28. γνῶσιν 1 Cor 8:1, 10 (Just., A II, 13, 1; D. 28, 4). ἐλπίδα Ac 24:15; Ro 15:4; 2 Cor 3:12; 10:15; Eph 2:12; 1J 3:3 (Ath. 33, 1). ἐπιθυμίαν Phil 1:23. ἐπιποθίαν Ro 15:23b; ζῆλον ἔ. have zeal Ro 10:2. Have jealousy Js 3:14. θυμόν Rv 12:12. λύπην (ApcMos 3 p. 2, 16 Tdf.) J 16:21f; 2 Cor 2:3; Phil 2:27; μνείαν τινὸς ἔ. remember someone 1 Th 3:6. παρρησίαν Phlm 8; Hb 10:19; 1J 2:28; 3:21; 4:17; 5:14. πεποίθησιν 2 Cor 3:4; Phil 3:4. πίστιν Mt 17:20; 21:21; Mk 4:40; Ac 14:9; Ro 14:22; 1 Cor 13:2; 1 Ti 1:19 al. (Just., A I, 52, 1). προφητείαν have the gift of prophecy 1 Cor 13:2. σοφίαν (X., Mem. 2, 3, 10) Rv 17:9. συνείδησιν ἁμαρτιῶν Hb 10:2. καλὴν συνείδησιν 13:18; ἀγαθὴν ς. 1 Ti 1:19; 1 Pt 3:16; ἀπρόσκοπον ς. Ac 24:16; ὑπομονήν Rv 2:3. φόβον 1 Ti 5:20. χαράν Phlm 7. χάριν ἔ. τινί be grateful to someone Lk 17:9; 1 Ti 1:12; 2 Ti 1:3; σιγὴν ἔ. be silent Hs 9, 11, 5. ἀνάγκην ἔσχον I felt it necessary Jd 3 (HKoskenniemi, Studien zur Idee und Phraseologie des Griechischen Briefes bis 400 n. Chr. ’56, 78–87).

γ. of advantages, benefits, or comforts that one enjoys: ἔ. τὰ αἰτήματα to have been granted the requests 1J 5:15; ἀνάπαυσιν ἔ. have rest Rv 4:8; 14:11; ἀπόλαυσιν τινος ἔ. enjoy someth. Hb 11:25. βάθος γῆς Mt 13:5b; Mk 4:5b; γῆν πολλήν Mt 13:5a; Mk 4:5a. τὴν προσέλευσιν τὴν πρὸς τὸν κύριον AcPl Ha 8, 22f; εἰρήνην Ro 5:1. ἐλευθερίαν Gal 2:4. S. ἐξουσία, ἐπαγγελία, ἔπαινος, ζωή, ἰκμάς, καιρός, καρπός, καύχημα, καύχησις, λόγος, μισθός, νοῦς, πνεῦμα, προσαγωγή, πρόφασις, τιμή, χάρις (=favor), χάρισμα.

δ. of a sense of obligation in regard to someth.—W. dir. object have = have someth. over one, be under someth.: ἀνάγκην ἔχειν be under necessity 1 Cor 7:37a; w. inf. foll. have a need (ἀνάγκη 1) Lk 14:18; 23:16 v.l.; Hb 7:27; χρείαν ἔ. be in need abs. Eph 4:28b; τινός need someth. (Aeschyl. et al.; SIG 333, 20; 421, 35 al.; PPetr III, 42 G 9, 7 [III B.C.] ἐάν τινος χρείαν ἔχῃς; Ath. 13, 2 ποίας ἔτι χρείαν ἑκατόμβης ἔχει;) Mt 6:8; 9:12a; Mk 11:3; Lk 19:31, 34; J 13:29; 1 Cor 12:21; Hb 10:36 al.; w. inf. foll. (TestSol 13:2) Mt 3:14; 14:16; J 13:10; 1 Th 1:8; 4:9; 5:1. νόμον J 19:7. ἐπιταγήν 1 Cor 7:25. ἐντολήν (SIG 559, 9 ἔ. τὰς ἰντολάς; 1 Esdr 4:52; 2 Macc 3:13; Jos., Bell. 1, 261) Hb 7:5; 1J 2:7; 4:21; 2J 5; cp. J 14:21. διακονίαν 2 Cor 4:1. ἀγῶνα Phil 1:30; Col 2:1. πρᾶξιν Ro 12:4b. ἔγκλημα Ac 23:29. κόλασιν ApcPt Bodl. (ApcEsdr 1:22 p. 25, 17 Tdf.).

ε. of a sense of inevitability in respect to some action.—W. inf. foll. one must (Ps.-Callisth. 2, 1, 3 καθαιρεθῆναι ἔχεις=you must be deposed; Porphyr., Against the Christians 63 Harnack [ABA 1916] παθεῖν; Gen 18:31; Jos., Ant. 19, 348 τοῦ τεθνάναι; TestSol 5:12 σίδηρα ἔχεις φορέσαι; TestAbr A 18 p. 100, 22 [Stone p. 48] τοῦ βίου τοῦτου ἀπαλλάξαι εἶχες; Just., D. 51, 2 ἔργῳ πεισθήναι ὑμῶν ἐχόντων) βάπτισμα ἔχω βαπτισθῆναι I must undergo a baptism Lk 12:50. ἔχω σοί τι εἰπεῖν I have someth. to say to you (Lucian, Philops. 1 ἔχεις μοι εἰπεῖν. Without dat. Aelian, VH 2, 23; Jos., Ant. 16, 312) 7:40. καινόν σοι θέαμα ἔχω ἐξηγήσασθαι I have a wonderful new thing to tell you=‘I must tell you about something wonderful that I’ve just seen’ GJs 19:3. ἀπαγγεῖλαι Ac 23:17, 19; cp. vs. 18. πολλὰ γράφειν 2J 12; 3J 13.

ⓑ of temporal circumstances w. indications of time and age: πεντήκοντα ἔτη οὔπω ἔχεις you are not yet fifty years old J 8:57 (cp. Jos., Ant. 1, 198). τριάκοντα κ. ὀκτὼ ἔτη ἔχων ἐν τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ αὐτοῦ who had been sick for 38 years 5:5 (Cyranides p. 63, 25 πολὺν χρόνον ἔχων ἐν τῇ ἀρρωστίᾳ. W. cardinal numeral TestJob 26:1 δέκα ἑπτὰ ἔτη ἔχω ἐν ταῖς πληγαῖς; POxy 1862, 17 τέσσαρες μῆνας ἔχει. Mirac. S. Georgii 44, 7 [JAufhauser 1913] ἔσχεν … ἔτη ἑπτά); cp. Mt 9:20 v.l. τέσσαρας ἡμέρας ἔ. ἐν τῷ μνημείῳ have lain in the grave for four days J 11:17 (Jos., Ant. 7, 1 αὐτοῦ δύο ἡμέρας ἔχοντος ἐν τῇ Σεκέλλᾳ). πολὺν χρόνον ἔ. be (somewhere or in a certain condition) for a long time 5:6. ἡλικίαν ἔχειν be of age (Pla., Euthyd. 32, 306d; Plut., Mor. 547a; BGU 168 τοῖς ἀτελέσι ἔχουσι τὴν ἡλικίαν) 9:21, 23. τέλος ἔχειν have an end, be at an end (Lucian, Charon 17; UPZ 81 III, 20 [II A.D.] τέλος ἔχει πάντα; Ar. 4:2 ἀρχὴν καὶ τέλος) Mk 3:26; Lk 22:37 (on the latter pass. s. τέλος 2); cp. Hb 7:3.

⑧ as connective marker, to have or include in itself, bring about, cause w. acc. (Hom. et al.; Wsd 8:16) of ὑπομονή: ἔργον τέλειον Js 1:4. Of πίστις: ἔργα 2:17. Of φόβος: κόλασιν 1J 4:18. Of παρρησία: μεγάλην μισθαποδοσίαν Hb 10:35. Of πολυτέλεια: λύπην, χαράν Hs 1, 10. ἐσχάτην εὐλογίαν, ἥτις διαδοχὴν οὐκ ἔχει ultimate blessing, which has no successor GJs 6:2.

⑨ special combinations

ⓐ w. prep. ἐν: τὸν θεὸν ἔ. ἐν ἐπιγνώσει acknowledge God Ro 1:28 (cp. ἐν ὀργῇ ἔ. τινά=‘be angry at someone’, Thu. 2, 18, 5; 2, 21, 3; ἐν ὀρρωδίᾳ ἔ. τ. 2, 89, 1; ἐν ἡδονῇ ἔ. τ.=‘be glad to see someone’ 3, 9, 1; ἐν εὐνοίᾳ ἔ. Demosth. 18, 167). ἐν ἑτοίμῳ ἔ. 2 Cor 10:6 (ἕτοιμος b). ἐν ἐμοὶ οὐκ ἔχει οὐδέν he has no hold on me J 14:30 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 32 §125 ἔχειν τι ἔν τινι=have someth. [hope of safety] in someone). κατά τινος: on 1 Cor 11:4 s. above 4. ἔ. τι κατά τινος have someth. against someone Mt 5:23; Mk 11:25; w. ὅτι foll. Rv 2:14. ἔ. κατά τινος w. sim. mng. Hm 2:2; Hs 9, 23, 2; w. ὅτι foll. Rv 2:4, 20. ἔ. τινὰ κατὰ πρόσωπον meet someone face to face Ac 25:16. μετά: ἔ. τι μετά τινος have someth. w. someone κρίματα lawsuits 1 Cor 6:7. περί: ἔ. περί τινος have (a word, a reference, an explanation) about someth. B 12:1; with adv. τελείως 10:10. πρός τινα have someth. against someone (Ps.-Callisth. 2, 21, 21 ὅσον τις ὑμῶν ἔχει πρὸς ἕτερον) Ac 24:19. ζητήματα ἔ. πρός τινα have differences w. someone (on points in question) 25:19. λόγον ἔ. πρός τινα 19:38. πρᾶγμα (=Lat. causa, ‘lawsuit’: BGU 19 I, 5; 361 II, 4) ἔ. πρός τινα (POxy 743, 19 [2 B.C.] εἰ πρὸς ἄλλους εἶχον πρᾶγμα; BGU 22:8) 1 Cor 6:1. ἵνα ἔχωσιν κατηγορίαν αὐτοῦ J 8:4 D (cp. 5 above). πρός τινα ἔ. μομφήν have a complaint against someone Col 3:13.

ⓑ τοῦτο ἔχεις ὅτι you have this (in your favor), that Rv 2:6. ἔ. ὁδόν be situated (a certain distance) away (cp. Peripl. Eryth. 37: Ὡραία ἔχουσα ὁδὸν ἡμερῶν ἑπτὰ ἀπὸ θαλάσσης) of the Mt. of Olives ὅ ἐστιν ἐγγὺς Ἰερουσαλὴμ σαββάτου ἔχον ὁδόν Ac 1:12.—ἴδε ἔχεις τὸ σόν here you have what is yours Mt 25:25. ἔχετε κουστωδίαν there you have a guard (=you can have a guard) 27:65 (cp. POxy 33 III, 4).

⑩ to be in some state or condition, act. intr. (spatially: Ath. 25, 1 οἱ ἄγγελοι … περὶ τόν ἀέρα ἔχοντες καὶ τὴν γῆν) w. adv. (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX).

ⓐ impers. it is, the situation is (Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 10 πῶς ὑμῖν ἔχειν ταῦτα δοκεῖ; =how does this situation seem to you? Just., D. 3, 5 τὸ … ὡσαύτως ἀεὶ ἔχων) ἄλλως 1 Ti 5:25. οὕτως (Antig. Car. 20; Cebes 4, 1; POxy 294, 11 [22 A.D.] εἰ ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει; TestSol 20:8; Jos., Ant. 15, 261; Just., D. 3:5 οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει) Ac 7:1; 12:15; 17:11; 24:9. τὸ καλῶς ἔχον what is right 1 Cl 14:2 (Michel 543, 12 [c. 200 B.C.] καλῶς ἔχον ἐστὶ τιμᾶσθαι τοὺς εὔνους ἄνδρας). τὸ νῦν ἔχον for the present Ac 24:25 (cp. Plut., Mor. 749a; Lucian, Anachars. 40, Catapl. 13 τὸ δὲ νῦν ἔχον μὴ διάτριβε; Tob 7:11).

ⓑ pers. be (in a certain way) πῶς ἔχουσιν how they are Ac 15:36 (cp. Gen 43:27; Jos., Ant. 4, 112). ἑτοίμως ἔ. be ready, hold oneself in readiness w. inf. foll. (BGU 80, 17 [II A.D.] ἡ Σωτηρία ἑτοίμως ἔχουσα καταγράψαι; Da 3:15 LXX; Jos., Ant. 13, 6; Just., D. 50, 1) 21:13; 2 Cor 12:14; 1 Pt 4:5. Also ἐν ἑτοίμῳ ἔ. 2 Cor 10:6 (s. ἕτοιμος b end). εὖ ἔ. be well-disposed πρός τινα toward someone Hs 9, 10, 7 (cp. Demosth. 9, 63 ἥδιον ἔχειν πρός τινα; SIG 1094, 4 φιλανθρώπως ἔχει πρὸς πάντας). κακῶς ἔ. be sick (Aristoph. et al.; POxy 935, 15; Ezk 34:4) Mt 4:24; 8:16; 9:12b; 17:15 v.l. (see πάσχω 2). καλῶς ἔ. be well, healthy (Epict. 1, 11, 4; PGen 54, 8; PFlor 230, 24) Mk 16:18; ἐσχάτως ἔ. (s. ἐσχάτως) 5:23; κομψότερον ἔ. feel better (κομψῶς ἔ.: Epict. 2, 18, 14; 3, 10, 13; PParis 18; PTebt 414, 10 ἐὰν κομψῶς σχῶ) J 4:52.

⑪ to be closely associated, in a variety of renderings, hold fast, be next to, be next, mid. (Hom. et al.) in NT only ptc.

ⓐ of proper situation or placement, esp. of inner belonging hold fast, cling to. The ‘to’ of belonging and the ‘with’ of association are expressed by the gen. (Theognis 1, 32 ἀεὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἔχεο=ever hold fast to the good people; X., Oec. 6, 1; Pla., Leg. 7, 811d; Lucian, Hermot. 69 ἐλπίδος οὐ μικρᾶς ἐχόμενα λέγεις; Sallust. 14 p. 26, 24 τ. θεῶν; Philo, Agr. 101 τὰ ἀρετῆς ἐχόμενα; Jos., Ant. 10, 204 οὐδὲν ἀνθρωπίνης σοφίας ἐχόμενον, C. Ap. 1, 83 παλαιᾶς ἱστορίας ἐχόμενον; Just., A I, 68, 1 λόγου καὶ ἀληθείας ἔχεσθαι; Tat. 33, 1 μανίας ἔχεται πολλῆς; Ath., R. 48, 3 λόγῳ … ἀληθείας ἐχομένῳ) τὰ ἐχόμενα σωτηρίας things that belong to salvation Hb 6:9.

ⓑ of proximity

α. spatial, to be next to someth: ἐχόμενος neighboring (Isocr. 4, 96 νῆσος; Hdt. 1, 134 al. οἱ ἐχόμενοι=‘the neighbors’; Diod S 5, 15, 1; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 71 §294; Arrian, Peripl. 7, 2; PParis 51, 5 and oft. in pap; 1 Esdr 4:42; Jos., Ant. 6, 6 πρὸς τὰς ἐχομένας πόλεις; 11, 340) κωμοπόλεις Mk 1:38.

β. temporal, to be next, immediately following (Thu. 6, 3, 2 τ. ἐχομένου ἔτους al.; SIG 800, 15; PRev 34, 20; PAmh 49, 4; PTebt 124, 43; LXX) τῇ ἐχομένῃ (sc. ἡμέρᾳ, as Polyb. 3, 112, 1; 5, 13, 9; 2 Macc 12:39; Jos., Ant. 6, 235; 7, 18 al.; cp. εἰς τὴν ἐχομένην [i.e. ἡμέραν] PMich 173, 16 [III B.C.]) on the next day Lk 13:33 (v.l. ἐρχομένῃ); Ac 20:15; w. ἡμέρᾳ added (PAmh 50, 17) 21:26. τῷ ἐχομένῳ σαββάτῳ 13:44 v.l. (for ἐρχομένῳ; cp. 1 Macc 4:28, where the witnesses are similarly divided).—On the whole word HHanse, ‘Gott Haben’ in d. Antike u. im frühen Christentum ’39.—B. 641; 740. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἔχω
2 bien

bien [bjɛ̃]

━━━━━━━━━

1. adverb

2. invariable adjective

3. masculine noun

4. compounds

━━━━━━━━━

1. <

   a. ( = de façon satisfaisante) well

• nous avons bien travaillé aujourd'hui we've done some good work today

• cette porte ne ferme pas bien this door doesn't shut properly

• la télé ne marche pas bien the TV isn't working properly

• il s'habille bien he dresses well

• il parle bien l'anglais he speaks good English

• il a bien pris mes remarques he took my remarks quite well

• il s'y est bien pris he went about it the right way

• si je me rappelle bien if I remember rightly

• ni bien ni mal so-so (inf)

• pour bien faire il faudrait partir maintenant we really ought to leave now

► aller bien to be well

• comment vas-tu ? -- très bien merci how are you? -- fine, thanks

   b. ( = selon la morale, la raison) [se conduire, agir] well

• il pensait bien faire he thought he was doing the right thing

• vous avez bien fait you did the right thing

• il a bien fait de partir he was quite right to go

• faire bien les choses to do things properly

• vous faites bien de me le dire ! you did well to tell me!

• ça commence à bien faire ! (inf) this is getting beyond a joke!

   c. ( = sans difficulté) [supporter, se rappeler] well

• on comprend très bien pourquoi you can easily understand why

• il peut très bien le faire he's perfectly capable of doing it

   d. (exprimant le degré) ( = très) very ; ( = beaucoup) very much ; ( = trop) rather

• bien mieux much better

• bien souvent quite often

• nous sommes bien contents de vous voir we're very glad to see you

• bien plus heureux much happier

• bien plus cher much more expensive

• nous avons bien ri we had a good laugh

• les enfants se sont bien amusés the children had a great time

• elle est bien jeune pour se marier she is very young to be getting married

• il me paraît bien sûr de lui he seems to be very sure of himself to me

   e. ( = effectivement) definitely

• j'avais bien dit que je ne viendrais pas I definitely said that I wouldn't come

• je trouve bien que c'est un peu cher mais tant pis yes, it is rather expensive but never mind

• c'est bien à ton frère que je pensais yes, it was your brother I was thinking of

• c'est bien mon manteau ? this is my coat, isn't it?

• il s'agit bien de ça ! as if that's the point!

• voilà bien les femmes ! that's women for you!

   f. ( = correctement) écoute-moi bien listen to me carefully

• regardez bien ce qu'il va faire watch what he does carefully

• dis-lui bien que... make sure you tell him that...

• mets-toi bien en face stand directly opposite

• percez un trou bien au milieu drill a hole right in the centre

• tiens-toi bien droit stand quite straight

• c'est bien compris ? is that quite clear?

• il arrivera bien à se débrouiller he'll manage all right

• j'espère bien ! I should hope so!

• où peut-il bien être ? where on earth can he be?

• bien à vous (dans une lettre) yours

   g. ( = malgré tout) il fallait bien que ça se fasse it just had to be done

• il pourrait bien venir nous voir de temps en temps ! he could at least come and see us now and then!

   h. ( = volontiers) (après un verbe au conditionnel) je mangerais bien un morceau I'd like a bite to eat

• j'irais bien mais j'ai cours I'd like to go but I've got a class

• je voudrais bien t'y voir ! I'd like to see you try!

• je te verrais bien en jaune I think you'd look good in yellow

   i. ( = au moins) at least

• il y a bien trois jours que je ne l'ai pas vu I haven't seen him for at least three days

   j. (locutions)

► bien du, bien de la, bien des a lot of

• elle a eu bien du mal à le trouver she had a lot of difficulty finding it

• ils ont eu bien de la chance they had a lot of luck

• je connais bien des gens qui auraient protesté I know a lot of people who would have protested► bien que although

• bien que je ne puisse pas venir although I can't come► bien sûr of course

• bien sûr qu'il viendra ! of course he'll come!

2. <

   a. ( = satisfaisant) good

• elle est très bien comme secrétaire she's a very good secretary

• ce serait bien s'il venait it would be good if he came

► bien ! (approbation) good! ; (pour changer de sujet, par exaspération) all right!

   b. (travail scolaire) good

• assez bien quite good

• très bien very good

   c. ( = en bonne forme) well

• je me sens bien I feel well

• je ne me sens pas bien I don't feel well

• tu n'es pas bien ? are you feeling OK?

   d. ( = beau) [femme] pretty ; [homme] good-looking ; [chose] nice

• elle était très bien quand elle était jeune she was very pretty when she was young

• il est bien, ce nouveau canapé the new sofa's nice

   e. ( = à l'aise) on est bien à l'ombre it's nice in the shade

• on est bien ici it's nice here

• je suis bien dans ce fauteuil I'm very comfortable in this chair

• laisse-le, il est bien où il est ! leave him alone - he's fine where he is!

• vous voilà bien ! now you've done it!

   f. ( = convenable) nice ; (moralement) right

• c'est pas bien de dire ça it's not nice to say that

• ce n'est pas bien de faire ça it's not nice to do that

• c'est un type bien (inf) he's a good guy (inf)

• des gens bien posh (inf) people

   g. ( = en bons termes) être bien avec qn to get on well with sb

3. <

   a. ( = ce qui est bon) good

• faire le bien to do good

• le bien public the public good

• c'est pour ton bien ! it's for your own good!

► faire du bien

• faire du bien à qn to do sb good

• ce massage m'a fait du bien the massage did me good

• ça fait du bien de se confier it's good to talk

• ses paroles m'ont fait du bien what he said made me feel better► dire du bien

• dire du bien de qn to speak well of sb

• on dit beaucoup de bien de ce restaurant this restaurant has a very good name► en bien

• il a changé en bien he has changed for the better

• parler en bien de qn to speak well of sb

   b. ( = possession) possession ; ( = argent) fortune ; ( = terre) estate

• biens goods

• les biens de ce monde material possessions

4. <

► biens de consommation consumer goods

► biens d'équipement capital goods

► biens immobiliers real estate

► biens meubles, biens mobiliers movable property

* * *
bjɛ̃
1.

adjectif invariable

1) ( convenable)

être bien dans un rôle — to be good in a part

être bien de sa personne — to be good-looking

il n'y a rien de bien ici — there's nothing of interest here

voilà qui est bien — that's good

ce n'est pas bien de mentir — it's not nice to lie

ce serait bien — it would be nice

ça fait bien d'aller à l'opéra — (colloq) it's the done thing to go to the opera

les roses font bien — the roses look nice

2) ( en bonne santé) well

ne pas se sentir bien — not to feel well

t'es pas bien! — (colloq) you're out of your mind! (colloq)

3) ( à l'aise)

je suis bien dans ces bottes — these boots are comfortable

on est bien au soleil! — isn't it nice in the sun!

je me trouve bien ici — I like it here

nous voilà bien! — iron we' re in a fine mess!

4) (colloq) ( de qualité)

un quartier bien — a nice district

des gens bien — respectable people

un type bien — a gentleman

2.

adverbe

1) ( correctement) gén well; [fonctionner] properly; [interpréter] correctly

bien payé — well paid

bien joué! — fig well done!

aller bien — [personne] to be well; [affaires] to go well

ça s'est bien passé — it went well

la voiture ne marche pas bien — the car isn't running properly

ni bien ni mal — so-so

parler (très) bien le chinois — to speak (very) good Chinese

il travaille bien — ( élève) his work is good; ( artisan) he does a good job

il est bien remis — ( malade) he's made a good recovery

bien se tenir à table — to have good table manners

bien employer son temps — to make good use of one's time

j'ai cru bien faire — I thought I was doing the right thing

il fait bien de partir — he's right to leave

c'est bien fait pour elle! — it serves her right!

tu ferais bien d'y aller — it would be a good idea for you to go there

bien m'en a pris de refuser — it's a good thing I refused

2) ( complètement) [arroser, décongeler, laver, mélanger, propre, cuit] thoroughly; [remplir, sécher, sec, fondu] completely; [lire, écouter, regarder] carefully

bien à droite — well over to the right

bien devant — right at the front

bien profiter d'une situation — to exploit a situation to the full

3) ( agréablement) [présenté, situé] well; [s'habiller] well, smartly; [décoré, meublé] tastefully; [logé, installé, vivre] comfortably

femme bien faite — shapely woman

aller bien à quelqu'un — [couleur, style] to suit somebody

se mettre bien avec quelqu'un — to get on good terms with somebody

bien prendre une remarque — to take a remark in good part

4) ( hautement) [aimable, triste] very; [apprécier, craindre] very much; [simple, vrai, certain, évident] quite

il s'est bien mal comporté — he behaved really badly

il y a bien longtemps — a very long time ago

merci bien — thank you very much

tu as bien raison — you're quite right

c'est bien dommage — it's a real pity

bien rire — to have a good laugh

c'est bien promis? — is that a promise?

c'est bien compris? — is that clear?

bien au contraire — on the contrary

c'est bien joli tout ça, mais — that's all very well, but

bien mieux/moins/pire — much ou far better/less/worse

bien trop laid/tard — much too ugly/late

bien plus riche/cher — much ou far richer/more expensive

bien plus, il la vole! — not only that, he also takes her money

bien sûr — of course

bien entendu or évidemment — naturally

bien souvent — quite often

5) ( volontiers)

j'irais bien à Bali — I wouldn't mind going to Bali

je veux bien t'aider — I don't mind helping you

j'aimerais bien essayer — I would love to try

je le vois bien habiter à Paris — I can just imagine him living in Paris

6) ( malgré tout)

il faut bien le faire — it has to be done

il faudra bien s'y habituer — we'll just have to get used to it

il finira bien par se calmer — he'll calm down eventually

7) ( pour souligner)

ça prouve/montre bien que — it just goes to prove/show that

j'espère bien que — I do hope that

je sais/crois bien que — I know/think that

insiste bien — make sure you insist

on verra bien — well, we'll see

sache bien que je n'accepterai jamais — let me tell you that I will never accept

je m'en doutais bien! — I thought as much!

je t'avais bien dit de ne pas le manger! — I told you not to eat it!

il le fait bien lui, pourquoi pas moi? — if he can do it, why can't I?

veux-tu bien faire ce que je te dis! — will you do as I tell you!

tu peux très bien le faire toi-même — you can easily do it yourself

il se pourrait bien qu'il pleuve — it might well rain

que peut-il bien faire à Paris? — what on earth can he be doing in Paris?

8) ( réellement) definitely

c'est bien lui/mon sac — it's definitely him/my bag, it's him/my bag all right (colloq)

c'est bien ce qu'il a dit — that's exactly what he said

il ne s'agit pas d'une erreur, mais bien de fraude — it's not a mistake, it's fraud

c'est bien ici qu'on vend les billets? — this is where you get tickets, isn't it?

tu as bien pris les clés? — are you sure you've got the keys?

est-ce bien nécessaire? — is it really necessary?

c'est bien de lui! — it's just like him!

voilà bien la politique! — that's politics for you!

c'est bien le moment! — iron great timing!

c'est bien le moment de partir! — iron what a time to leave!

9) ( au moins) at least

elle a bien 40 ans — she's at least 40, she's a good 40 years old

10) ( beaucoup)

il y a bien des années — a good many years ago

bien des fois — often, many a time

bien des gens — lots of people

il s'est donné bien du mal — he's gone to a lot or a great deal of trouble

mon fils me donne bien du souci — my son is a great worry to me

avoir bien de la chance — to be very lucky

je te souhaite bien du plaisir! — iron I wish you joy!

3.

nom masculin

1) ( avantage) good

pour le bien du pays — for the good of the country

pour le bien de tous — for the general good

pour ton bien — for your own good

ce serait un bien — it would be a good thing

sacrifier son propre bien à celui d'autrui — to put others first

le bien et le mal — good and evil

faire le bien — to do good

ça fait du bien aux enfants — it's good for the children

ça leur fait du bien — it does them good

mon repos m'a fait le plus grand bien — my rest did me a world of good

grand bien vous fasse! — iron much good may it do you!

vouloir le bien de quelqu'un — to have somebody's best interests at heart

vouloir du bien à quelqu'un — to wish somebody well

dire du bien de quelqu'un — to speak well of somebody

on dit le plus grand bien du musée — people speak very highly of the museum

on a dit le plus grand bien de toi — a lot of nice things were said about you

parler en bien de quelqu'un — to speak favourably [BrE] of somebody

2) ( possession) possession

perdre tous ses biens dans un incendie — to lose all one's possessions in a fire

les biens de ce monde — material possessions

hériter des biens paternels — to inherit one's father's estate

dilapider son bien — to squander one's fortune

des biens considérables — substantial assets

la santé est le plus précieux des biens — you can't put a price on good health

4.

exclamation

bien! — good!

5.

bien que locution conjonctive although

bien qu'il le sache — although he knows

Phrasal Verbs:

- biens de consommation

- biens d'équipement

- biens d'équipement ménager

- biens fonciers

- biens immobiliers

- biens mobiliers

- biens personnels

- biens publics

••

tout est bien qui finit bien — Proverbe all's well that ends well Proverbe

* * *
bjɛ̃
1. nm

1) (= avantage)

faire du bien à qn — to do sb good

il n'y a pas de mal à se faire du bien — there's nothing wrong with doing oneself a bit of good

Ses vacances lui ont fait beaucoup de bien. — His holiday has done him a lot of good.

ça fait du bien de faire — it does you good to do

dire du bien de — to speak highly of

Jean m'a dit beaucoup de bien de toi. — Jean told me a lot of good things about you., Jean spoke very highly of you to me.

c'est pour son bien — it's for his own good

changer en bien — to change for the better

le bien public — the public good

vouloir du bien à qn (= vouloir aider) — to have sb's best interests at heart

un ami qui vous veut du bien — a well-wisher

2) (= possession) possession, property, (= patrimoine) property

son bien le plus précieux — his most treasured possession

avoir du bien — to have property

bien immobilier — property

3) (moral)

le bien — good

faire le bien — to do good

le bien et le mal — good and evil

distinguer le bien du mal — to tell good from evil

2. biens nmpl

les biens et services — goods and services

3. adv

1) (= de façon satisfaisante) well

Elle travaille bien. — She works well.

aller bien; se porter bien — to be well

croyant bien faire, je... — thinking I was doing the right thing, I...

faire bien de... — to do well to...

Tu ferais bien de faire attention. — You'd do well to pay attention.

2) (concession)

vouloir bien; Je veux bien le faire. — I'm quite willing to do it.

il faut bien le faire — it has to be done

peut-être bien — it could well be

on verra bien — we'll see

il y a bien 2 ans — at least 2 years ago

Il semble bien que... — It really seems that...

Paul est bien venu, n'est-ce pas? — Paul HAS come, hasn't he?

Où peut-il bien être passé? — Where on earth can he have got to?

3) (valeur intensive) quite

bien jeune — quite young

bien assez — quite enough

bien mieux — much better

J'espère bien y aller. — I very much hope to go.

bien du temps — quite some time

bien des gens — quite a number of people

aimer bien — to like

4) (autres locutions)

bien fait!; C'est bien fait pour toi! — It serves you right!

C'est bien fait pour elle! — It serves her right!

C'est bien fait pour lui! — It serves him right!

bien sûr!; bien entendu! — certainly!, of course!

si bien que — with the result that

4. excl

right!, OK!, fine!

eh bien! — well!

5. adj inv

1) (= en bonne forme)

je me sens bien — I feel fine, I feel well

je ne me sens pas bien — I don't feel well

je suis bien — I'm fine

je ne suis pas bien — I don't feel well

2) (= à l'aise)

On est bien dans ce fauteuil. — This chair is very comfortable.

3) (= à son avantage)

Tu es bien dans cette robe. — You look nice in that dress.

4) (= satisfaisant) good

Ce restaurant est vraiment bien. — This restaurant is really good.

Elle est bien, cette maison. — It's a nice house.

Elle est bien, cette secrétaire. — She's a good secretary.

c'est très bien comme ça — that's fine

Ce n'est pas si bien que ça. — It's not as good as all that., It's not all that great.

C'est bien? — Is that all right?

5) (moralement)

ce n'est pas bien de... — it's not right to...

Ce n'est pas bien de dire du mal des gens. — It's not right to say nasty things about people.

Elle est bien, cette femme. — She's a nice woman.

des gens bien — respectable people

6) (= en bons termes)

être bien avec qn — to be on good terms with sb

* * *

bien

A adj inv

1 ( convenable) être bien dans un rôle to be good in a part; être bien de sa personne to be good-looking; il n'y a rien de bien ici there's nothing of interest here; voilà qui est bien that's good; ce n'est pas bien de mentir it's not nice to lie; ce serait bien si on pouvait nager it would be nice if we could swim; ça fait bien d'aller à l'opéra○ it's the done thing to go to the opera; les roses font bien sur la terrasse the roses look nice ou good on the terrace; tout est bien qui finit bien all's well that ends well;

2 ( en bonne santé) well; ne pas se sentir bien not to feel well; non, mais, t'es pas bien○! you're out of your mind○!;

3 ( à l'aise) comfortable; je suis bien dans ces bottes these boots are comfortable; on est bien sur cette chaise! what a comfortable chair!; on est bien au soleil! isn't it nice in the sun!; je me trouve bien ici I like it here; suis mes conseils, tu t'en trouveras bien take my advice, it'll serve you in good stead; nous voilà bien! iron we're in a fine mess!;

4 ○( de qualité) un quartier bien a nice district; des gens bien respectable people; un type bien a gentleman; un film bien a good film.

B adv

1 ( correctement) [équipé, fait, géré, s'exprimer, dormir, choisir, se souvenir, danser] well; [fonctionner] properly; [libeller, diagnostiquer, interpréter] correctly; bien payé well paid; bien joué! lit well played!; fig well done!; aller bien [personne] to be well; [affaires] to go well; ça s'est bien passé it went well; la voiture ne marche pas bien the car isn't running properly ou right; ni bien ni mal so-so; parler (très) bien le chinois to speak (very) good Chinese, to speak Chinese (very) well; il travaille bien ( élève) his work is good; ( artisan) he does a good job; un travail bien fait a good job; il est bien remis ( malade) he's made a good recovery; bien se tenir à table to have good table manners; bien employer son temps to make good use of one's time; j'ai cru bien faire I thought I was doing the right thing; il fait bien de partir he's right to leave; c'est bien fait pour elle! it serves her right!; tu ferais bien d'y aller it would be a good idea for you to go there; pour bien faire, il faudrait acheter une lampe the thing to do would be to buy a lamp; bien m'en a pris de refuser it's a good thing I refused;

2 ( complètement) [arroser, décongeler, laver, mélanger, propre, cuit] thoroughly; [remplir, sécher, sec, fondu] completely; [lire, examiner, écouter, regarder] carefully; marche bien à droite keep well over to the right; mets-toi bien dans le coin/devant stand right in the corner/at the front; bien profiter d'une situation to exploit a situation to the full;

3 ( agréablement) [présenté, situé] well; [s'habiller] well, smartly; [décoré, meublé] tastefully; [logé, installé, vivre] comfortably; femme bien faite shapely woman; aller bien ensemble to go well together; aller bien à qn [couleur, style] to suit sb; se mettre bien avec qn to get on good terms with sb; bien prendre une remarque to take a remark in good part;

4 ( hautement) [aimable, triste] very; [apprécier, craindre] very much; [simple, vrai, certain, évident] quite; il s'est bien mal comporté he behaved very ou really badly; il y a bien longtemps de ça that was a very long time ago; c'est bien loin pour nous it's rather far for us; merci bien thank you very much; tu as bien raison you're quite ou absolutely right; c'est bien dommage it's a great ou real pity; bien rire/s'amuser/se reposer to have a good laugh/time/rest; tu as l'air bien pensif you're looking very pensive; c'est bien promis? is that a promise?; c'est bien compris? is that clear?; bien au contraire on the contrary; c'est bien beau ou joli tout ça, mais that's all very well, but; bien mieux/ moins/pire much ou far better/less/worse; bien trop laid/tard much too ugly/late; bien plus riche/cher much ou far richer/more expensive; bien plus, il la vole! not only that, he also takes her money; bien sûr of course; bien entendu or évidemment naturally; bien souvent quite often;

5 ( volontiers) j'irais bien à Bali I wouldn't mind going to Bali; j'en prendrais bien un autre I wouldn't mind another; je veux bien t'aider I don't mind helping you; j'aimerais bien essayer I would love to try; je te dirais bien de rester/venir, mais I would ask you to stay/come but; je verrais bien un arbre sur la pelouse I think a tree would look nice on the lawn; je le vois bien habiter à Paris I can just imagine him living in Paris;

6 ( malgré tout) il faut bien le faire/que ça finisse it has to be done/to come to an end; il faudra bien s'y habituer we'll just have to get used to it; elle sera bien obligée de payer she'll just have to pay; tu aurais bien pu me le dire you could at least have told me; il finira bien par se calmer he'll calm down eventually;

7 ( pour souligner) ça prouve/montre bien que it just goes to prove/show that; j'espère bien que I do hope that; je vois/comprends bien I do see/understand; je sais/crois bien que I know/think that; insiste bien make sure you insist; dis-le lui bien make sure you tell him/her; on verra bien well, we'll see; sache bien que je n'accepterai jamais let me tell you that I will never accept; crois bien que je n'hésiterais pas! you can be sure ou I can assure you that I would not hesitate!; je m'en doutais bien! I thought as much!; je t'avais bien dit de ne pas le manger! I told you not to eat it!; il le fait bien lui, pourquoi pas moi? if he can do it, why can't I?; veux-tu bien faire ce que je te dis! will you do as I tell you!; tu peux très bien le faire toi-même you can easily do it yourself; il se pourrait bien qu'il pleuve it might well rain; que peut-il bien faire à Paris? what on earth can he be doing in Paris?;

8 ( réellement) definitely; c'est bien lui/mon sac it's definitely him/my bag, it's him/my bag all right○; j'ai vérifié: il est bien parti I checked, he's definitely gone ou he's gone all right○; c'est bien ce qu'il a dit/vu that's definitely ou exactly what he said/saw; et c'est bien lui qui conduisait? and it was definitely him driving?; il ne s'agit pas d'une erreur, mais bien de fraude it's not a mistake, it's fraud; c'est bien mardi aujourd'hui? today is Tuesday, isn't it?; c'est bien ici qu'on vend les billets? this is where you get tickets, isn't it?; tu as bien pris les clés? are you sure you've got the keys?; est-ce bien nécessaire? is it really necessary?; s'agit-il bien d'un suicide? was it really suicide?; c'est bien de lui! it's just like him!; voilà bien la politique! that's politics for you!; c'est bien le moment! iron great timing!; c'est bien le moment de partir! iron what a time to leave!;

9 ( au moins) at least; elle a bien 40 ans she's at least 40, she's a good 40 years old; ça pèse bien dix kilos it weighs at least ten kilos, it weighs a good ten kilos; ça vaut bien le double it's worth at least twice as much;

10 ( beaucoup) c'était il y a bien des années that was a good many years ago; bien des fois often, many a time; bien des gens lots of people; il s'est donné bien du mal he's gone to a lot or a great deal of trouble; il s'en faut bien! far from it!; mon fils me donne bien du souci my son is a great worry to me; avoir bien de la chance to be very lucky; je te souhaite bien du plaisir! iron I wish you joy!

C nm

1 ( avantage) good; pour le bien du pays for the good of the country; pour le bien de tous for the general good; c'est pour ton bien it's for your own good; ce serait un bien it would be a good thing; sacrifier son propre bien à celui d'autrui to put others first; le bien et le mal good and evil; faire le bien to do good; il a fait beaucoup de bien autour de lui he has done a lot of good; ça fait du bien aux enfants/plantes it's good for the children /plants; ça fait/ça leur fait du bien it does you/them good; mon repos m'a fait le plus grand bien my rest did me a world of good; grand bien vous fasse! iron much good may it do you!; vouloir le bien de qn to have sb's best interests at heart; vouloir du bien à qn to wish sb well; ‘un ami qui vous veut du bien’ ( dans une lettre anonyme) ‘from a well-wisher’, ‘one who has your best interests at heart’; dire du bien de qn to speak well of sb; on dit le plus grand bien du maire/musée people speak very highly of the mayor/museum; on a dit le plus grand bien de toi a lot of nice things were said about you; parler en bien de qn to speak favourably^GB of sb; ⇒ ennemi, honneur;

2 ( possession) possession; (maison, terres) property; ( domaine) bien(s) estate; ( ensemble des possessions) bien(s) property ¢; ( patrimoine) bien(s) fortune; ( avoirs) biens assets; perdre tous ses bien s dans un incendie to lose all one's possessions in a fire; ce livre est mon bien le plus précieux this book is my most precious possession; les biens de ce monde material possessions; un petit bien en Corse a small property in Corsica; hériter des biens paternels to inherit one's father's property ou estate; dilapider son bien to squander one's fortune; avoir du bien (maisons, terres) to own property; ( argent) to be wealthy; des biens considérables substantial assets; la santé/liberté est le plus précieux des biens you can't put a price on good health/freedom; ⇒ abondance, acquis.

D excl

1 ( approbatif) bien! voyons le reste good! let's see the rest;

2 ( impatient) bien! bien! j'arrive! all right! all right! ou OK! OK○! I'm coming!

E bien que loc conj although, though; bien qu'il le sache although he knows; bien qu'elle vive maintenant en Floride, je la vois régulièrement although she lives in Florida, I see her regularly; il est venu travailler bien qu'il soit grippé he came in to work, although he had flu; bien que très différentes en apparence, les deux œuvres ont des points communs although very different in appearance, the two works have common features; il joue un rôle important bien que discret he plays an important role, albeit a discreet one; ⇒ aussi, ou, si.

Composés

biens de consommation consumer goods; biens durables consumer durables; biens d'équipement capital goods; biens d'équipement ménager household goods; biens fonciers land ¢; biens immeubles immovables; biens immeubles par destination fixtures; biens immobiliers real estate ¢; biens mobiliers personal property ¢; biens personnels private property ¢; biens propres separate estate (sg); détenir qch en bien s propres to hold sth as separate estate; biens publics public property ¢; biens sociaux corporate assets.

[bjɛ̃] adverbe

1. [de façon satisfaisante] well

tout allait bien everything was going well ou fine

il cuisine bien he's a good cook

la pièce finit bien the play has a happy ending

la vis tient bien the screw is secure ou is in tight

il gagne bien sa vie he earns a good living

ils vivent bien they have a comfortable life

faire bien to look good

bien prendre quelque chose to take something well

il s'y est bien pris he tackled it well

il s'y est bien pris pour interviewer le ministre he did a good job of interviewing the minister

vivre bien quelque chose to have a positive experience of something

tiens-toi bien!

a. [à la rambarde] hold on tight!

b. [sur la chaise] sit properly!

c. [à table] behave yourself!

tu tombes bien! you've come at (just) the right time!

2. [du point de vue de la santé]

aller ou se porter bien to feel well ou fine

il se porte plutôt bien! (humoristique) he doesn't look as if he's starving!

3. [conformément à la raison, à la loi, à la morale] well, decently

bien agir envers quelqu'un to do the proper ou right ou correct thing by somebody

tu as bien fait you did the right thing, you did right

tu fais bien de ne plus les voir you're right not to see them any more

tu fais bien de me le rappeler thank you for reminding me, it's a good thing you reminded me (of it)

tu ferais bien de partir plus tôt you'd do well to leave earlier

pour bien faire, nous devrions partir avant 9 h ideally, we should leave before 9

il faudrait lui acheter un cadeau pour bien faire we really ought to buy her a present

4. [sans malentendu] right, correctly

ai-je bien entendu ce que tu viens de dire? did I hear you right?

5. [avec soin]

écoute-moi bien listen (to me) carefully

as-tu bien vérifié? did you check properly?

fais bien ce que l'on te dit do exactly ou just as you're told

mélangez bien stir well

soigne-toi bien take good care of yourself

6. (suivi d'un adjectif) [très] really, very

c'est bien agréable it's really ou very nice

tu es bien sûr? are you quite certain ou sure?

bois un thé bien chaud have a nice hot cup of tea

(suivi d'un adverbe)

c'était il y a bien longtemps that was a very long time ago

embrasse-le bien fort give him a big hug

bien souvent (very) often

bien avant/après well before/after

bien trop tôt far ou much too early

7. (suivi d'un verbe) [beaucoup]

on a bien ri we had a good laugh, we laughed a lot

8. [véritablement]

j'ai bien cru que... I really thought that...

il a bien failli se noyer he very nearly drowned

sans bien se rendre compte de ce qu'il faisait without being fully aware of ou without fully realizing what he was doing

9. [pour renforcer, insister]

qui peut bien téléphoner à cette heure-ci? who could that be ringing at this hour?

où peut-il bien être? where on earth is he?

je sais bien que tu dis la vérité I know very well that you're telling the truth

veux-tu bien te taire? will you please be quiet?

ce n'est pas lui, mais bien son associé que j'ai eu au téléphone it wasn't him, but rather his partner I spoke to on the phone

c'est bien ça that's it ou right

c'est bien ce que je disais/pensais that's just what I was saying/thinking

c'est bien le moment d'en parler! (ironique) it's hardly the right time to talk about it!

j'ai pourtant bien entendu frapper I'm sure I heard a knock at the door

je le vois bien médecin I can (quite) see him as a doctor

tu vas lui dire? — je pense bien! are you going to tell him? — you bet I am!

je vais me plaindre — je comprends ou pense bien! I'm going to complain — I should think so too!

il ne m'aidera pas, tu penses bien! he won't help me, you can be sure of that!

c'est bien de lui, ça! that's typical of him!, that's just like him!

10. [volontiers]

j'irais bien avec toi I'd really like to go with you

je te dirais bien quelque chose, mais je suis poli I could say something rude but I won't

je boirais bien quelque chose I could do with ou I wouldn't mind a drink

11. [au moins] at least

12. [exprimant la supposition, l'éventualité]

tu verras bien you'll see

ils pourraient bien refuser they might well refuse

ça se pourrait bien it's perfectly possible

13. [pourtant]

mais il fallait bien le lui dire! but he had to be told (all the same)!

il faut bien le faire it's got to be done

14. [suivi d'un nom]

bien de, bien des quite a lot of

j'ai eu bien du souci I've had a lot to worry about

elle a bien du courage! isn't she brave!, she's got a great deal of courage!

bien des fois... more than once...

bien des gens lots of ou quite a lot of ou quite a few people

15. [dans la correspondance]

bien à toi love

bien à vous yours

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[bjɛ̃] adjectif invariable

1. [qui donne satisfaction] good

c'est bien de s'amuser mais il faut aussi travailler it's all right to have fun but you have to work too

je recule? — non, vous êtes bien là (familier) shall I move back? — no, you're all right ou OK ou fine like that

qu'est-ce qu'il est bien dans son dernier film! (familier) he's great ou really good in his new film!

ÉDUCATION [sur un devoir] good

2. [esthétique - personne] good-looking, attractive ; [ - chose] nice, lovely

tu es très bien en jupe

a. [cela te sied] you look very nice in a skirt

b. [c'est acceptable pour l'occasion] a skirt is perfectly all right

il est bien de sa personne he's a good-looking man

3. [convenable - personne] decent, nice

c'est bien [conduite, action]: ce serait bien de lui envoyer un peu d'argent it'd be a good idea to send her some money

ils se sont séparés et c'est bien comme ça they've split up and it's better that way

ce n'est pas bien de tirer la langue it's naughty ou it's not nice to stick out your tongue

ce n'est pas bien de tricher you shouldn't cheat

4. [en forme] well

vous ne vous sentez pas bien?

a. aren't you feeling well?

b. [mentalement] are you crazy?

il n'est pas bien, celui-là! (familier) he's got a problem, he has!

me/te/nous voilà bien! NOW I'm/you're/we're in a fine mess!

5. [à l'aise]

on est bien ici it's nice here

on est vraiment bien dans ce fauteuil this armchair is really comfortable

je suis bien avec toi I like being with you

6. [en bons termes]

être bien avec quelqu'un to be well in with somebody

ils sont bien ensemble they're happy together

se mettre bien avec quelqu'un to get in with somebody, to get into somebody's good books

————————

[bjɛ̃] nom masculin

1. PHILOSOPHIE & RELIGION

le bien good

faire le bien to do good

2. [ce qui est agréable, avantageux]

c'est pour ton bien que je dis ça I'm saying this for your own good ou benefit

c'est ton bien que je veux I only want what's best for you

le bien commun ou général the common good

c'est pour le bien de tous/de l'entreprise it's for the common good/the good of the firm

pour le bien public in the public interest

vouloir du bien à quelqu'un to wish somebody well

dire/penser du bien de to speak/to think well of

on ne m'a dit que du bien de votre cuisine I've heard the most flattering things about your cooking

faire du bien: continue à me masser, ça fait du bien carry on massaging me, it's doing me good

cela fait du bien de se dégourdir les jambes it's nice to be able to stretch your legs

je me suis cogné l'orteil, ça fait pas du bien! (familier) I bashed my toe, it's quite painful!

faire du bien ou le plus grand bien à quelqu'un [médicament, repos] to do somebody good, to benefit somebody

le dentiste ne m'a pas fait du bien! the dentist really hurt me!

la séparation leur fera le plus grand bien being apart will do them a lot ou a world of good

grand bien te/lui fasse! (ironique) much good may it do you/him!

bien m'en a pris it was just as well I did it

ça fait du bien par où ça passe! (familier) aah, I feel better for that!

3. [bienfait] good ou positive thing, benefit

cette décision a été un bien pour tout le monde the decision was a good thing for all ou everyone concerned

4. [propriété personnelle] possession, (piece) ou item of property

[argent] fortune

mon bien t'appartient what's mine is yours

ils ont un petit bien en Ardèche (familier) they have a bit of land in the Ardèche

la jeunesse est un bien précieux youth is a precious asset

tous mes biens all my worldly goods, all I'm worth

avoir du bien au soleil (familier) to be well-off ou rich

5. DROIT & ÉCONOMIE

bien de consommation courante consumer good

biens de consommation durables consumer durables

biens d'équipement capital equipment ou goods

biens privés/publics private/public property

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[bjɛ̃] interjection

1. [indiquant une transition] OK, right (then)

2. [marquant l'approbation]

je n'irai pas! — bien, n'en parlons plus! I won't go! — very well ou all right (then), let's drop the subject!

fort bien fine

bien, bien, on y va all right, all right ou OK, OK, let's go

bien entendu locution adverbiale

of course

bien entendu que locution conjonctive

of course

bien entendu que j'aimerais y aller of course I'd like to go

————————

bien que locution conjonctive

despite the fact that, although, though

bien que malade, il a tenu à y aller although he was ill, he insisted on going

————————

bien sûr locution adverbiale

of course

————————

bien sûr que locution conjonctive

of course

bien sûr qu'elle n'avait rien compris! of course she hadn't understood a thing!

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > bien

3 bene

1. adv well

bene! good!

per bene properly

stare bene di salute be well

di vestito suit

ben ti sta! serves you right!

va bene! OK!

andare bene a qualcuno di abito fit someone

di orario, appuntamento suit someone

di bene in meglio better and better

sentirsi bene feel well

2. m good

fare bene alla salute be good for you

per il tuo bene for your own good

voler bene a qualcuno love someone

( amare) love someone

beni pl assets, property sg

beni pl di consumo consumer goods

beni pl culturali cultural heritage sg

beni pl immobili real estate sg

beni pl pubblici public property sg

* * *

bene s.m.

1 good: il bene e il male, good and evil; questo ti farà bene, this will do you good; augurare del bene a qlcu., to wish s.o. well; dire bene di qlcu., to speak well of s.o.; opere di bene, good works; fare del bene, to do good // a fin di bene, to a good purpose; lo ha fatto a fin di bene, he meant well // ogni ben di Dio, (fig.) all sorts of good things // per il tuo bene, ( per amor tuo) for your sake // Sommo Bene, ( Dio) Summum Bonum

2 (affetto, amore) fondness, affection: voler bene a qlcu., to be fond of s.o.; volersi bene, to be fond of each other (o of one another); le vuole un bene dell'anima, he loves her with all his heart

3 ( persona amata) beloved person, darling; (innamorato, innamorata) sweetheart: mio bene, (my) darling (o my sweetheart o my love)

4 ( vantaggio) sake, good; ( benessere) welfare: per il bene del popolo, for the welfare of the people; per il tuo bene, for your own good

5 ( dono) gift; blessing: la salute è il più grande dei beni, health is the greatest of blessings // ogni ben di Dio, all sorts of good things

6 (spec. pl.) goods (pl.), property, possession: persero i loro beni durante la guerra, they lost all their possessions during the war; avere dei beni al sole, to be a man of property // (comm.): beni all'estero, property abroad; beni pubblici, collective (o public) goods; beni reali, ( non monetari) real assets; beni strumentali, auxiliary capital (o industrial goods); beni superflui, superfluities; beni superiori, superior goods; beni di prestigio, positional goods; beni di prima necessità, necessaries; beni utilitari, utility goods; beni di rifugio, shelter goods; beni e servizi diversi, sundry goods and services; beni alternativi, succedanei, rival commodities; beni bloccati ( per ordine del tribunale), frozen assets; beni capitali, di produzione, capital goods; soggetti all'imposta di registro, goods that are liable to stamp duty; beni commerciabili internazionalmente, tradeables; beni complementari, complementary goods (o complements); beni di consumo, consumer goods (o consumables); beni di consumo deperibili, soft (o perishable) goods (o perishables); beni di consumo durevoli, consumer durable goods, durable (o hard) goods; beni di consumo non durevoli, non durables (o non durable goods); beni di consumo semidurevoli, semi-durable goods; beni di investimento, investment goods; beni di lusso, voluttuari, luxury goods (o luxuries); beni economici, goods; beni finali, final goods; beni fungibili, fungible (o replaceable) goods; beni immateriali, intangibles (o intangible assets o non-material goods) // (dir.): beni dotali, dowry; beni ereditari, estate hereditaments; beni demaniali, public domain; beni pignorabili, seizable chattels (o goods); beni impignorabili, privileged from execution goods; beni mobili, personal property (o movables o goods and chattels); beni mobili facenti parte dell'abitazione, household; beni immobili, real estate (o immovables o real assets); beni immateriali, incorporeal property (o intangible assets); beni rubati, stolen property.

bene avv.

1 (in modo giusto, correttamente) well; properly: parla molto bene l'inglese, he speaks English very well; comportarsi bene, to behave well; trattare bene qlcu., to treat s.o. well; una persona bene educata, a well-mannered person; una cosa ben fatta, something well done; se ben ricordo, se ricordo bene, if I remember well // sa fare molto beneil suo lavoro, he's a good worker // non sta bene, it's not nice (o it isn't polite) // hai fatto bene, you did the right thing // sono persone per bene, they're respectable people // lo hanno sistemato per bene, (iron.) they made a fine mess of him

2 ( completamente) properly; thoroughly: hai chiuso bene la porta?, have you closed the door properly?; non hai inserito bene la spina, you haven't plugged it in properly; ricordati di lavare bene l'insalata, remember to wash the lettuce thoroughly // mi hai sentito bene?, did you hear what I said?

3 (in modo conveniente, piacevole): avete mangiato bene?, did you have a good meal?; guadagnare bene, to make a lot of money (o to earn good money); quella persona veste molto bene, that person dresses very well // stare bene ( di salute) to be well (o in good health); (di abito ecc.) to fit, to suit: ''Come stai?'' ''Abbastanza bene'', ''How are you?'' ''Quite well''; questa giacca non mi sta bene this jacket doesn't suit me // star bene a soldi, to be well off // ti sta bene (o ben ti sta), it serves you right // mi è andata bene, I made it // bene o male, somehow (or other) // di bene in meglio, better and better // né bene né male, so-so

4 ( con valore rafforzativo): è ben difficile che arrivi in orario, he's very unlikely to be on time // saremo ben lieti se..., we'll be delighted if...; era ben lontano dal pensare che..., he was far from thinking that...; ''Pensi che accetterà?'' ''Lo spero bene'', ''Do you think he'll agree?'' ''I hope so''; vorrei ben vedere..., I'd like to see...; lo credo bene!, I should think so!; abbiamo ben cento pagine di storia da studiare, we've got a good hundred pages of history to study; ho pagato ben 4 milioni di spese condominali, I spent a good 4 million on condominium expenses; si tratta di ben altro, it's quite a different matter // ben bene, well, properly: copritelo ben bene, fa molto freddo, wrap him up well, it's bitterly cold; l'abbiamo sgridato ben bene, we gave him a good telling off

5 ( in espressioni esclamative): bene, continua così!, good, keep it up!; ma bene, è questo il modo di comportarsi?, come along, that's no way to behave!

6 ( con valore conclusivo): bene, ora possiamo incominciare, well then, now we can begin; bene, non parliamone più, well, let's say no more about it

◆ agg. ( di alto livello sociale) upper-class: la società, la gente bene, upper-class society, the upper classes // frequenta i locali bene della città, he goes to all the best places in town.

* * *
['bɛne]
1. avv

1) (gen) well, (funzionare) properly, well

faresti bene a studiare — you'd do well o you'd be well advised to study

hai fatto bene — you did the right thing

ben fatto! — well done!

guida bene — he drives well, he's a good driver

parla bene l'italiano — he speaks Italian well, he speaks good Italian

parlare bene di qn — to speak well of sb

gente per bene — respectable people

sto poco bene — I'm not very well

ha preso bene la notizia — he took the news well

se ben ricordo; se ricordo bene — if I remember correctly

sto bene — I'm fine

va bene — all right, okay

2)

(con attenzione, completamente) ascoltami bene — listen to me carefully

ben bene — thoroughly

ho legato il pacco ben bene — I've tied the parcel securely

hai capito bene? — do you understand?

chiudi bene la porta — close the door properly

per bene — thoroughly

ho sistemato le cose per bene — I've sorted things out properly

3) (molto: + aggettivo) very, (+ comparativo, avverbio) (very) much

ben contento — very pleased

è ben difficile — it's very difficult

ben più caro — much more expensive

ben più lungo — much longer

4)

(rafforzativo: appunto) lo credo bene — I'm not surprised

te l'avevo ben detto io che... — I DID tell you that..., I certainly did tell you that...

sai bene che non dovresti uscire — you know perfectly well you shouldn't go out

come tu ben sai — as you well know

lo so ben io; lo so fin troppo bene — I know only too well

lo spero bene — I certainly hope so

5) (addirittura, non meno di) at least

hai fatto ben 7 errori — you've made at least 7 mistakes

sono ben 3 giorni che non la vedo — I haven't seen her for at least 3 days

6)

(in esclamazioni) ho finito — bene! — I've finished — good!

bene, allora possiamo partire — right then, we can go

bene, puoi continuare da solo — all right, you can continue on your own

bene bene! — good (good)!

7)

(fraseologia) né bene né male — so-so

di bene in meglio — better and better

tutto è bene quel che finisce bene — all's well that ends well

2. agg inv

la gente bene — (ricca, snob) well-to-do people

la Roma bene — the Roman bourgeois

3. sm

1) good

far del bene — to do good

fare del bene a qn — to do sb a good turn

fare bene a — (salute) to be good for

quella vacanza ti ha fatto bene — that holiday has done you good

a fin di bene — for a good reason

sul tavolo c'era ogni ben di Dio — there were all sorts of good things on the table

l'ho fatto per il suo bene — I did it for his own good

è stato un bene — it was a good thing

volere un bene dell'anima a qn — to love sb very much

vuole molto bene a suo padre — he loves his father very much, he's very fond of his father

2)

beni smpl (proprietà) (anche) Dir — possessions, property sg, Econ goods

- beni ambientali

- beni di consumo

- beni culturali

- beni rifugio

- beni immobili

- beni mobili

- beni patrimoniali

- beni privati

- beni pubblici

* * *
I 1. ['bɛne]
avverbio

1) (in modo giusto, corretto, soddisfacente) [trattare, comportarsi, esprimersi, ballare, scegliere] well; [ funzionare] properly; [compilare, interpretare] correctly

andare bene — [festa, operazione, affari] to go well

la macchina non va bene — the machine is not functioning properly

un lavoro ben pagato — a well-paid job

bene o male — somehow

parla bene spagnolo — he speaks good Spanish

non parlava molto bene l'inglese — she didn't speak much English

non ci sente bene — he doesn't hear well

se ben ricordo — if I remember correctly o right

andare bene a scuola — to do well at school

andare bene in matematica — to be good at maths

faremmo bene ad andare — we'd better be going

hai fatto bene a dirmelo — you did well o right to tell me

non sta bene fare — it's not done to do, it is bad form o manners to do

va tutto bene — that's all very well, that's all well and good

va tutto bene? — is everything all right? are you OK?

gli è andata bene che — it was just as well for him that

domenica (ti) va bene? — does Sunday suit you? is Sunday OK?

2) (completamente) [lavare, mescolare] thoroughly; [riempire, asciugare] completely; [leggere, ascoltare, guardare] carefully

3) (piacevolmente, gradevolmente) [dormire, mangiare] well; [ vestire] well, smartly; [ vivere] comfortably

una casa ben arredata — a well-decorated o well-appointed house

andare o stare bene insieme [colori, mobile] to go together, to be a good match; quel cappello ti sta bene you look good in that hat; stare bene con qcn. — to get along well o to be well in colloq. with sb

4) (in buona salute)

star bene — [ persona] to feel all right

"come stai?"- "abbastanza bene" — "how are you?" - "pretty well"

5) (con valore rafforzativo)

si tratta di ben altro — that's quite another matter

ben più di 200 — well over 200

ben 10.000 persone — as many as 10,000 people

ben volentieri — with great pleasure

ben sveglio — wide awake

6) (con uso pleonastico)

lo credo bene! — I can well o quite believe it!

come ben sai... — as you know full well..., as you well know

7) di bene in meglio better and better

8) per bene perbene
2.
aggettivo invariabile

la gente bene — high society, the upper classes

i quartieri bene — the posh neighbourhoods
3.
interiezione good, fine

bene! Vediamo il resto — good! Let's see the rest

bene, bravo! — well done! excellent!

ma bene! — iron. ah, that's fine!

va bene! — OK! fair enough!

••

ben detto! — neatly put! well said!

ti sta bene! ben ti sta! — it serves you right!

non mi sta bene — I don't agree

tutto è bene quel che finisce bene — prov. all's well that ends well
II ['bɛne]
sostantivo maschile

1) (ciò che è buono)

il bene e il male — good and evil, right and wrong

opere di bene — charitable acts

non è bene fare — (cosa opportuna) it is not nice to do

2) (beneficio, vantaggio)

è un bene che tu sia venuto — it's a good thing you came

3) (interesse, benessere, felicità)

il bene comune, pubblico — the common good

per il bene di — for the good of

fare del bene a qcn. — to do sb. good

fare bene a — to be good for [persona, salute, pelle]

4) gener. pl.

-i — (proprietà) possessions, belongings, property, goods; (patrimonio) assets

comunione dei -i — community of goods

5) (sentimento)

volersi bene — to love (each other)

voler bene a qcn. — to love sb

•

- i di consumo — consumer o expendable goods

- i durevoli — durables

- i immobili — real estate

- i di lusso — luxury goods

- i mobili — content, movables

- i personali — personal property

- i di prima necessità — essential goods, necessaries

••

avere ogni ben di Dio — to live like fighting cocks

* * *

bene¹

/'bεne/

I avverbio

1 (in modo giusto, corretto, soddisfacente) [trattare, comportarsi, esprimersi, ballare, scegliere] well; [ funzionare] properly; [compilare, interpretare] correctly; andare bene [festa, operazione, affari] to go well; la macchina non va bene the machine is not functioning properly; un lavoro ben pagato a well-paid job; bene o male somehow; parla bene spagnolo he speaks good Spanish; non parlava molto bene l'inglese she didn't speak much English; non ci sente bene he doesn't hear well; se ben ricordo if I remember correctly o right; andare bene a scuola to do well at school; andare bene in matematica to be good at maths; faremmo bene ad andare we'd better be going; hai fatto bene a dirmelo you did well o right to tell me; non sta bene fare it's not done to do, it is bad form o manners to do; va tutto bene that's all very well, that's all well and good; va tutto bene? is everything all right? are you OK? gli è andata bene che it was just as well for him that; domenica (ti) va bene? does Sunday suit you? is Sunday OK?

2 (completamente) [lavare, mescolare] thoroughly; [riempire, asciugare] completely; [leggere, ascoltare, guardare] carefully

3 (piacevolmente, gradevolmente) [ dormire, mangiare] well; [ vestire] well, smartly; [ vivere] comfortably; una casa ben arredata a well-decorated o well-appointed house; andare o stare bene insieme [ colori, mobile] to go together, to be a good match; quel cappello ti sta bene you look good in that hat; stare bene con qcn. to get along well o to be well in colloq. with sb.

4 (in buona salute) star bene [ persona] to feel all right; "come stai?"- "abbastanza bene" "how are you?" - "pretty well"

5 (con valore rafforzativo) si tratta di ben altro that's quite another matter; ben più di 200 well over 200; ben 10.000 persone as many as 10,000 people; ben volentieri with great pleasure; ben sveglio wide awake

6 (con uso pleonastico) lo credo bene! I can well o quite believe it! come ben sai... as you know full well..., as you well know...

7 di bene in meglio better and better

8 per bene → perbene

II aggettivo invariabile

la gente bene high society, the upper classes; i quartieri bene the posh neighbourhoods

III interiezione

good, fine; bene! Vediamo il resto good! Let's see the rest; bene, bravo! well done! excellent! ma bene! iron. ah, that's fine! va bene! OK! fair enough!

IDIOMS

ben detto! neatly put! well said! ti sta bene! ben ti sta! it serves you right! non mi sta bene I don't agree; tutto è bene quel che finisce bene prov. all's well that ends well.

————————

bene²

/'bεne/

sostantivo m.

1 (ciò che è buono) il bene e il male good and evil, right and wrong; opere di bene charitable acts; non è bene fare (cosa opportuna) it is not nice to do

2 (beneficio, vantaggio) è un bene che tu sia venuto it's a good thing you came

3 (interesse, benessere, felicità) il bene comune, pubblico the common good; per il bene di for the good of; fare del bene a qcn. to do sb. good; fare bene a to be good for [persona, salute, pelle]

4 gener. pl. -i (proprietà) possessions, belongings, property, goods; (patrimonio) assets; comunione dei -i community of goods

5 (sentimento) volersi bene to love (each other); voler bene a qcn. to love sb.

IDIOMS

avere ogni ben di Dio to live like fighting cocks

\

COMPOUNDS

- i di consumo consumer o expendable goods; - i durevoli durables; - i immobili real estate; - i di lusso luxury goods; - i mobili content, movables; - i personali personal property; - i di prima necessità essential goods, necessaries.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > bene

4 bien

adv.

1 well (debidamente, adecuadamente).

¿cómo estás? — bien, gracias how are you? — fine, thanks

hacer algo bien to do something well

has hecho bien you did the right thing

¡bien hecho! well done!

habla inglés bien she speaks English well

cierra bien la puerta shut the door properly

hiciste bien en decírmelo you were right to tell me

¿vamos bien de gasolina? are we doing all right for petrol o (British) gas?, have we got plenty of (United States) petrol o (British) gas? (United States)

2 very (muy, bastante).

hoy me he levantado bien temprano I got up nice and early today

quiero un vaso de agua bien fría I'd like a nice cold glass of water

3 all right, OK (vale, de acuerdo).

¿nos vamos? — bien shall we go? — all right

4 quite happily.

ella bien que lo haría, pero no le dejan she'd be happy to do it, but they won't let her

intj.

1 all right, OK, it's OK, it's okay.

2 well done.

3 well then.

4 good.

m.

1 good (concepto abstracto).

el bien y el mal good and evil

hacer el bien to do good (deeds)

2 good (provecho).

esto te hará bien this will do you good

por el bien de for the sake of

lo hice por tu bien I did it for your own good

3 good (note).

4 possession, good, article, asset.

5 well-being, good, welfare.

Buscamos su bien We seek his well-being.

6 benefit, sake.

Para su bien For his sake.

* * *

bien

► adverbio

1 (gen) well

■ canta bien she sings well

■ la casa está bien construida the house is well built

■ trabaja bien her work is good, she does a good job

■ todo eso está muy bien, pero... that's all very well, but...

2 (como es debido) properly, right

■ si no pronuncias bien, no te van a entender if you don't pronounce the words properly, they won't understand you

■ siéntate bien sit properly

■ ¡pórtate bien! behave yourself!

■ no está bien que hagan eso it's not right for them to do that

3 (acertadamente) right, correctly

■ contestó bien a todas las preguntas she answered all the questions correctly

4 (con éxito) successfully

5 (de acuerdo) O.K., all right

■ ven mañana a las dos, --bien come tomorrow at two, --all right

6 (de buena gana) willingly, gladly

■ bien me iría contigo si no tuviera que trabajar I'd gladly go with you if I didn't have to work

7 (mucho) very

■ quiero un vaso de leche bien fría I want a glass of nice cold milk

■ ha pagado bien caro su error he has paid dearly for his mistake

■ dale bien fuerte hit it good and hard

■ es bien sencillo it's really simple

8 (fácilmente) easily

■ bien se ve que... it is easy to see that...

■ bien podrías haberme avisado you might have warned me

9 (de gusto, olor, aspecto, etc) good, nice, lovely

■ esta cerveza está muy bien this beer's very good

■ la comida estaba bien the food was nice

■ quiero uno que esté bien I want a good one

10 (de salud) well

■ ¿te encuentras bien? are you feeling all right?

11 (físicamente) good-looking

■ su novio está muy bien her boyfriend's very good-looking

► adjetivo

1 (acomodado) well-off

► nombre masculino

1 good

■ el bien siempre triunfa sobre el mal good always triumphs over evil

2 (bienestar) benefit

■ lo hice por el bien de todos I did it for the good of everyone

► nombre masculino plural bienes

1 property sing, possessions

► conjunción bien... bien

1 either... or

■ se lo enviaremos bien por correo, bien por mensajero we'll send it to you either by post or by messenger

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

en bien de for the sake of

estarle bien algo a alguien to serve somebody right

■ lo han despedido y le está bien he's got the sack and it serves him right

■ le está bien lo que le ha pasado he deserves what happened to him

hacer bien to do good

bien que although

tener a bien de hacer algo to be good enough to do something

¡ya está bien! that's enough!

bien de consumo consumer item

bienes de consumo consumer goods

bien de equipo capital asset

bienes de equipo capital goods, capital assets

bienes inmuebles real estate sing

bienes muebles movables, personal property sing

gente bien familiar the upper classes plural

* * *
1. adj.
well-to-do
2. adv.
1) well

2) correctly, properly

3) all right

4) easily

•

- más bien

- si bien
3. interj.
good
4. noun m.
good

- bienes
- bienes de consumo
- bienes de equipo
- bienes raíces
* * *

1. ADV

1) (=satisfactoriamente) well

hablas bien el español — you speak good Spanish, you speak Spanish well

el libro se ha vendido bien — the book has sold well

no veo muy bien — I can't see very well

lo sé muy bien — I know that perfectly well

viven bien — they live well

me gusta la carne bien hecha — I like my meat well-done

bien gracias, ¿y usted? — fine thanks, and you?

¡muy bien! — very good!; [aprobando un discurso] hear, hear!

¡qué bien! — great!, excellent!

• oler bien — to smell good

• saber bien — to taste good

2) (=correctamente)

¿has puesto bien la rueda? — have you put the wheel on properly?

si no cierras la tapa bien, se saldrá el líquido — if you don't screw the top on properly, the liquid will leak out

se limpia bien el pescado — clean the fish thoroughly o well

¡bien hecho! — well done!

has contestado bien — you gave the right answer, you answered correctly

no consigo hacerlo bien — I can't seem to do it right

haces bien — you're (quite) right

• hacer bien en, hiciste bien en decírselo — you were right to tell him, you did the right thing in telling him

3)

• estar bien, ¿estás bien? — are you all right?, are you OK?

aquí se está bien — it's nice here

¡está bien!, lo haré — O.K. o all right, I'll do it!

¡pues sí que estamos bien! — this is a fine mess we're in!

ese libro está muy bien — that book's very good, that's a very good book

estás muy bien con ese sombrero — you look really nice in that hat

la casa está muy bien — the house is really nice

está muy bien que ahorres dinero — it's very good that you're saving

que esté(s) bien — Col * bye *

¡eso no está bien! — [a un niño] that's not very nice!

te está bien la falda — the skirt fits you fine

¡ya está bien! — that's enough!

ya está bien de quejas — that's (quite) enough complaining

• estar bien de algo, estar bien de salud — to be well, be in good health

estar bien de dinero — to be well off

no está bien de la cabeza — he isn't right in the head

4) (=de acuerdo)

¡bien! — all right!, O.K.!

-¿quieres que vayamos al cine? -bien — "shall we go to the cinema?" - "O.K. o all right"

si a ustedes les parece bien — if it's all right with o by you

5) (=muy)

un café bien caliente — a nice hot coffee

un coche bien caro — a pretty expensive car

bien temprano — pretty early

estoy bien seguro — I am pretty certain

eso es bien tonto — that's pretty silly

esperamos hasta bien entrada la noche — we waited until very late at night, we waited until well into the night

6)

• bien de (=muchos) —

bien de veces — lots of times

¡te han dado bien de regalos! — you got a lot of presents!

bebe bien de café — he drinks a lot of coffee

7) (=de buena gana)

yo bien iría, pero... — I'd gladly go, but..., I'd be happy to go, but...

bien me tomaría ahora un café — I'd love a coffee now

8) (=fácilmente) easily

bien se ve que... — it is easy to see that...

¡bien podía habérmelo dicho! — he could have told me!

9) [locuciones]

• estar a bien con algn — to be on good terms with sb

• de bien en bien o mejor — better and better

• bien que mal — one way or another, by hook or by crook

• más bien — rather

más bien bajo — on the short side, rather short

más bien creo que... — I actually think...

• pues bien — well

• tener a bien hacer algo — to see fit to do sth

sus padres tienen a bien que se vaya a vivir con su tía — her parents have seen fit to send her to live with her aunt

le ruego tenga a bien inscribirme en la lista — please be so kind as to include me on the list, I would be grateful if you would include me on the list

le ruego tenga a bien comunicarlo a sus lectores — please be kind enough to inform your readers

• bien es verdad que... — it is of course true that...

• ¿y bien? — well?

2. CONJ

1)

• si bien — although

si bien es cierto que... — although it's true that...

2)

• no bien, ni bien Cono Sur —

no bien llegó, empezó a llover — no sooner had he arrived than it started to rain, as soon as he arrived it started to rain

3) [en alternancia]

bien por avión, bien en tren — either by air or by train

bien se levantó, bien se sentó — whether he stood up or sat down

3.

ADJ [persona] well-to-do; [restaurante, barrio] posh *

son gente bien — they're well-to-do

son de casa bien — they come from a good home

4. SM

1) (=bondad) good

el bien y el mal — good and evil

hacer el bien — to do good

hombre de bien — good man

2) (=provecho) good

el bien común o público — the common good

en bien de — for the good of

hacer algo para el bien de — to do sth for the good of

es por tu bien — it's for your own good

3) [apelativo]

• mi bien — my dear, my darling

4) pl bienes (=géneros) goods; (=propiedad) property sing, possessions; (=riqueza) riches, wealth sing

bienes activos — active assets

bienes de capital — capital goods

bienes de consumo — consumer goods

bienes de consumo duraderos — consumer durables

bienes de equipo — capital goods

bienes de inversión — capital goods

bienes de la tierra — agricultural produce sing

bienes de producción — industrial goods

bienes de servicio — services

bienes dotales — dowry sing

bienes duraderos — durables

bienes fungibles — perishables

bienes gananciales — shared possessions

bienes inmuebles — real estate sing

bienes mostrencos — unclaimed property sing

bienes muebles — personal property sing, goods and chattels

bienes públicos — government property sing

bienes raíces — real estate sing, realty sing (EEUU)

bienes relictos — estate sing, inheritance sing

bienes semovientes — livestock sing

bienes terrestres — worldly goods

* * *
I
adjetivo invariable

1) [estar] ( sano) well

no me siento or encuentro bien — I don't feel well

tú no estás bien de la cabeza! — you're not right in the head!

2) [estar] (fam) ( refiriéndose al atractivo sexual) good-looking, attractive

3) [estar] (cómodo, agradable)

¿vas bien ahí atrás? — are you all right in the back?

se está bien a la sombra — it's nice in the shade

4) ( agradable) <oler/saber>

qué bien huele! — it smells really good!

este café sabe muy bien — this coffee tastes very good o nice

5) [estar]

¿está bien así, señorita? — is that all right, miss?

saliste muy bien en esta foto — you look really good in this photo

ese cuadro no queda bien ahí — that painting doesn't look right there

podríamos ir mañana, si te parece bien — we could go tomorrow, if you like

la casa está muy bien — the house is very nice

¿lo has leído? está muy bien — have you read it? it's very good

está bien! si no quieres hacerlo no lo hagas — all right o okay, then! don't do it if you don't want to

qué bien mañana es fiesta! — great! tomorrow's a holiday!

no funciona - pues qué bien! — (iró) it's not working - oh, great! (iro)

6) [estar] (correcto, adecuado) right

está bien que se premie la iniciativa — it's right and proper that initiative should be rewarded

7)

a) ( suficiente)

estar or andar bien de algo — to be all right for something

¿estamos bien de aceite? — are we all right for oil?

no ando bien de tiempo — I'm a bit short of time

b)

ya está bien — that's enough

ya está bien de jugar, ahora a dormir — you've been playing long enough, now go to bed

8)

a) (fam) ( de buena posición social) <familia/gente> well-to-do

un barrio bien — a well-to-do o (BrE) posh area

b) (RPl fam) <gente/persona> ( honrado) respectable, decent
II
adverbio

1) ( de manera satisfactoria) <dormir/funcionar/cantar> well

no le fue bien en Alemania — things didn't work out for her in Germany

quien bien te quiere te hará llorar — you have to be cruel to be kind

2) ( ventajosamente) well

vendió el coche muy bien — she got a good price for the car

3) ( favorablemente)

pensar bien de la gente — to think well of people

hablar bien de alguien — to speak highly of somebody

4)

a) (a fondo, completamente) well, properly

bien cocido — well o properly cooked

¿cerraste bien? — did you lock the door properly?

bien sabes que... — you know perfectly well that...

bien se ve que está enamorado — it's obvious that he's in love

b) (con cuidado, atención) <escuchar/mirar> carefully

5) ( correctamente) well

bien hecho/dicho! — well done/said!

pórtate bien — behave yourself

hiciste bien en decírselo — you were right to tell him

siéntate bien — sit properly

6) ( como intensificador)

a) ( muy) very

canta bien mal — he sings really badly

llegó bien entrada la noche — she arrived very late at night

¿estás bien seguro? — are you positive?

ser bien de adentro — (Per fam) to be a good sort

b) ( fácilmente) easily

bien pudo suceder — it could well o easily have happened

c) (en recriminaciones, protestas)

bien podías haberlo ayudado — you could o might have helped him!

d)

bien que...: bien que llama cuando necesita dinero — he soon calls when he needs money

7) (en locs)

más bien: es más bien delgada she's quite slim; no bien as soon as; si bien although; estar a bien con alguien to be on good terms with somebody; tener a bien hacer algo (frml): le rogamos tenga a bien abonar esta suma — we would ask you to pay this sum (frml)
III
interjección

a) ( como enlace)

bien, sigamos adelante — right then o fine, let's continue

bien,... ¿dónde estábamos? — right,... where were we?

pues bien, como te iba diciendo... — so, as I was telling you...

b)

bien! — ( expresando aprobación) well done!

no habrá clases hoy - bieeeen! — there won't be any lessons today - yippee o hurrah!
IV
conjunción

puede abonarse o bien al contado o bien en 12 cuotas mensuales — (frml) payment may be made either in cash or in twelve monthly installments
V
masculino

1) (Fil) good

el bien y el mal — good and evil

hacer el bien — to do good deeds

haz bien y no mires a quién — do good to all alike

un hombre de bien — a good man

2)

a) (beneficio, bienestar) good

es por tu bien — it's for your own good

por el bien de todos — for the good of all

b)

hacer bien — (+ me/te/le etc)

esto te hará bien — this will do you good

sus palabras me hicieron mucho bien — what he said did me a lot of good

3) ( en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10

4)

a) ( posesión)

le dejó todos sus bienes — she left him everything she owned

mi bien más preciado — my most precious possession

b) bienes masculino plural (Fin) assets (pl)

la orden afecta a todos sus bienes — the order applies to all his assets

•

- bien de consumo

- bien de equipo

- bien ganancial

- bien inmueble

- bien mueble

- bien raíz

* * *
I
adjetivo invariable

1) [estar] ( sano) well

no me siento or encuentro bien — I don't feel well

tú no estás bien de la cabeza! — you're not right in the head!

2) [estar] (fam) ( refiriéndose al atractivo sexual) good-looking, attractive

3) [estar] (cómodo, agradable)

¿vas bien ahí atrás? — are you all right in the back?

se está bien a la sombra — it's nice in the shade

4) ( agradable) <oler/saber>

qué bien huele! — it smells really good!

este café sabe muy bien — this coffee tastes very good o nice

5) [estar]

¿está bien así, señorita? — is that all right, miss?

saliste muy bien en esta foto — you look really good in this photo

ese cuadro no queda bien ahí — that painting doesn't look right there

podríamos ir mañana, si te parece bien — we could go tomorrow, if you like

la casa está muy bien — the house is very nice

¿lo has leído? está muy bien — have you read it? it's very good

está bien! si no quieres hacerlo no lo hagas — all right o okay, then! don't do it if you don't want to

qué bien mañana es fiesta! — great! tomorrow's a holiday!

no funciona - pues qué bien! — (iró) it's not working - oh, great! (iro)

6) [estar] (correcto, adecuado) right

está bien que se premie la iniciativa — it's right and proper that initiative should be rewarded

7)

a) ( suficiente)

estar or andar bien de algo — to be all right for something

¿estamos bien de aceite? — are we all right for oil?

no ando bien de tiempo — I'm a bit short of time

b)

ya está bien — that's enough

ya está bien de jugar, ahora a dormir — you've been playing long enough, now go to bed

8)

a) (fam) ( de buena posición social) <familia/gente> well-to-do

un barrio bien — a well-to-do o (BrE) posh area

b) (RPl fam) <gente/persona> ( honrado) respectable, decent
II
adverbio

1) ( de manera satisfactoria) <dormir/funcionar/cantar> well

no le fue bien en Alemania — things didn't work out for her in Germany

quien bien te quiere te hará llorar — you have to be cruel to be kind

2) ( ventajosamente) well

vendió el coche muy bien — she got a good price for the car

3) ( favorablemente)

pensar bien de la gente — to think well of people

hablar bien de alguien — to speak highly of somebody

4)

a) (a fondo, completamente) well, properly

bien cocido — well o properly cooked

¿cerraste bien? — did you lock the door properly?

bien sabes que... — you know perfectly well that...

bien se ve que está enamorado — it's obvious that he's in love

b) (con cuidado, atención) <escuchar/mirar> carefully

5) ( correctamente) well

bien hecho/dicho! — well done/said!

pórtate bien — behave yourself

hiciste bien en decírselo — you were right to tell him

siéntate bien — sit properly

6) ( como intensificador)

a) ( muy) very

canta bien mal — he sings really badly

llegó bien entrada la noche — she arrived very late at night

¿estás bien seguro? — are you positive?

ser bien de adentro — (Per fam) to be a good sort

b) ( fácilmente) easily

bien pudo suceder — it could well o easily have happened

c) (en recriminaciones, protestas)

bien podías haberlo ayudado — you could o might have helped him!

d)

bien que...: bien que llama cuando necesita dinero — he soon calls when he needs money

7) (en locs)

más bien: es más bien delgada she's quite slim; no bien as soon as; si bien although; estar a bien con alguien to be on good terms with somebody; tener a bien hacer algo (frml): le rogamos tenga a bien abonar esta suma — we would ask you to pay this sum (frml)
III
interjección

a) ( como enlace)

bien, sigamos adelante — right then o fine, let's continue

bien,... ¿dónde estábamos? — right,... where were we?

pues bien, como te iba diciendo... — so, as I was telling you...

b)

bien! — ( expresando aprobación) well done!

no habrá clases hoy - bieeeen! — there won't be any lessons today - yippee o hurrah!
IV
conjunción

puede abonarse o bien al contado o bien en 12 cuotas mensuales — (frml) payment may be made either in cash or in twelve monthly installments
V
masculino

1) (Fil) good

el bien y el mal — good and evil

hacer el bien — to do good deeds

haz bien y no mires a quién — do good to all alike

un hombre de bien — a good man

2)

a) (beneficio, bienestar) good

es por tu bien — it's for your own good

por el bien de todos — for the good of all

b)

hacer bien — (+ me/te/le etc)

esto te hará bien — this will do you good

sus palabras me hicieron mucho bien — what he said did me a lot of good

3) ( en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10

4)

a) ( posesión)

le dejó todos sus bienes — she left him everything she owned

mi bien más preciado — my most precious possession

b) bienes masculino plural (Fin) assets (pl)

la orden afecta a todos sus bienes — the order applies to all his assets

•

- bien de consumo

- bien de equipo

- bien ganancial

- bien inmueble

- bien mueble

- bien raíz

* * *

bien¹

¹ = fine [finer -comp., finest -sup.], neatly, tidy, jolly + Adjetivo/Adverbio, aright, alright [all right], all right [alright], good.

Ex: The solution is fine when the qualifying term that the user seeks is present, and is used relatively consistently.

Ex: This arrangement is ideal for well-defined subjects which coincide neatly with the interest of the library user.

Ex: This was all very tidy, but who was to judge significance?.

Ex: The public library people and some others have needs that have long been unmet, but jolly well ought to be as soon as possible.

Ex: Another wise precaution at this preliminary stage is to make sure that he has heard aright.

Ex: The article 'The kids are alright?' presents some of the findings of the questionnaire study which had as its focus the qualitative impact of public libraries on children's reading.

Ex: So the system apparently works all right and no one is suggesting that it needs a major overhaul.

Ex: It is imperative for young people to learn to be empathetic, both for their own good and for the good of society as a whole.

* abrigarse bien = wrap up + warm.

* acoger bien = welcome.

* aguantarlo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.

* ahora bien = now.

* bastante bien = good enough, rather well, fairly + Verbo.

* bien aceptado = well-accepted.

* bien acomodado = well-to-do, well-off.

* bien administrado = well-managed.

* bien afeitado = clean shaven.

* bien andado = well trodden.

* bien anunciado = well-advertised, well-announced.

* bien arado = well-tilled.

* bien argumentado = well-considered.

* bien arreglado = well-groomed.

* bien comprendido = well-understood.

* bien común, el = common good, the, common wealth, the.

* bien conectado = well-connected.

* bien conocido = well-known, well-understood.

* bien conseguido = well-rendered.

* bien conservado = well-kept.

* bien considerado = all things considered.

* bien construido = well-built.

* bien controlado = well-regulated.

* bien cuidado = clean-cut, well-tended.

* bien cultural = cultural product.

* bien definido = well-defined, clearly defined, clearly-drawn, clean-cut, articulated, clear-cut.

* bien demarcado = hard-edged.

* bien de todos, el = common good, the.

* bien dicho = amen to that!.

* bien diferenciado = well differentiated.

* bien dirigido = well-regulated.

* bien documentado = well documented [well-documented].

* bien dotado = well-equipped, well-endowed, well-resourced.

* bien dotado de medios = well-resourced.

* bien dotado de personal = well-staffed.

* bien dotado de recursos = well-resourced.

* bien educado = urbane.

* bien encaminado = a step in the right direction.

* bien ensayado = well-practised [well-practiced, -USA].

* bien entrada la noche = late at night.

* bien equilibrado = well balanced [well-balanced].

* bien equipado = well-appointed, well-equipped, well-resourced.

* bien equipado de medios = well-resourced.

* bien equipado de recursos = well-resourced.

* bien escrito = well-written.

* bien estructurado = well thought out, well-structured [well structured].

* bien expresado = well-articulated.

* bien financiado = well-funded.

* bien formado = shapely [shapelier -comp., shapeliest -sup.], articulated.

* bien formalizado = well-formalised [well-formalized].

* bien formulado = well-formulated.

* bien fundado = well-justified, well-formulated.

* bien fundamentado = well-founded.

* bien gestionado = well-managed.

* bien gobernado = well-regulated, well-governed.

* bien hecho = well-made, well formed [well-formed], well-rendered, well done.

* ¡bien hecho! = the way to go!.

* bien iluminado = well-lit.

* bien informado = well-informed, informed.

* bienintencionado = well-intentioned, well meant, well-intended, well-meaning.

* bien justificado = well-founded, well-formulated.

* bien llevado = well-run.

* bien merecido = well deserved, well deserved, well-earned.

* bien mirado = all things considered.

* bien... o... = either... or..., either... or....

* bien ordenado = well-kept, well-ordered, in good order.

* bien organizado = well-organised [well-organized], well-structured [well structured].

* bien pagado = well-paid.

* bien parecido = personable, good looking.

* bien pensado = well thought out.

* bien planeado = well-planned.

* bien planificado = well-planned.

* bien practicado = well-practised [well-practiced, -USA].

* bien preparado = well-trained, well-prepared.

* bien presentado = well-presented, well-rendered.

* bien producido = well-produced, well-made.

* bien proporcionado = shapely [shapelier -comp., shapeliest -sup.].

* bien provisto = well-endowed.

* bien provisto (de) = well-stocked (with).

* bien público = public good, commonwealth.

* bien recibido = welcome.

* bien reconocido = well-recognised [well-recognized].

* bien redondito = well-rounded.

* bien remunerado = well-paid.

* bien representado = well represented, well-rendered.

* bien seleccionado = well-chosen, well-selected.

* bien sincronizado = well-synchronised [well-synchronized, -USA].

* bien surtido (de) = well-stocked (with).

* bien testado = well-tested.

* bien tratado = well represented.

* bien uniformado = well-uniformed.

* bien ventilado = airy [airier -comp., airiest -sup.].

* bien vestido = well-dressed, dapper.

* bien visto = welcome.

* caerse bien = hit it off.

* cambiar Algo para bien = turn + Nombre + into a good thing.

* cambiar para bien = change for + the better.

* casar bien = fit in + well.

* comenzar bien = get off to + a (good/great) start, make + a good start.

* comprender bien = be clear in your mind.

* comprenderse bien = be well understood.

* conservarse bien = keep + well.

* cosas + ir bien = things + go well.

* creer que estar bien = feel + right.

* cuatro verdades bien dichas = home truth.

* dársele Algo bien a Uno = be good at.

* dársele a Uno bien las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.

* dejar bien claro = make + it + crystal clear, make + Reflexivo + crystal clear.

* desempeñar bien una función = perform + well.

* despedirse de Alguien deseándole que todo vaya bien = wish + well.

* el bien de = the good of.

* empezar a ir bien = fall into + place.

* estar bien = be okay, be in good shape, be in good health.

* estar bien de salud = be in good health.

* estar bien encaminado = be on the right track.

* estar bien pensado = be carefully thought out.

* funcionar bien = be in order.

* gente bien = well-to-do, well-off.

* hablar muy bien de = rant and rave.

* hablarse bien de Algo o Alguien = be well spoken of.

* hacer Algo muy bien = do + an excellent job of, make + an excellent job of.

* hacer bien = do + good.

* hacerlo bien = put + matters + right, be right on track.

* hacer sentir bien = make + Nombre + feel good.

* hasta ahora, todo bien = so far, so good.

* haz el bien y no mires a quién = cast your bread upon the waters.

* impuesto de bienes inmuebles (IBI) = property tax.

* ir bien = go + well, do + well, go + strong.

* ir bien encaminado = be on the right track.

* ir todo bien = be fine.

* jugar bien + Posesivo + baza = play + Posesivo + cards right.

* jugar bien + Posesivo + cartas = play + Posesivo + cards right.

* llevarlo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.

* llevarse bien = get along, on good terms.

* llevarse bien con Alguien = get on with + Pronombre Personal.

* lo que está bien y lo que está mal = rights and wrongs.

* mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.

* mantenerse bien = keep + well.

* marchar bien = go + strong.

* más bien = if you like, instead.

* más bien bajo = shortish.

* más bien pequeño = smallish.

* más bien todo lo contrario = quite the opposite, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.

* masticar bien = chew up.

* mirándolo bien = all things considered.

* muy bien = nicely.

* ¡muy bien! = the way to go!.

* muy bien pagado = highly paid.

* muy bien + podría + Verbo = might + well + Verbo.

* muy bien + puede + Verbo = may well + Verbo.

* muy bien remunerado = highly paid.

* no caer bien = not take + kindly to.

* no estar bien equilibrado = skew.

* no hay mal que por bien no venga = to every cloud, there is a silver lining.

* no hay mal que por bien no venga = every cloud has a silver lining, be a blessing in disguise.

* no importa lo bien = no matter how well.

* no muy bien informado = not-too-well-informed.

* no ser bien visto = be in the doghouse.

* no tomárselo bien = not take + kindly to.

* pago único y bien grande = fat lump sum.

* para bien = for the best, for the better.

* para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.

* para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.

* para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.

* para el bien de = for the benefit of.

* para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.

* parecer bien = be all right with + Persona.

* pasarlo bien = have + fun, be a great time.

* pasárselo bien = have + a good time, have + a great time.

* pasárselo la mar de bien = have + a whale of a time, have + a great time.

* persona que duerme bien = good sleeper.

* por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.

* por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.

* puede muy bien ser = could well be.

* puede muy bien ser que = it may well be that.

* puede que al final sea para bien = be a blessing in disguise.

* pues bien = well.

* que bota bien = bouncy [bouncier -comp., bounciest -sup.].

* que no ajusta bien = ill-fitting.

* que no cierra bien = leaky [leakier -comp., leakiest -sup], leaking.

* que no queda bien = ill-fitting.

* que rebota bien = bouncy [bouncier -comp., bounciest -sup.].

* recibir bien = welcome.

* recibir bien una iniciativa = welcome + initiative.

* salir bien = go + well.

* salir bien al final = turn out + right in the end.

* salir todo bien = land on + Posesivo + (own two) feet.

* seguir haciéndolo bien = keep up + the good work.

* seguir trabajando bien = keep up + the good work.

* sentar bien a Alguien = look + good on + Nombre.

* sentirse bien = feel + good, wellness, feel + right, get + high.

* sentirse bien con Uno mismo = feel + right.

* ser algo bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.

* ser algo (muy) bien sabido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.

* ser por el bien de Alguien = be to + Posesivo + advantage.

* estar suficientemente bien + Participio Pasado = be sufficiently well + Participio Pasado.

* ser suficientemente bien + Participio Pasado = be sufficiently well + Participio Pasado.

* ser un hecho bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.

* ser un hecho bien sabido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.

* servir muy bien = take + Nombre + a long way.

* si bien es cierto que = albeit (that).

* sin bien se mira = all things considered.

* sino más bien = rather.

* sino (que) más bien = but rather.

* todo ir bien = all + be + well with the world.

* tomárselo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.

* un trabajo bien hecho = a job well done.

* usar Algo bien = put to + good use.

* venir bien = be none the worse for (that), suit + best.

* venir muy bien = fit + the bill.

* ver bien = welcome.

* * *

bien¹

adj inv

A [ ESTAR] (sano) well

mi padre no anda or no está bien my father's not very well

no me siento or encuentro bien I don't feel well

¡tú no estás bien de la cabeza! you're not right in the head!

estuvo enfermo pero ya está bien he was ill but he's all right now

B [ ESTAR]

(económicamente acomodado): los padres están muy bien her parents are well off

no son ricos, pero están bien they're not rich but they're reasonably well off o they're comfortably off

C [ ESTAR] ( fam) (refiriéndose al atractivo sexual) good-looking, attractive

D [ ESTAR]

(cómodo, agradable): estoy bien aquí I'm fine o all right here

¿vas bien allí atrás? are you all right in the back?

se está bien a la sombra it's nice in the shade

E (agradable) ‹oler/saber›

¡qué bien huele! it smells really good!

¡qué bien hueles! you smell nice!

este café sabe muy bien this coffee tastes very good o nice

F [ ESTAR]

(satisfactorio): ¿está bien así, señorita? is that right o all right, miss?

estás or quedaste or saliste muy bien en esta foto you look very nice o really good in this photograph

ese cuadro no queda bien ahí that painting doesn't look right there

podríamos ir mañana, si te parece bien we could go tomorrow, if you like

la casa está muy bien the house is very nice

¿lo has leído? está muy bien have you read it? it's very good

¡está bien!, si no quieres hacerlo no lo hagas all right o okay, then! if you don't want to do it, don't

¡qué bien, mañana es fiesta! great! tomorrow's a holiday!

la lavadora no funciona — ¡pues qué bien! ( iró); the washing machine's not working — oh, great! o well, that's great! ( iro)

G [ ESTAR] (correcto, adecuado) right

está bien que se premie la iniciativa it's right o good that initiative should be rewarded

estuviste bien en negarle la entrada you did o were right to refuse to let him in

H

1 (indicando suficiencia) estar bien DE algo:

¿estamos bien de aceite? are we all right for oil?

no ando bien de tiempo I'm a bit short of time, I don't have much time

2

ya está bien that's enough

ya está bien de jugar, ahora a dormir you've been playing long enough, now go to bed

I

1 ( fam) (de buena posición social) ‹familia/gente› well-to-do

viven en un barrio bien they live in a well-to-do o ( BrE) posh area

niño² (↑ niño (2))

2 ( RPl fam) ‹gente/persona› (honrado) respectable, decent

bien²

adverb

A (de manera satisfactoria) ‹dormir/funcionar/cantar› well

se come de bien allí … the food is so good there!

¿cómo te va? — bien, ¿y a ti? how are things? — fine, how about you?

no le fue bien en Alemania things didn't work out for her in Germany

quien bien te quiere te hará llorar you have to be cruel to be kind

B (ventajosamente) well

el local está muy bien ubicado the premises are very well situated

vendió el coche muy bien she sold the car well o for a good price

C

(favorablemente): me habló muy bien de ti he spoke very highly of you

yo prefiero pensar bien de la gente I prefer to think well of people

D

1 (a fondo, completamente) well, properly

¿cerraste bien? did you make sure the door was locked (properly)?

el cerdo debe comerse bien cocido pork should be well cooked o properly cooked before being eaten

bien sabes que … you know perfectly well o very well that …

2 (con cuidado, atención) carefully

escucha bien lo que te voy a decir listen carefully to what I'm going to say

E (correctamente) well

pórtate bien behave yourself

hiciste bien en decírselo you did the right thing to tell him

¡bien dice tu padre que eres un terco! your father's dead right when he says you're stubborn

¡bien hecho/dicho! well done/said!

F (como intensificador)

1 (muy) very

canta bien mal he sings really o very badly

llegó bien entrada la noche she arrived very late at night

¿estás bien seguro? are you positive o certain?, are you absolutely sure?

bien por debajo de lo normal well below average

ponte bien adelante sit close to the front, sit well forward

2 (fácilmente) easily

vale bien dos millones it's worth two million easily

yo no me acuerdo pero bien pudo ser I don't remember but it could well o easily have been

3

(en recriminaciones, protestas): bien podías haberlo ayudado you could o might have helped him!

4

bien que …: pero bien que llama cuando necesita dinero he's quick enough to call when he needs money, though

¿por qué no le compras algo?, a ti bien que te gusta que te hagan regalos why don't you buy her something? you like it when people give you presents

G ( en locs):

más bien: una chica más bien delgada a rather thin girl

no me cae bien — di más bien que no lo puedes ver I don't like him — what you mean is you can't stand the sight of him

¿vas a ir? — ¡más bien! ( Arg fam); are you going to go? — you bet! ( colloq)

no bien or ( RPl) ni bien. as soon as

no bien llegó, le dieron la noticia no sooner had he arrived than they told him the news, as soon as he arrived they told him the news

si bien although

estar a bien con algn to be on good terms with sb

tener a bien hacer algo ( frml): le rogamos tenga a bien abonar esta suma a la mayor brevedad posible we would ask you to pay this sum as soon as possible ( frml)

le ruego tenga a bien considerar mi solicitud I would be grateful if you would consider my application

Compuesto:

bien nacido, bien nacida

masculine, feminine nice person ver tb bienintencionado, bien parecido, etc

bien³

interjection

1

(como enlace): bien, sigamos adelante right then o fine, let's continue

bien, … ¿dónde estábamos? now o right, … where were we?

y bien ¿estás dispuesto a hacerlo o no? so, are you prepared to do it or not?

pues bien, como te iba diciendo … so, as I was telling you …

2

¡bien! (expresando aprobación) well done!

¡bien, muchachos! well done, boys!

no habrá clases hoy — ¡bieeeen! there won't be any lessons today — yippee o hurrah!

bien⁴

conjunction

puede abonarse (o) bien al contado (o) bien en 12 cuotas mensuales ( frml); payment may be made (either) in cash or in twelve monthly installments

o bien te disculpas o te quedas castigado either you say you're sorry or I'll keep you in

bien⁵

masculine

A ( Fil) good

el bien y el mal good and evil

haz bien y no mires a quién do good to all alike

un hombre de bien a good man

B

1 (beneficio, bienestar) good

es por tu bien it's for your own good

trabajar por el bien de todos to work for the good of all

que sea para bien I hope things go well for you/him/them

acepté, no sé si para bien o para mal I accepted, though I'm not sure if it was a good move or not

2

hacer bien (+ me/te/le etc): la sopa te hará bien the soup will do you good

sus palabras me hicieron mucho bien what he said helped me a lot o did me a lot of good

C ( apelativo) dear, darling

¡mi bien! or ¡bien mío! ( ant o hum); my dear o darling

D (en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10

E

(posesión): el único bien valioso the only item of value

la orden afecta a todos sus bienes the order applies to all his assets o possessions o goods

Compuestos:

● bien comunal

common asset

bienes comunales common property

● bien de consumo

consumer article o item

bienes de consumo consumer goods

● bien de equipo

capital item o asset

bienes de equipo capital goods o assets

● bienes parafernales

mpl wife's personal property

● bienes semovientes

mpl livestock ( sing or pl)

● bien ganancial

joint asset ( acquired during marriage)

bienes gananciales joint property, community property ( AmE)

● bien inmueble

immovable item o asset

● bien mostrenco

item of unclaimed property

● bien mueble

movable item

bienes muebles movables, personal property, goods and chattels

● bien raíz

immovable item o asset

bienes raíces real estate, realty ( AmE), property ( BrE)

● bien vacante

ownerless piece of land ( o asset etc)

* * *

bien 1 adjetivo invariable
1 [estar] (de salud, en general) well;
sentirse or encontrarse bien to feel well;
◊ ¿cómo estás? — muy bien, gracias how are you? — (I'm) very well, thank you;

¡qué bien estás! you look really well!;
¡tú no estás bien de la cabeza! you are not right in the head
2 [estar]
a) (cómodo, agradable):

◊ ¿vas bien ahí atrás? are you all right in the back?;

se está bien a la sombra it's nice in the shade;
la casa está muy bien the house is very nice
b) [estar] (correcto, adecuado) right;

◊ la fecha/el reloj está bien the date/the clock is right;

¿está bien así? is this all right?;
si te parece bien if that's all right with you;
el cuadro no queda bien ahí the picture doesn't look right there
c) ( suficiente): estar or andar bien de algo to be all right for sth;

◊ ¿estamos bien de aceite? are we all right for oil?;

ya está bien that's enough
3 [estar]
a) ( en calidad) good;

◊ ¿lo has leído? está muy bien have you read it? it's very good

b) (fam) ( sexualmente atractivo) good-looking, attractive

4 (fam)
a) ( de buena posición social) ‹familia/gente› well-to-do

b) ‹ barrio› well-to-do, posh (BrE)

bien 2 adverbio
1
a) ( de manera satisfactoria) ‹dormir/funcionar/cantar› well;

◊ no le fue bien en Alemania things didn't work out for her in Germany

b) ( correctamente) well;

◊ habla muy bien inglés she speaks English very well o very good English;

¡bien hecho/dicho! well done/said!;
pórtate bien behave yourself;
hiciste bien en decírselo you were right to tell him;
siéntate bien sit properly
c) ( de manera agradable) ‹oler/saber› good

2
a) (a fondo, completamente) well, properly;

◊ bien cocido well o properly cooked;

¿cerraste bien? did you lock the door properly?;
bien sabes que … you know perfectly well that …
b) (con cuidado, atención) ‹escuchar/mirar› carefully

3
a) ( como intensificador) ( muy) very;

◊ canta bien mal he sings really badly;

bien entrada la noche very late at night;
¿estás bien seguro? are you positive?
b) ( en locs)

◊ más bien rather;

no bien as soon as;
si bien although
■ interjección:
◊ ¡(muy) bien! well done!, (very) good!;

¡qué bien! great!
■ conjunción: bien … o … either … or …;
se puede subir bien a pie o a caballo you can go up either on foot or on horseback
bien 3 sustantivo masculino
1 (Fil) good;
◊ el bien y el mal good and evil;

hacer el bien to do good deeds;
un hombre de bien a good man
2
a) (beneficio, bienestar) good;

◊ es por mi/tu bien it's for my/your own good

b)

◊ hacer bien (+ me/te/le etc): esto te hará bien this will do you good

3 ( en calificaciones escolares) grade of between 6 and 6.9 on a scale of 1-10
4
◊ bienes

a) sustantivo masculino plural (Com) goods;

◊ bienes de consumo consumer goods

b) (Der) property;

◊ le dejó todos sus bienes she left him everything she owned;

bienes inmuebles or raíces real estate (AmE), property (BrE);
bienes muebles personal property, goods and chattels;
bienes públicos public property
bien
I sustantivo masculino
1 (justicia, bondad) good
no sabe diferenciar entre el bien y el mal, he can't tell the diference between good and evil
una persona de bien, a good person
2 (provecho, ventaja) lo hago por tu bien, I do it for your sake
en bien de la comunidad, for the good of community
3 (propiedad) property: no tiene ningún bien con el que avalar el crédito, he has no property or goods to guarantee his credit
bienes, goods
bienes de consumo, consumer goods pl; bienes gananciales, communal property
bienes inmuebles/raíces, real estate
II adverbio
1 (correctamente) well: hiciste bien en protestar, you were right to protest
toca bien el piano, she plays piano well
2 (sano) well, fine
sentirse/encontrarse bien, to feel well
3 (satisfactoriamente) este vestido te sienta bien, this dress suits you
oler bien, to smell nice
vivir bien, to be comfortably off
4 (antepuesto a un adjetivo: muy) very, quite
una cerveza bien fría, a nice cold beer
bien pronto, very early, very soon
(de buena gana) willingly, gladly: bien me iría ahora al cine, I'd love to go to the movies now
III conj ahora bien, now, now then
bien... o bien..., either... or...
bien que mal, one way or another
más bien, rather, a little
no bien, as soon as: no bien llegó..., no sooner had she arrived than...
pues bien, well then
o bien, or, or else
si bien, although, even though...: si bien es cierto que..., although it's quite clear that...
IV exclamación ¡bien!, good!, great!
¡está bien!, (¡de acuerdo!) fine!, all right
¡muy bien!, excellent, first class!
¡qué bien!, great!, fantastic
(desaprobación) ¡pues qué bien!, that's all I needed!
¡ya está bien!, that's (quite) enough!
V adj inv un barrio bien, a well-to-do neighbourhood
un niño bien, a rich kid
En general se traduce por well. Sin embargo, cuando hablamos de personas decimos fine al referirnos a su salud: ¿Qué tal estás? - Muy bien, gracias. How are you? - Fine, thanks. Para describir un objeto puedes usar good: Ese libro está muy bien. That book is very good.
' bien' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrigar
- acabar
- acero
- agarrar
- ahora
- alternar
- amarrar
- andar
- antes
- atrancar
- avenida
- avenido
- avenirse
- bailar
- barbaridad
- base
- bastante
- cabeza
- caer
- casar
- cerrarse
- columpiarse
- cómo
- comprobar
- comunicada
- comunicado
- comunitaria
- comunitario
- coña
- concesión
- considerada
- considerado
- consuelo
- contraria
- contrario
- convenir
- cumplir
- dar
- darse
- decirse
- declarar
- defenderse
- deteriorarse
- diáfana
- diáfano
- dinero
- discreta
- discreto
- disfrutar
- disputarse
English:
absence
- acquit
- agree
- airy
- all right
- along
- alternatively
- antisocial
- appreciate
- aptly
- articulate
- at
- aware
- balance
- ball
- begin
- behave
- beneath
- best
- better
- bookmobile
- boom
- border
- bouncy
- by
- card
- charity
- cheap
- clean-shaven
- clockwork
- closely
- cloud
- come in
- come off
- come out
- conform
- congenial
- convenient
- cosy
- cozy
- deserve
- do
- done
- effective
- either
- enjoy
- enunciate
- equipped
- familiar
- far

* * *

bien

♦ adj inv
[respetable]
una familia bien a good family;

un barrio bien a good area;
Pey a posh area;
un restaurante bien a posh restaurant;
Pey
niño bien rich kid;

gente bien well-to-do people

♦ nm

1. [concepto abstracto] good;

el bien y el mal good and evil;

se cree que está por encima del bien y del mal she thinks ordinary moral laws don't apply to her;

hacer el bien to do good (deeds);

un hombre de bien a good man

2. [provecho] good;

los padres desean el bien de los hijos parents desire the best for their children;

esto te hará bien this will do you good;

si se marcha, nos hará un bien a todos if she leaves, she'll be doing us all a favour;

espero que el cambio sea para bien I hope the change is for the best, I hope the change works out well;

por el bien de for the sake of;

lo hice por tu bien I did it for your own good;

han trabajado muy duro por el bien de todos they have worked very hard for the good of everyone

3. [nota] = mark between 6 and 6.9 out of 10, ≈ pass, ≈ C

♦ bienes nmpl

1. [patrimonio] property

Comp
bienes de capital capital assets;
bienes comunales common property;

bienes fungibles perishables;

bienes gananciales shared possessions;

bienes inmateriales intangible assets;

bienes inmuebles real estate, US real property;

bienes muebles personal property;

bienes públicos public property;

bienes raíces real estate, landed property

2. [productos] goods

Comp
bienes de consumo consumer goods;
bienes de consumo duraderos consumer durables, US hard goods;

bienes de equipo capital goods;

bienes de producción industrial goods;

bienes terrenales worldly goods

♦ adv

1. [debidamente, adecuadamente] well;

¿cómo estás? – bien, gracias how are you? – fine, thanks;

habla inglés bien she speaks English well;

¡agárrate bien! hold on tight!;

cierra bien la puerta shut the door properly;

conoce bien el tema she knows a lot about the subject, she knows the subject well;

¿vamos bien de gasolina? are we doing all right for Br petrol o US gas?, have we got plenty of Br petrol o US gas?;

bien mirado [bien pensado] if you look at it closely;
[bien visto] well-regarded;
bien pensado on reflection;

contestar bien [correctamente] to answer correctly;
[cortésmente] to answer politely;
escucha bien,… listen carefully,…;

estar bien relacionado to have good connections;

le está bien empleado he deserves it, it serves him right;

hacer algo bien to do sth well;

has hecho bien you did the right thing;

hiciste bien en decírmelo you were right to tell me;

pórtate bien be good, behave yourself;

salir bien librado to get off lightly;

todo salió bien everything turned out well;

vivir bien [económicamente] to be well-off;
[en armonía] to be happy
2. [expresa opinión favorable] well;

¡muy bien! very good!, excellent!;

¡bien hecho! well done!;

me cayó muy bien I liked her a lot;

me han hablado bien de él they have spoken well of him to me;

en Portugal se come muy bien the food is very good in Portugal;

estar bien [de aspecto] to be nice;
[de salud] to be o feel well; [de calidad] to be good; [de comodidad] to be comfortable;
¡está bien! [bueno, vale] all right then!;
[es suficiente] that's enough!;
este traje te está bien this suit looks good on you;

la tienda está bien situada the shop is well situated;

está bien que te vayas, pero antes despídete it's all right for you to go, but say goodbye first;

tal comportamiento no está bien visto such behaviour is frowned upon;

encontrarse bien [de salud] to feel well;

no se encuentra nada bien she doesn't feel at all well;

oler/saber bien to smell/taste nice o good;

¡qué bien huele en esta cocina! it smells nice o good in this kitchen!;

opinar bien de alguien to think highly of sb;

no acaba de parecerme bien I don't really think it's a very good idea;

no me parece bien que no la saludes I think it's wrong of you not to say hello to her;

¿te parece bien así? is it O.K. like this?, is this all right?;

pasarlo bien to have a good time;

¡qué bien, mañana no trabajo! great, I don't have to go to work tomorrow!;
Irónico
¡qué bien, ahora dice que no me puede pagar! isn't that just great, now she says she can't pay me!;

salir bien to turn out well;

¡qué bien sales en la foto! you look great in the photo!;

sentar bien a alguien [ropa] to suit sb;
[comida] to agree with sb; [comentario] to please sb;
el rojo no te sienta nada bien red doesn't suit you at all;

come tan rápido que no le puede sentar bien she eats so quickly she's bound to get indigestion;

algunos consideran que una copita de vino sienta bien some people think a glass of wine is good for you;

no le sentó nada bien que lo criticaras en público he didn't like you criticizing him in public at all, he was none too impressed by you criticizing him in public;

tu ayuda va a venir muy bien your help will be very welcome;

no me viene nada bien salir esta tarde it's not very convenient for me o it doesn't really suit me to go out this afternoon;

Prov

bien está lo que bien acaba all's well that ends well

3. [muy]
quiero el filete bien hecho I want my steak well done;

bien abierto wide open;

abre bien la boca open wide

4. [uso enfático] pretty;

un regalo bien caro a pretty expensive present;

vamos a llegar bien tarde we're going to be pretty late;

estoy bien cansado I'm pretty tired;

hoy me he levantado bien temprano I got up nice and early today;

quiero un vaso de agua bien fría I'd like a nice cold glass of water

5. [vale, de acuerdo] all right, O.K.;

¿nos vamos? – bien shall we go? – all right

6. [de buena gana, fácilmente] quite happily;

ella bien que lo haría, pero no le dejan she'd be happy to do it o she'd quite happily do it, but they won't let her

7. [expresa protesta]
¡bien podrías haberme avisado! you could at least have told me!;

¡bien podrías pagar tú esta vez! it would be nice if you paid for once o for a change!

8. [en frases]
bien es verdad que… it's certainly true that…;

¡bien por…! three cheers for…!;

¡ya está bien! that's enough!;

¡ya está bien de hacer el vago! that's enough lazing around!;

estar a bien con alguien to be on good terms with sb;

¡pues (sí que) estamos bien! that's all we needed!;

tener a bien hacer algo to be good enough to do sth;

le rogamos tenga a bien pasarse por nuestras oficinas we would ask you to (be good enough to) come to our offices

♦ conj

bien… bien either… or;

puedes venir bien por avión, bien por barco you can come by plane or by boat;

dáselo bien a mi hermano, bien a mi padre give it to either my brother or my father

♦ interj

1. [aprobación] good!, great!;
[fastidio] oh, great!;
hoy saldréis al recreo media hora antes – ¡bien! break time will be half an hour earlier today – great!;

se acaba de estropear la televisión – ¡bien, lo que nos faltaba! the television has just broken down – oh great, that's all we needed!

2. [enlazando]
y bien, ¿qué te ha parecido? well o so, what did you think of it?;

y bien, ¿a qué estás esperando? well, what are you waiting for?

♦ más bien loc conj

rather;

no estoy contento, más bien estupefacto I'm not so much happy as stunned;

más bien creo que no vendrá I rather suspect she won't come, I think it unlikely that she'll come

♦ no bien, RP ni bien loc conj

no sooner, as soon as;

no bien me había marchado cuando empezaron a… no sooner had I gone than they started…

♦ si bien loc conj

although, even though

* * *

bien

I m good;

por tu bien for your own good;

bienes pl goods, property sg ;

hombre de bien good man;

estar por encima del bien y del mal be above the law

II adj

:

¡está bien! it’s OK!, it’s alright!;

estoy bien I’m fine, I’m OK;

¿estás bien aquí? are you comfortable here?;

la gente bien well-to-do people

III adv

1 well; ( muy) very;

¡bien hecho! well done!;

bien está lo que bien acaba all’s well that ends well

2 ( correctamente) well, properly

3 en locuciones

:

más bien rather;

tener a bien hacer algo see fit to do sth;

hicieron bien en reservar los billetes con tanta antelación they did the right thing booking the tickets so far ahead;

haces bien en llevarte el paraguas it’s a good idea to take your umbrella;

estar (a) bien con alguien be on good terms with s.o.

IV conj

:

o bien … o … either … or …;

si bien, bien que although;

no bien as soon as

V int

:

¡ya está bien! that’s it!, that’s enough!;

pues bien well

* * *

bien adv

1) : well

¿dormiste bien?: did you sleep well?

2) correctamente: correctly, properly, right

hay que hacerlo bien: it must be done correctly

3) : very, quite

el libro era bien divertido: the book was very amusing

4) : easily

bien puede acabarlo en un día: he can easily finish it in a day

5) : willingly, readily

bien lo aceptaré: I'll gladly accept it

6)

bien que : although

7)

más bien : rather

bien adj

1) : well, OK, all right

¿te sientes bien?: are you feeling all right?

2) : pleasant, agreeable

las flores huelen bien: the flowers smell very nice

3) : satisfactory

4) : correct, right

bien nm

1) : good

el bien y el mal: good and evil

2) bienes nmpl

: property, goods, possessions

* * *

bien¹ adj (acomodado) well off / rich

un niño bien a rich kid

bien² adv

1. (en general) well

lo conozco bien I know him well

toca el piano muy bien she plays the piano really well

el examen le fue bien the exam went well / he did well in the exam

2. (de salud) well / fine

ayer me dolía el estómago, pero ya estoy bien I had a stomachache yesterday, but I'm fine now

estoy muy bien, gracias I'm very well, thank you

no me encuentro bien I don't feel very well

¿estás bien? are you all right?

3. (de gusto, olor, aspecto) nice / good [comp. better; superl. best]

¡qué bien huele! what a nice smell! / it smells really good!

4. (de manera correcta) properly / correctly / right

es importante comer bien it's important to eat properly

lo hace todo bien he does everything right

5. (para intensificar) very / quite

bien caliente nice and hot / very hot

es bien diferente it's quite different

6. (de acuerdo) all right / OK

¿vienes? Bien are you coming? OK

hacer bien en hacer algo to be right to do something

haces bien en no enfadarte you're right not to get angry

pasarlo bien to have a good time

portarse bien to behave yourself

bien³ conj either... or

se puede ir bien en tren, bien en autocar you can either go by train or by coach

bien⁴ n

1. (lo bueno) good

el bien y el mal good and evil

2. (beneficio) good

es por tu propio bien it's for you own good

3. (nota académica) good / C

sacó un bien he got a C

Spanish-English dictionary > bien

5 sua

sŭus, a, um (old form sos, sa, sum; dat. plur. sis, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Mull.; acc. sas. id. ib. p. 325 ib.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 47; Schol. Pers. 1, 108; sing. sam for suam, Fest. p. 47 Mull.;
so for suo, C. I. L. 5, 2007. In ante-class. verse su- with the following vowel freq. forms one syllable,
Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 48; id. Ps. 1, 3, 5; Ter. And. 1, 1, 68; Lucr. 1, 1022; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 189 sqq.), pron. poss., 3 d pers. [root SVA-; Sanscr. sva, own; cf. sui; Gr. seWo-, whence sphe, etc., and he; cf. heos], of or belonging to himself, herself, etc.; his own, her own, etc.; his, her, its, their; one ' s; hers, theirs.
I.
Ordinary possessive use his, etc. (cf. the similar use of the pers. pron. sui, q. v.).
A.
With antecedent in the same sentence.
1.
The antecedent a subject-nominative, expressed or understood.
(α).
His:
Caesar copias suas divisit,
Caes. B. C. 3, 97:
ille in sua sententia perseverat,
id. ib. 1, 72:
tantam habebat suarum rerum fiduciam,
id. ib. 2, 37:
cum sceleris sui socios Romae reliquisset,
Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 3:
cur ego non ignoscam si anteposuit suam salutem meae?
id. Pis. 32, 79; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Mil. 10, 27; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:
Hanno praefecturam ejus (i.e. Muttinis) filio suo (Hannonis) dedit,
Liv. 26, 40, 7:
imperat princeps civibus suis,
Sen. Clem. 1, 16, 2:
nemo rem suam emit,
id. Ben. 7, 4, 8.—
(β).
Her:
mea Glycerium suos parentes repperit,
Ter. And. 5, 6, 5:
utinam haec ignoraret suum patrem,
id. Phorm. 5, 6, 34:
si nunc facere volt era officium suom,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 72:
ne eadem mulier cum suo conjuge honestissimum adulescentem oppressisse videatur,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78:
si omnibus suis copiis excellentem virum res publica armasset,
id. Phil. 13, 16, 32.—
(γ).
Its:
omne animal, simul et ortum est, et se ipsum et omnes partes suas diligit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:
cum mea domus ardore suo deflagrationem Italiae toti minaretur,
id. Planc. 40, 95.—
(δ).
Their: (legiones) si consulem suum reliquerunt, vituperandae sunt Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:
mittent aliquem de suo numero,
id. ib. 11, 10, 25:
rationem illi sententiae suae non fere reddebant,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 38:
qui agellos suos redimere a piratis solebant,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:
edicunt ut ad suum vestitum senatores redirent,
id. Sest. 14, 32:
suis finibus eos prohibent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1: Allobrogibus sese persuasuros existimabant ut per suos (Allobrogum) fines eos (Helvetios) ire paterentur, id. id. 1, 6;
and distributively: ac naves onerariae LXIII. in portu expugnatae, quaedam cum suis oneribus, frumento, armis, aere, etc.,
some with their several cargoes, Liv. 26, 47, 9.—
2.
With a subject-clause as antecedent:
id sua sponte apparebat tuta celeribus consiliis praepositurum,
was selfevident, Liv. 22, 38, 13:
ad id quod sua sponte satis collectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,
id. 3, 62, 1:
secutum tamen sua sponte est ut vilior ob ea regi Hannibal et suspectior fieret,
id. 35, 14, 4. —
3.
With subject-acc. as antecedent:
hanc dicam Athenis advenisse cum aliquo amatore suo, Plant. Mil. 2, 2, 86: doceo gratissimum esse in sua tribu Plancium,
Cic. Planc. 19, 47:
cupio eum suae causae confidere,
id. Sest. 64, 135:
suspicari debuit (Milo), eum (Clodium) ad villam suam (Clodii) deversurum,
id. Mil. 19, 51: Medeam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra dissipavisse, id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 22:
(dixit) Caesarem pro sua dignitate debere et studium et iracundiam suam reipublicae dimittere,
Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—
4.
With object-acc. as antecedent.
(α).
Suus being an adjunct of the subject (generally rendered in Engl. by a pass. constr.):
hunc pater suus de templo deduxit,
he was taken from the temple by his father, Cic. Inv. 2, 17, 52:
hunc sui cives e civitate ejecerunt,
id. Sest. 68, 142:
Alexandrum uxor sua... occidit,
id. Inv. 2, 49, 144:
illum ulciscentur mores sui,
id. Att. 9, 12, 2:
quodsi quem natura sua... forte deficiet,
id. Or. 1, 14:
utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat,
Liv. 1, 7, 1:
quas (urbes) sua virtus ac dii juvent, magnas sibi opes facere,
id. 1, 9, 3; 1, 7, 15; 6, 33, 5:
quos nec sua conscientia impulerit, nec, etc.,
id. 26, 33, 3; 25, 14, 7:
consulem C. Marium servus suus interemit,
Val. Max. 6, 8, 2:
quis non Vedium Pollionem pejus oderat quam servi sui?
Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2:
sera dies sit qua illum gens sua caelo adserat,
id. Cons. Poll. 12 (31), 5.—With the antecedent understood from the principal sentence:
ita forma simili pueri ut mater sua internoscere (sc. eos) non posset,
Plaut. Men. prol. 19; and with suus as adjunct both of the subject and of the antecedent: jubet salvere suos vir uxorem suam, id. merc. 4, 3, 11. —
(β).
With impers. verbs:
sunt homines, quos libidinis infamiaeque suae neque pudeat neque taedeat,
Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 35:
video fore ut inimicos tuos poeniteat intemperantiae suae,
id. Fam. 3, 10, 1:
si Caesarem beneficii sui poeniteret,
id. Lig. 10, 29; so id. Agr. 2, 11, 26:
jam ne nobilitatis quidem suae plebejos poenitere,
Liv. 10, 7, 8:
militem jam minus virtutis poenitere suae,
id. 22, 12, 10.—
(γ).
As adjunct of other members of the sentence:
ad parentes suos ducas Silenium,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 86. nam is illius filiam conicit in navem clam matrem suam (i.e. filiae), id. Mil. 2, 1, 34:
eosdem ad quaestoris sui aut imperatoris, aut commilitonum suorum pericula impulistis,
Cic. Phil. 13, 17, 34:
totum enim ex sua patria sustulisti,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 127; id. Or. 3, 32, 126: quem (Hammonium) tibi etiam suo nomine ( on his own account) commendo... itaque peto a te ut ejus procuratorem et ipsum suo nomine diligas, id. Fam. 13, 21, 2:
Caesar Fabium in sua remittit hiberna,
Caes. B. G. 5, 33; id. B. C. 3, 24:
introire ad Ciceronem, et domi suae imparatum confodere,
Sall. C. 28, 1:
suis flammis delete Fidenas,
i. e. the flames kindled by the Fidenates, Liv. 4, 33, 5:
suo igni involvit hostes,
Tac. A. 14, 30:
quid Caesarem in sua fata inmisit?
Sen. Ep. 94, 65; id. Q. N. 1, praef. 7; cf.
with antecedent supplied from preceding sentence: non destiti rogare et petere (sc. Brutum) mea causa, suadere et hortari sua,
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 7.—
5.
With dat. as antecedent.
(α).
As adjunct of subject (cf. 4. supra):
suus rex reginae placet,
a queen likes her own king, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 76:
ei nunc alia ducenda'st domum, sua cognata Lemniensis,
id. Cist. 1, 1, 101:
Autronio nonne sodales, non collegae sui... defuerunt?
Cic. Sull. 2, 7:
si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt,
id. Cat. 3, 12, 27:
cui non magistri sui atque doctores, cui non... locus ipse... in mente versetur?
id. Planc. 33, 81:
haec omnia plane... Siculis erepta sunt: primum suae leges, etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 33:
Romanis multitudo sua auxit animum,
Liv. 21, 50, 4:
sicuti populo Romano sua fortuna labet,
id. 42, 50, 7:
Lanuvinis sacra sua reddita,
id. 8, 14, 2:
vilitas sua illis detrahit pretium,
Sen. Ben. 4, 29, 2:
nemo est cui felicitas sua satisfaciat,
id. Ep. 115, 17:
labor illi suus restitutus est,
id. Brev. Vit. 20, 3:
magnitudo sua singulis constat,
id. Q. N. 1, 1, 10:
tantum sapienti sua, quantum Dec omnis aetas patet,
id. Ep. 53, 11. —
With antecedent supplied from principal sentence: mater quod suasit sua Adulescens mulier fecit, i.e. ei,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 38.—
(β).
Of other words:
regique Thebano regnum stabilivit suum,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 40:
mittam hodie huic suo die natali malam rem magnam,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 5:
ego Metello non irascor, neque ei suam vacationem eripio,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:
desinant insidiari domui suae consuli,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 32:
quibus ea res honori fuerit a suis civibus,
id. Mil. 35, 96: Scipio suas res Syracusanis restituit, Liv. [p. 1824] 29, 1, 17:
nos non suas (leges Lacedaemoniis arbitror) ademisse, sed nostras leges dedisse,
id. 39, 37, 6:
Graccho et Tuditano provinciae Lucani et Galliae cum suis exercitibus prorogatae,
id. 25, 3, 5.—
6.
With gen., abl., or object of a prep. as antecedent:
nec illius animi aciem praestringit splendor sui nominis,
Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:
nolite a sacris patriis Junonis Sospitae domesticum et suum consulem avellere,
id. Mur. 41, 90:
quamvis tu magna mihi scripseris de Bruti adventu ad suas legiones,
id. Att. 14, 13, 12:
suae legis ad scriptum ipsam quoque sententiam adjungere,
the meaning of their law to which they refer, id. Inv. 2, 49, 147:
cum ambitio alterius suam primum apud eos majestatem solvisset,
Liv. 22, 42, 12:
nunc causam instituendorum ludorum ab origine sua repetam,
Val. Max. 2, 4, 4:
Jubam in regno suo non locorum notitia adjuvet, non popularium pro rege suo virtus,
Sen. Ep. 71, 10; id. Ben. 7, 6, 3; id. Clem. 1, 3, 4.—Esp. with cujusque as antecedent:
in qua deliberatione ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,
Cic. Off. 1, 33, 119 (v. II. D. 2. infra).— Abl.:
operam dare ut sua lex ipso scripto videatur niti,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 147 (cf. supra):
(Caesar reperiebat) ad Galbam propter justitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam deferri,
Caes. B. G. 2, 4:
credere, ad suum concilium a Jove deos advocari,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 42, 1.—
7.
With predic. nom. as antecedent:
sapientissimi artis suae professores sunt a quibus et propria studia verecunde et aliena callide administrantur,
Val. Max. 8, 12, 1.—
8.
With appositive noun.
(α).
With gram. subject as antecedent:
hoc Anaximandro, populari ac sodali suo, non persuasit,
Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:
vidit fortissimum virum, inimicissimum suum,
id. Mil. 9, 25:
(hic) fuit in Creta contubernalis Saturnini, propinqui sui,
id. Planc. 11, 27:
ut non per L. Crassum, adfinem suum... causam illam defenderit,
id. Balb. 21, 49:
ne cum hoc T. Broccho, avunculo, ne cum ejus filio, consobrino suo, ne nobiscum vivat,
id. Lig. 4, 11:
Caesar mittit ad eum A. Clodium, suum atque illius familiarem,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57.—
(β).
With object as antecedent:
Dicaearchum cum Aristoxeno, aequali et condiscipulo suo, omittamus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 41:
tres fratres optimos, non solum sibi ipsos, neque nobis, necessariis suis, sed etiam rei publicae condonavit,
id. Lig. 12, 36:
Varroni, quem, sui generis hominem,... vulgus extrahere ad consulatum nitebatur,
Liv. 22, 34, 2.—
(γ).
With appositive noun as antecedent:
si P. Scipionem, clarissimum virum, majorumque suorum simillimum res publica tenere potuisset,
Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:
M. Fabi Ambusti, potentis viri cum inter sui corporis homines, tum ad plebem, etc.,
Liv. 6, 34, 5:
C. vero Fabricii, et Q. Aemilii Papi, principum saeculi sui, domibus argentum fuisse confitear oportet,
Val. Max. 4, 4, 3.—
9.
In participial clauses.
(α).
The antecedent being the logical subject of the participle, and other than the principal subject:
credamus igitur Panaetio, a Platone suo dissentienti ( = qui dissentiebat),
Cic. Tusc. 1, 32, 79:
ea Sex. Roscium, expulsum ex suis bonis, recepit domum,
id. Rosc. Am. 10, 27:
diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit,
id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23:
Dejotarum ad me venientem cum omnibus copiis suis, certiorem feci, etc.,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 7; id. Cat. 4, 9, 18: si hominis et suis et populi Romani ornamentis amplissimi ( being greatly distinguished) causam repudiassem, id. Mur. 4, 8:
stupentes tribunos et suam jam vicem magis anxios quam, etc., liberavit consensus populi Romani,
Liv. 8, 35, 1; 22, 42, 8:
manet in folio scripta querela suo ( = quam scripsit),
Ov. F. 5, 224; cf. in abl. absol.:
et ipsis (hostibus) regressis in castra sua,
Liv. 22, 60, 9:
quibus (speculis) si unum ostenderis hominem, populus adparet, unaquaque parte faciem exprimente sua,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 5.—
(β).
The logical subject of the participle, being also the principal subject:
sic a suis legionibus condemnatus irrupit in Galliam,
Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 21:
hunc agrum patres nostri, acceptum a majoribus suis ( = quem acceperant), perdiderunt,
id. Agr. 2, 31, 84:
ut in suis ordinibus dispositi dispersos adorirentur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 92: Appius, odium in se aliorum suo in eos metiens odio, haud ignaro, inquit, imminet fortuna, Liv. 3, 54, 3:
ipsa capit Condita in pharetra ( = quae condiderat) tela minora sua,
Ov. F. 2, 326; cf. in abl. absol.:
Sopater, expositis suis difficultatibus ( = cum exposuisset, etc.): Timarchidem... perducit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:
Caesar, primum suo deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 25:
Campani, audita sua pariter sociorumque clade, legatos ad Hannibalem miserunt,
Liv. 25, 15, 1:
(Appius) deposito suo magistratu... domum est reductus,
id. 4, 24, 7; 3, 35, 9; 9, 10, 13; 9, 41, 9.—
(γ).
The antecedent being the principal subject, not the logical subject of the participle:
M. Papirius dicitur Gallo, barbam suam (i.e. Papirii) permulcenti,... iram movisse,
Liv. 5, 41, 9: cum Gracchus, verecundia deserendi socios, implorantis fidem suam populique Romani, substitisset. id. 23, 36, 8; cf. in abl. absol.:
si sine maximo dedecore, tam impeditis suis rebus, potuisset emori,
Cic. Rab. Post. 10, 29; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Planc. 21, 51; id. Clu. 14, 42:
ita (consul) proelio uno accidit Vestinorum res, haudquaquam tamen incruento milite suo (consulis),
Liv. 8, 29, 12; cf.
with antecedent to be supplied: Campani, cum, robore juventutis suae acciso, nulla (sc. eis) propinqua spes esset, etc.,
id. 7, 29, 7.—
10.
In gerund. construction. ( a) With subject as antecedent:
mihi ipsa Roma ad complectendum conservatorem suum progredi visa est,
Cic. Pis. 22, 52.—
(β).
With object, the logical subjects of the gerund as antecedent:
cur iis persequendi juris sui... adimis potestatem?
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21:
si senatui doloris sui de me declarandi potestas esset erepta,
id. Sest. 23, 51:
nec tribunis plebis (spatium datur) sui periculi deprecandi,
Caes. B. C. 1, 5.—
(γ).
With antecedent dependent on the gerund:
eamque rem illi putant a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam,
Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19.—
11.
As adjunct of a noun dependent on a subjectinf., with its logical subject as antecedent:
magnum Miloni fuit, conficere illam pestem nulla sua invidia?
Cic. Mil. 15, 40:
neque enim fuit Gabinii, remittere tantum de suo nec regis, imponere tantum plus suis,
his claim, id. Rab. Post. 11, 31:
Piso, cui fructum pietatis suae neque ex me neque a populo Romano ferre licuit,
id. Sest. 31, 68:
ei cujus magis intersit, vel sua, vel rei publicae causa vivere,
id. Off. 3, 23, 90:
sapientis est consilium explicare suum de maximis rebus,
id. Or. 2, 81, 333; id. Mil. 15, 41.—With logical subject understood:
totam Italiam suis colonis ut complere (sc. eis) liceat, permittitur,
Cic. Agr. 2, 13, 34:
maximum (sc. eis) solacium erit, propinquorum eodem monumento declarari, et virtutem suorum, et populi Romani pietatem,
id. Phil. 14, 13, 35.
B.
Without gram. antec., one ' s, one ' s own.
1.
Dependent on subject-inff.:
ejusdem animi est, posteris suis amplitudinem nobis quam non acceperit tradere, et memoriam prope intermortuam generis sui, virtute renovare,
Cic. Mur. 7, 16:
siquidem atrocius est, patriae parentem quam suum occidere,
id. Phil. 2, 13, 31:
miliens perire est melius quam in sua civitate sine armorum praesidio non posse vivere,
id. ib. 2, 44, 112: quanto est honestius, alienis injuriis quam suis commoveri, one ' s own, id. Verr. 2, 3, 72, § 169:
contentum suis rebus esse maximae sunt certissimaeque divitiae,
id. Par. 6, 51:
ut non liceat sui commodi causa nocere alteri,
id. Off. 3, 5, 23:
detrahere de altero sui commodi causa,
id. ib. 3, 5, 24:
suis exemplis melius est uti,
Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2:
levius est sua decreta tollere quam aliorum,
Liv. 3, 21. 5; 39, 5, 2;
29, 37, 11: satius est vitae suae rationes quam frumenti publici nosse,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 3:
quanto satius est sua mala exstinguere quam aliena posteris tradere?
id. Q. N. 3, praef. 5:
cum initia beneficiorum suorum spectare, tum etiam exitus decet,
id. Ben. 2, 14, 2; 3, 1, 5:
Romani nominis gloriae, non suae, composuisse illa decuit,
Plin. 1, prooem. § 16.—With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent: cum possimus ab Ennio sumere... exemplum, videtur esse arrogantia illa relinquere, et ad sua devenire, to one ' s own = to our own, Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2.—
2.
Without a subject-inf.:
omnia torquenda sunt ad commodum suae causae... sua diligenter narrando,
Cic. Inv. 1, 21, 30: ut in ceteris habenda ratio non sua (al. sui) solum, sed etiam aliorum, id. Off. 1, 39, 139:
erat Dareo mite ac tractabile ingenium, nisi suam naturam plerumque fortuna corrumperet (suam not referring to Dareo),
Curt. 3, 2, 17 MSS. (Foss, mansuetam). — With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent (cf. 1. supra):
non erit ista amicitia sed mercatura quaedam utilitatum suarum,
Cic. N. D. 1, 44, 122; cf.: pro suo possidere, II. A. 2. a. g; and Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73, II. A. 2. b. a; cf. also II. B. 1. a; II. B. 5. c.; II. B. 7. b.; II. C. 8. b. b infra.
C.
With antec. in a previous sentence. Here ejus, eorum, earum are used for his, her, their, unless the clause is oblique in regard to the antecedent, i. e. the antecedent is conceived as the author of the statement.
1.
In clauses dependent on a verbum sentiendi or dicendi, expressed or understood, referring to the grammatical or logical subject of the verb.
a.
In infinitive clauses:
(Clodius) Caesaris potentiam suam potentiam esse dicebat,
Cic. Mil. 32, 88:
(Caelius) a sua (causa) putat ejus (i.e. Ascitii) esse sejunctam,
id. Cael. 10, 24:
ipsos certo scio non negare ad haec bona Chrysogonum accessisse impulsu suo (referring to ipsos),
id. Rosc. Am. 37, 107:
hostes viderunt,... suorum tormentorum usum spatio propinquitatis interire,
Caes. B. C. 2, 16:
docent, sui judicii rem non esse,
id. ib. 1, 13.—The reference of suus may be ambiguous, esp. if an infinitive is dependent on another:
hoc Verrem dicere ajebant, te... opera sua consulem factum, i.e. Verris, though grammatically it might refer to the subj. of aiebant,
Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 29:
(Ariovistus) dixit neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse,
Caes. B. G. 1, 36; cf. the context with, in all, eleven reflexive pronouns referring to four different antecedents (populus Romanus, Ariovistus, Caesar, nemo); cf.
also: occurrebat ei, mancam praeturam suam futuram consule Milone,
Cic. Mil. 9, 25; 32, 88; Liv. 3, 42, 2.—
b.
Suus in a clause dependent on inf.:
scio equidem, ut, qui argentum afferret atque expressam imaginem suam (i.e. militis) huc ad nos, cum eo ajebat velle mitti mulierem,
Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 55:
isti bonorum emptores arbitrantur, vos hic sedere qui excipiatis eos qui de suis (i.e. emptorum) manibus effugerint,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:
Siculi venisse tempus ajebant ut commoda sua defenderem,
id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3:
ut tunc tandem sentiret recuperanda esse quae prius sua culpa amissa forent,
Liv. 44, 8, 4. —
Ambiguous: velle Pompejum se Caesari purgatum, ne ea quae reipublicae causa egerit (Pompejus) in suam (i.e. Caesaris) contumeliam vertat (where suam might be referred to Pompejus),
Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—
c.
In oblique clauses introduced by ut or ne, or clauses subordinate to such:
Cassius constituit ut ludi absente te fierent suo nomine,
Cic. Att. 15, 11, 2:
postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam tam nefariam adjutores vos profiteamini,
id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:
Nasidius eos magnopere hortatur ut rursus cum Bruti classe, additis suis (i.e. Nasidii) auxiliis confligant,
Caes. B. C. 2, 3:
(regem) denuntiasse sibi ut triduo regni sui decederent finibus,
Liv. 42, 25, 12:
Sabinae mulieres, hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, ne parricidio macularent partus suos (i.e. mulierum),
id. 1, 13, 2:
Patron praecepit suis ut arma induerent, ad omne imperium suum parati,
Curt. 5, 11, 1.—With reflex. pron., referring to a different antecedent:
ad hanc (Laidem) Demosthenes clanculum adit, et ut sibi copiam sui faceret, petit,
Gell. 1, 8, 5. —
d.
In subordinate clauses introduced by quin or quod:
(Dejotarus) non recusat quin id suum facinus judices,
Cic. Deiot. 15, 43; so id. ib. 4, 15;
16, 45: parietes hujus curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, quod futura sit illa auctoritas in his majorum suorum et suis sedibus,
id. Marcell. 3, 10:
quidni gauderet quod iram suam nemo sentiret?
Sen. Troad. 3, 13:
querenti quod uxor sua e fico se suspendisset,
Quint. 6, 3, 88;
and with intentional ambiguity: cum Proculejus quereretur de filio quod is mortem suam expectaret,
id. 9, 3, 68. —
e.
In interrogative clauses:
si, quod officii sui sit, non occurrit animo, nihil umquam omnino aget,
Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 25:
ut non auderet iterum dicere quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,
id. Caecin. 10, [p. 1825] 28:
donec sciat unisquisque quid sui, quid alieni sit,
Liv. 6, 27, 8:
rex ignarus, quae cum Hannibale legatis suis convenisset, quaeque legati ejus ad se allaturi fuissent,
id. 23, 39, 2:
postquam animadvertit quantus agminis sui terror esset,
id. 43, 19, 5. —
2.
In a virtually oblique clause.
a.
In final clause, introduced by ut, ne, or rel., referring to the subject of the purpose:
me a portu praemisit domum, ut haec nuntiem uxori suae,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 41:
quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sui posteri latrocinarentur, i. e. Appii,
Cic. Mil. 7, 17:
quae gens ad Caesarem legatos mise. rat, ut suis omnibus facultatibus uteretur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 80:
inde castra movent, ne qua vis sociis suis ab Romano exercitu inferri possit,
Liv. 43, 23, 5:
(Romani) Albam a fundamentis proruerunt, ne memoria originum suarum exstaret,
id. 26, 13, 16:
oppidani nuntios Romam, qui certiorem de suo casu senatum facerent, misere,
id. 6, 33, 7; cf.:
tanto intervallo ab hostibus consedit, ut nec adventus suus propinquitate nimia nosci posset, et, etc.,
Liv. 10, 20, 7:
Datames locum delegit talem ut non multum obesse multitudo hostium suae paucitati posset,
Nep. Dat. 7, 3:
quid si gubernator a diis procellas petat ut gratior ars sua periculo fiat?
Sen. Ben. 6, 25, 4. —
b.
In other dependent clauses represented as conceived by an antecedent in the principal sentence:
Sulla, si sibi suus pudor ac dignitas non prodesset, nullum auxilium requisivit ( = negavit se defendi velle, si, etc.),
Cic. Sull. 5, 15:
Paetus omnes libros quos frater suus reliquisset mihi donavit ( = dixit se donare libros quos, etc.),
id. Att. 2, 1, 12:
non enim a te emit, sed, priusquam tu suum sibi venderes, ipse possedit ( = potitus est, ne, etc.),
id. Phil. 2, 37, 96:
Africanus, si sua res ageretur, testimonium non diceret,
id. Rosc. Am. 36, 3:
ille ipse (Pompejus) proposuit epistulam illam, in qua est Pro tuis rebus gestis amplissimis. Amplioribusne quam suis, quam Africani?
id. Att. 8, 9, 2:
spiritus dabat (Manlio) quod... vinculorum suorum invidiam dictator fugisset,
Liv. 6, 18, 4:
(Numa) Camenis eum lucum sacravit, quod earum ibi concilia cum conjuge sua Egeria essent,
id. 1, 21, 3:
adulescens deos omnis invocare ad gratiam illi pro se referendam, quoniam sibi nequaquam satis facultatis pro suo animo atque illius erga se esset,
id. 26, 50, 4 (cf. D. 1. a. infra).
D.
In the place of ejus.
1.
In clauses virtually oblique, but with indicative, being conceived by the antecedent (hence suus, not ejus), but asserted as fact by the author (hence indicative, not subjunctive):
Cicero tibi mandat ut Aristodemo idem respondeas, quod de fratre suo (Ciceronis) respondisti,
Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4:
oriundi ab Sabinis, ne, quia post Tatii mortem ab sua parte non erat regnatum, imperium amitterent, sui corporis creari regem volebant,
Liv. 1, 17, 2:
C. Caesar villam pulcherrimam, quia mater sua aliquando in illa custodita erat, diruit,
Sen. Ira, 3, 21, 5:
Philemonem, a manu servum, qui necem suam per venenum inimicis promiserat, non gravius quam simplici morte punivit,
Suet. Caes. 74; cf.:
quomodo excandescunt si quid e juba sua decisum est,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 12, 3.—
2.
To avoid ambiguity:
petunt rationes illius (Catilinae) ut orbetur consilio res publica, ut minuatur contra suum (i.e. Catilinae) furorem imperatorum copia (instead of ejus, which might be referred to res publica),
Cic. Mur. 39, 83:
equites a cornibus positos, cum jam pelleretur media peditum suorum acies, incurrisse ab lateribus ferunt,
Liv. 1, 37, 3.—
3.
Colloquially and in epistolary style suus is used emphatically instead of ejus, with the meaning own, peculiar: deinde ille actutum subferret suus servus poenas Sosia, his own slave (opp. Mercury, who personates Sosias), Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 19: mira erant in civitatibus ipsorum furta Graecorum quae magistratus sui fecerant, their own magistrates ( = ipsorum), Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5:
in quibus (litteris Bruti) unum alienum summa sua prudentia (est), ut spectem ludos suos,
his peculiar prudence, id. ib. 15, 26, 1; so,
quod quidem ille (Nero) decernebat, quorumdam dolo ad omina sui exitus vertebatur,
Tac. A. 16, 24; cf. II. A. 1. b and g; II. A. 2. a. b; II. B. 3.—
4.
Without particular emphasis (mostly ante- and post-class. and poet.):
tum erit tempestiva cum semen suum maturum erit,
Cato, R. R. 31:
vitis si macra erit, sarmenta sua concidito minute,
id. ib. 37:
qui sic purgatus erit, diuturna valetudine utatur, neque ullus morbus veniet, nisi sua culpa,
id. ib. 157:
Cimon in eandem invidiam incidit quam pater suus,
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:
id qua ratione consecutus sit (Lysander) latet. Non enim virtute sui exercitus factum est, etc.,
id. Lys. 1, 2:
ipse sub Esquiliis, ubi erat regia sua, Concidit,
Ov. F. 6, 601:
quodque suus conjux riguo collegerat horto, Truncat olus foliis,
id. M. 8, 646; so id. ib. 15, 819.
II.
In partic.
A.
As substt.
1.
sui, suorum, m., his, their (etc.) friends, soldiers, fellow-beings, equals, adherents, followers, partisans, posterity, slaves, family, etc., of persons in any near connection with the antecedent.
(α).
(Corresp. to the regular usage, I. A. B. C.) Cupio abducere ut reddam (i.e. eam) suis, to her family, friends, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 77; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 66:
cum animus societatem caritatis coierit cum suis, omnesque natura conjunctos suos duxerit,
fellow-beings, Cic. Leg. 1, 23, 60:
mulier ingeniosa praecepit suis omnia Caelio pollicerentur,
her slaves, id. Cael. 25, 62:
quo facilius et nostras domos obire, et ipse a suis coli possit,
his friends, id. ib. 7, 18:
qua gratiam beneficii vestri cum suorum laude conjungant,
their family, id. Agr. 2, 1, 1:
vellem hanc contemptionem pecuniae suis reliquisset,
to his posterity, id. Phil. 3, 6, 16:
cum divisurum se urbem palam suis polliceretur,
his partisans, id. ib. 13, 9, 19:
Caesar, cohortatus suos, proelium commisit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 25; so,
Curio exercitum reduxit, suis omnibus praeter Fabium incolumibus,
id. B. C. 2, 35:
Caesar receptui suorum timens,
id. ib. 3, 46:
certior ab suis factus est, praeclusas esse portas,
id. ib. 2, 20:
omnium suorum consensu, Curio bellum ducere parabat,
id. ib. 2, 37: so,
Pompejus suorum omnium hortatu statuerat proelio decertare,
id. ib. 3, 86:
Caesar Brundisium ad suos severius scripsit,
to his officers, id. ib. 3, 25:
naviculam conscendit cum paucis suis,
a few of his followers, id. ib. 3, 104:
multum cum suis consiliandi causa secreto praeter consuetudinem loqueretur,
id. ib. 1, 19:
nupsit Melino, adulescenti inprimis inter suos et honesto et nobili,
his equals, associates, Cic. Clu. 5, 11:
rex raptim a suis in equum impositus fugit,
his suite, Liv. 41, 4, 7:
subsidio suorum proelium restituere,
comrades, id. 21, 52, 10:
feras bestias... ad opem suis ferendam avertas,
their young, id. 26, 13, 12:
abstulit sibi in suos potestatem,
his slaves, Sen. Ira, 3, 12, 6:
Besso et Nabarzani nuntiaverant sui regem... interemptum esse,
their fellow - conspirators, Curt. 5, 12, 14. — Very rarely sing.:
ut bona mens suis omnibus fuerit. Si quem libido abripuit, illorum eum, cum quibus conjuravit, non suum judicet esse,
Liv. 39, 16, 5.—
(β).
Irregular use (acc. to I. D.): sui = ejus amici, etc. (freq.;
the absolute use of ejus in this sense being inadmissible): quasi vero quisquam dormiat? ne sui quidem hoc velint, non modo ipse (sui = ejus amici, liberi),
Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:
is (annus) ejus omnem spem... morte pervertit. Fuit hoc luctuosum suis, acerbum patriae, etc.,
id. Or. 3, 2, 8:
quadrigas, quia per suos ( = ipsius milites) agendae erant, in prima acie locaverat rex,
Liv. 37, 41, 8:
auctoritatem Pisistrati qui inter suos ( = ejus cives) maxima erat,
id. 37, 12:
quo cum multitudine adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse fuit superior, etc.,
Nep. Hann. 8, 4; v. g.—
(γ).
Without antecedent (cf. I. B. supra): quoties necesse est fallere aut falli a suis, by one ' s friends, Sen. Phoen. 493.—
(δ).
Sing.: sŭa, suae. f., a sweetheart, mistress (rare): illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit. Cic. Phil. 2, 28. 69:
cedo quid hic faciet sua?
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 92.—
2.
sŭum, i, n., and more freq. sŭa, suorum, n. plur., = one ' s property.
a.
Sing.
(α).
Lit.:
nec suom adimerem alteri,
his property, his own, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 38 (34):
nunc si ille salvos revenit, reddam suom sibi (v. D. 3. a. infra),
id. ib. 1, 2, 119:
illum studeo quam facillime ad suum pervenire,
Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 4:
populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem ut socios sui nihil deperdere velit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 43; cf. Cic. Rab. Post. 11, 3, I. A. 11. supra:
nec donare illi de suo dicimur,
Sen. Ben. 7, 4, 2; so esp. with quisque; v. infra — Hence, de suo = per se, or sua sponte;
(stellae) quae per igneos tractus labentia inde splendorem trahant caloremque, non de suo clara,
Sen. Q. N. 7, 1, 6. —
(β).
Trop.:
meum mihi placebat, illi suum (of a literary essay),
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 3: suom quemque decet, his own manners, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 11; so, expendere oportet quid quisque habeat sui ( what peculiarities) nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant;
id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 113.—
(γ).
Jurid. term: aliquid pro suo possidere, to possess in the belief of one ' s legal right:
pro suo possessio tale est, cum dominium nobis acquiri putamus. Et ea causa possidemus ex qua acquiritur, et praeterea pro suo,
Dig. 41, 10, 1;
so without an antecedent, and referring to a first person: item re donata, pro donato et pro suo possideo,
ib. 41, 10, 1; v. the whole tit. ib. 42, 10 (Pro suo); cf. ib. 23, 3, 67; cf. C., infra fin.;
similarly: usucapere pro suo = acquire dominion by a possession pro suo, Fragm. Vat. 111: res pro suo, quod justam causam possidendi habet, usucapit,
id. ib. 260; Dig. 41, 3, 27. —
b.
Plur.
(α).
One ' s property:
Roscius tibi omnia sua praeter animam tradidit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 146:
qui etiam hostibus externis victis sua saepissime reddiderunt,
id. Agr. 1, 6, 19:
tu autem vicinis tuis Massiliensibus sua reddis,
id. Att. 14, 14, 6:
Remi legatos miserunt qui dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3, 2; 1, 11, 2; 2, 13, 2:
ipsi milites alveos informes quibus se suaque transveherent, faciebant,
their baggage, Liv. 21, 26, 9:
docere eos qui sua permisere fortunae,
Sen. Q. N. 3, praef. 7; so without an antecedent, one ' s own property (cf. I. B. 2. supra):
hanc ob causam maxime ut sua tenerentur res publicae constitutae sunt,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73;
rarely = eorum res: quod vero etiam sua reddiderint (i.e. Gallis),
Liv. 39, 55, 3. —
(β).
One ' s own affairs:
aliena ut melius videant et dijudicent Quam sua,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 96:
cognoscunt... immobile agmen et sua quemque molientem,
Liv. 10, 20, 8:
omnia ei hostium non secus quam sua nota erant,
id. 22, 41, 5:
aliena cum suis perdidit,
Sen. Ben. 7, 16, 3.— Absol., referring to a noun fem.: sua (finxit) C. Cassius ( = suas persuasiones; cf.
the context),
Quint. 6, 3, 90.
B.
Predicative uses: suum esse, facere, fieri, putare, etc., like a gen. poss., to be, etc., the property, or under the dominion, control, power of the antecedent.
1.
Of property in things.
(α).
Corporeal:
scripsit causam dicere Prius aurum quare sit suum,
Ter. Eun. prol. 11:
nihil erat cujusquam quod non hoc anno suum fore putabat (Clodius),
Cic. Mil. 32, 87:
quia suum cujusque fit, eorum quae natura fuerant communia quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat,
id. Off. 1, 7, 21:
Juba suam esse praedicans praedam,
Caes. B. C. 3, 84:
gratum sibi populum facturum, si omnes res Neapolitanorum suas duxissent,
Liv. 22, 32, 8: libros esse dicimus Ciceronis;
eosdem Dorus librarius suos vocat,
Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 1:
cum enim istarum personarum nihil suum esse possit,
since these persons can own nothing, Gai. Inst. 2, 96; cf. Dig. 1, 7, 15 pr.—Virtually predicative:
referas ad eos qui suam rem nullam habent ( = rem quae sua sit),
nothing of their own, Cic. Phil. 2, 6, 15:
qui in potestate nostra est, nihil suum habere potest,
Gai. Inst. 2, 84. — ( b) Of literary works:
quae convenere in Andriam ex Perinthia Fatetur transtulisse, atque usum pro suis ( = quasi sua essent),
Ter. And. prol. 14:
potest autem... quae tum audiet... ingenue pro suis dicere,
his own thoughts, Quint. 12, 3, 3.—
(γ).
Of a country or people:
suum facere = suae dicionis facere: commemorat ut (Caesar) magnam partem Italiae beneficio atque auctoritate eorum suam fecerit,
Caes. B. C. 2, 32:
in quam (Asiam) jam ex parte suam fecerit,
Liv. 44, 24, 4:
crudelissima ac superbissima gens sua omnia suique arbitrii facit,
id. 21, 44, 5.—
(δ).
Trop.:
omnia sua putavit quae vos vestra esse velletis,
Cic. Phil. 11, 12, 27:
non meminit, illum exercitum senatus populique Romani esse, non suum,
id. ib. 13, 6, 4: [p. 1826] probavit, non rempublicam suam esse, sed se reipublicae, Sen. Clem. 1, 19, 8;
so of incorporeal things: hi si velint scire quam brevis eorum vita sit, cogitent ex quota parte sua sit,
how much of it is their own, id. Brev. Vit. 19, 3; so, suum facere, to appropriate:
prudentis est, id quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, suum facere,
Quint. 10, 2, 26:
quaeremus quomodo animus (hanc virtutem) usu suam faciat,
Sen. Clem. 1, 3, 1.—
2.
Of persons.
(α).
Under a master ' s or father ' s control:
ut lege caverent, ne quis quem civitatis mutandae causa suum faceret, neve alienaret,
make any one his slave, Liv. 41, 8, 12: quid eam tum? suamne esse ajebat, his daughter, i.e. in his power? Ter. And. 5, 4, 29:
eduxit mater pro sua ( = quasi sua esset),
id. Eun. 1, 2, 76.—
(β).
Reflexively = sui juris, independent, one ' s own master or mistress, not subject to another ' s control, under one ' s own control (v. sui juris, infra):
ancilla, quae mea fuit hodie, sua nunc est,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 3.—
(γ).
Of moral power over others: suus = devoted to one:
hice hoc munere arbitrantur Suam Thaidem esse,
Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 38:
eos hic fecit suos Paulo sumptu,
id. Ad. 5, 4, 21:
sed istunc exora, ut (mulierem) suam esse adsimulet,
to be friendly to him, id. Heaut. 2, 3, 117:
cum Antonio sic agens ut perspiciat, si in eo negotio nobis satisfecerit, totum me futurum suum,
Cic. Att. 14, 1 a, 2:
Alpheus... utebatur populo sane suo,
devoted to him, id. Quint. 7, 29.— Poet.: vota suos habuere deos, the vows (inst. of the persons uttering them) had the gods on their side, Ov. M. 4, 373. —
(δ).
Of power over one's self, etc.:
nam qui sciet ubi quidque positum sit, quaque eo veniat, is poterit eruere, semperque esse in disputando suus,
self-possessed, Cic. Fin. 4, 4, 10:
inaestimabile bonum est suum fieri,
selfcontrol, Sen. Ep. 75, 18:
(furiosus) qui suus non est,
Dig. 42, 4, 7, § 9:
vix sua, vix sanae virgo Niseia compos Mentis erat,
Ov. M. 8, 35. —
3.
Suum est, as impers. predicate: = ejus est, characteristic of, peculiar to one (very rare):
dixit antea, sed suum illud est, nihil ut affirmet,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99.
C.
Attributive usages, almost always (except in Seneca) with suus before its noun.
1.
The property, relations, affairs, etc., of one opposed to those of another, own.
a.
Opposition expressed:
nihil de suo casu, multa de vestro querebatur,
Cic. Balb. 8, 21:
sua sibi propiora pericula quam mea loquebantur,
id. Sest. 18, 40:
suasque et imperatoris laudes canentes,
Liv. 45, 38, 12:
damnatione collegae et sua,
id. 22, 35, 3:
Senecae fratris morte pavidum et pro sua incolumitate pavidum,
Tac. A. 14, 73:
velut pro Vitellio conquerentes suum dolorem proferebant,
id. H. 3, 37;
opp. alienus: ut suo potius tempore mercatorem admitterent, quam celerius alieno,
at a time convenient to themselves, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11. —Without antecedent, opp. externus:
(Platoni) duo placet esse motus, unum suum, alterum externum, esse autem divinius quod ipsum ex se sua sponte moveatur, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 2, 12, 32. —
b.
Implied:
voluptatem suis se finibus tenere jubeamus,
within the limits assigned to it, Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 1:
cum vobis immortale monumentum suis paene manibus senatus... exstruxerit,
id. Phil. 14, 12, 33:
superiores (amnes) in Italia, hic (Rhodanus) trans Alpes, hospitales suas tantum, nec largiores quam intulere aquas vehentes,
Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 224: colligitur aqua ex imbribus;
ex suo fonte nativa est,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 3:
pennas ambo non habuere suas (non suas = alienas),
Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 24. —
c.
In particular phrases. ( a) Sua sponte and suo Marte, of one ' s own accord, by one ' s self, without the suggestion, influence, aid, etc., of others:
Caesar bellum contra Antonium sua sponte suscepit,
Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5:
sua sponte ad Caesarem in jus adierunt,
Caes. B. C. 1, 87.—So of things, = per se, by or of itself, for itself, for its own sake:
jus et omne honestum sua sponte expetendum (cf. in the context: per se igitur jus est expetendum),
Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48: justitium sua sponte inceptum priusquam indiceretur, by itself, i. e. without a decree, Liv. 9, 7, 8; so,
sortes sua sponte attenuatas,
id. 22, 1, 11 (cf. id. 22, 38, 13; 35, 14, 4, I. A. 2., supra): rex enim ipse, sua sponte, nullis commentariis Caesaris, simul atque audivit ejus interitum suo Marte res suas recuperavit, Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 95.—
(β).
Suus locus, in milit. lang., one ' s own ground, position, or lines:
restitit suo loco Romana acies (opp. to the advance of the enemy),
Liv. 22, 16, 2.—So figuratively:
et staturas suo loco leges,
Sen. Ben. 2, 20, 2:
aciem instruxit primum suis locis, pauloque a castris Pompeji longius,
Caes. B. C. 3, 84 (cf.: suo loco, 7. b. g, infra).—
(γ).
For suo jure v. 3. infra.—
(δ).
Sua Venus = one's own Venus, i. e. good luck (v. Venus): ille non est mihi par virtutibus, nec officiis;
sed habuit suam Venerem,
Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 2. —
2.
Of private relations (opp. to public):
ut in suis rebus, ita in re publica luxuriosus nepos,
Cic. Agr. 2, 18, 48:
deinde ut communibus pro communibus utatur, privatis ut suis,
id. Off. 1, 7, 20:
quod oppidum Labienus sua pecunia exaedificaverat,
Caes. B. C. 1, 15:
militibus agros ex suis possessionibus pollicetur,
i. e. his private property, id. ib. 1, 17; Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 3. —
3.
Of just rights or claims:
imperatori senatuique honos suus redditus,
due to them, Liv. 3, 10, 3:
neque inpedimento fuit, quominus religionibus suus tenor suaque observatio redderetur,
Val. Max. 1, 1, 8:
quibus omnibus debetur suus decor,
Quint. 11, 1, 41. —
So distributively: is mensibus suis dimisit legionem,
in the month in which each soldier was entitled to his discharge, Liv. 40, 41, 8. — Esp.: suo jure (so, meo, nostro, tuo, etc., jure), by his own right:
Tullus Hostilius qui suo jure in porta nomen inscripsit,
Cic. Phil. 13, 12, 26:
earum rerum hic A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo jure debet,
id. Arch. 1, 1; id. Marcell. 2, 6; id. Phil. 2, 25, 62; id. Balb. 8, 21:
numquam illum res publica suo jure esset ulta,
by its unquestionable right, id. Mil. 33, 88. —
4.
Of that to which one is exclusively devoted:
huic quaestioni suum diem dabimus,
a day for its exclusive discussion, Sen. Ep. 94, 52:
homini autem suum bonum ratio est,
his exclusive good, id. ib. 76, 10:
in majorem me quaestionem vocas, cui suus locus, suus dies dandus est,
id. Q. N. 2, 46, 1. —
With proprius: mentio inlata apud senatum est, rem suo proprio magistratu egere,
that the business needed a particular officer exclusively for itself, Liv. 4, 8, 4:
et Hannibalem suo proprio occupandum bello,
id. 27, 38, 7; cf.:
dissupasset hostes, ni suo proprio eum proelio equites Volscorum exceptum tenuissent,
in which they alone fought, id. 3, 70, 4:
mare habet suas venas quibus impletur,
by which it alone is fed, Sen. Q. N. 3, 14, 3. —
5.
According to one ' s liking, of one ' s own choice.
a.
Of persons, devoted to one, friendly, dear:
Milone occiso (Clodius) habuisset suos consules,
after his own heart, Cic. Mil. 33, 89:
collegit ipse se contra suum Clodium,
his dear Clodius, id. Pis. 12, 27 (cf.: suum facere, habere, II. B. 2. g).—
b.
Of things, favorable.
(α).
Of place: neque Jugurtham nisi... suo loco pugnam facere, on his own ground, i. e. chosen by him, favorable, Sall. J. 61, 1:
hic magna auxilia expectabant et suis locis bellum in hiemem ducere cogitabant,
Caes. B. C. 1, 61; cf.:
numquam nostris locis laboravimus,
Liv. 9, 19, 15.—
(β).
Of time:
cum Perseus suo maxime tempore et alieno hostibus incipere bellum posset,
Liv. 42, 43, 3; v. 7. b, infra. —
c.
Of circumstances: sua occasio, a favorable opportunity; sometimes without antecedent:
neque occasioni tuae desis, neque suam occasionem hosti des,
Liv. 22, 39, 21:
tantum abfuit ut ex incommodo alieno sua occasio peteretur,
id. 4, 58, 2:
aestuque suo Locros trajecit,
a favorable tide, id. 23, 41, 11:
ignoranti quem portum petat nullus suus ventus est,
Sen. Ep. 71, 3:
orba suis essent etiamnunc lintea ventis,
Ov. M. 13, 195:
aut ille Ventis iturus non suis,
Hor. Epod. 9, 30. —
6.
Of persons or things, peculiar, particular:
quae est ei (animo) natura? Propria, puto, et sua,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70:
omnis enim motus animi suum quendam a natura habet vultum,
id. de Or. 3, 57, 316:
geometrae et musici... more quodam loquuntur suo. Ipsae rhetorum artes verbis in docendo quasi privatis utuntur ac suis,
id. Fin. 3, 1, 4:
sensus omnis habet suum finem,
its peculiar limits, Quint. 9, 4, 61: animus cum suum ambitum complevit et finibus se suis cinxit, consummatum est summum bonum, Sen. Vit. Beat. 9, 3: est etiam in nominibus ( nouns) diverso collocatis sua gratia, their peculiar elegance, Quint. 9, 3, 86:
ibi non bello aperto, sed suis artibus, fraude et insidiis, est paene circumventus,
Liv. 21, 34, 1:
nec Hannibalem fefellit, suis se artibus peti,
id. 22, 16, 5:
adversus hostem non virtute tantum, sed suis (i. e. hostis) etiam pugnare consiliis oportebat,
Flor. 2, 6, 26:
liberam Minucii temeritatem se suo modo expleturum,
Liv. 22, 28, 2:
equites ovantes sui moris carmine,
id. 10, 26, 11:
exsultans cum sui moris tripudiis,
id. 21, 42, 3:
tripudiantes suo more,
id. 23, 26, 9.—So, suo Marte, referring to the style of fighting peculiar to the different arms:
equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare,
that the cavalry were fighting both in their own style and in that of the other arms, Liv. 3, 62, 9; cf.: suo Marte, 1, c. a, supra.—And distributively ( = suus quisque):
suos autem haec operum genera ut auctores, sic etiam amatores habent,
Quint. 12, 10, 2:
illa vero fatidica fulmina ex alto et ex suis venire sideribus,
Plin. 2, 43, 43, § 113; cf.:
quae quidem planiora suis exemplis reddentur,
Val. Max. 3, 4 prooem.—
7.
Proper, right.
a.
Referring to one's ordinary or normal condition:
quod certe non fecisset, si suum numerum naves habuissent,
their regular complement, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133. — So poet.:
flecte ratem! numerum non habet illa suum,
its full number, Ov. H. 10, 36:
novus exercitus consulibus est decretus: binae legiones cum suo equitatu,
Liv. 40, 36, 6:
cum suo justo equitatu,
id. 21, 17, 8:
totam (disciplinam) in suum statum redegit,
Val. Max. 2, 7, 2:
tranquilla mente et vultu suo,
with the ordinary expression of his face, Sen. Clem. 2, 6, 2:
media pars aeris ab his (ignibus) submota, in frigore suo manet. Natura enim aeris gelida est,
id. Q. N. 2, 10, 4:
cornuaque in patriis non sua vidit aquis,
not natural to her, Ov. H. 14, 90. —
So, non suus, of ingrafted branches and their fruit: miraturque (arbos) novas frondis et non sua poma,
Verg. G. 2, 82. —
b.
Of time, proper, regular, etc. (cf. 5. b, supra).
(α).
The regular time ( = stato tempore):
signum quod semper tempore exoritur suo,
Plaut. Rud. prol. 4:
cum et recte et suo tempore pepererit,
Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 16: aestas suo tempore incanduit...;
tam solstitium quam aequinoctium suos dies retulit,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 16, 3:
omnes venti vicibus suis spirant majore ex parte,
Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128. —
(β).
The right or proper time:
salictum suo tempore caedito,
Cato, R. R. 33:
cessit e vita suo magis quam suorum civium tempore,
the right time for himself, Cic. Brut. 1, 4; so,
exstingui homini suo tempore optabile est,
id. Sen. 23, 85:
Scandilius dicit se suo tempore rediturum,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 139:
si Ardeates sua tempora exspectare velint,
Liv. 4, 7, 6:
Chrysippus dicit, illum... opperiri debere suum tempus, ad quod velut dato signo prosiliat,
Sen. Ben. 2, 25, 3:
quam multi exercitus tempore suo victorem hostem pepulerunt!
Liv. 44, 39, 4. — Without antecedent: sed suo tempore totius sceleris hujus fons aperietur. Cic. Phil. 14, 6, 15; cf.:
de ordine laudis, etc., praecipiemus suo tempore,
Quint. 2, 4, 21. —
(γ).
Suo loco = at the proper place:
quae erant prudentiae propria suo loco dicta sunt,
Cic. Off. 1, 40, 143:
quod reddetur suo loco,
Quint. 11, 1, 16:
ut suo loco dicetur,
Plin. 2, 90, 102, § 221:
inscripta quae suis locis reddam,
id. 1, prooem. § 27; Sen. Ben. 2, 20, 2; cf. 1, c. b; 4. supra. —
(δ).
Suited, appropriate, adapted to one:
in eodem fundo suum quidquid conseri oportet,
Cato, R. R. 7:
siquidem hanc vendidero pretio suo,
at a suitable price, Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 30:
in partes suas digerenda causa,
Quint. 11, 1, 6:
confundetur quidquid in suas partes natura digessit,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 29, 8. — Poet.: haec ego dumque queror, lacrimae sua verba sequuntur, Deque meis oculis in tua membra cadunt, appropriate, i. e. tristia, Ov. H. 14, 67.—Without antecedent: suum quidquid genus talearum serito, any fit kind, i. e. suited to the ground, Cato, R. R. 48. —
8.
Own, with the notion of independence of, or dependence on others (cf. B. 2. g d).
a.
Of political independence: pacem condicionibus his fecerunt ut Capuae suae leges, sui magistratus essent, her own laws, i. e. not subject to Carthage, Liv. 23, 7, 2: liberos [p. 1827] eos ac suis legibus victuros, id. 25, 23, 4. —
Esp. in the phrases suae potestatis or in sua potestate esse, suo jure uti, sui juris esse: Puteolos, qui nunc in sua potestate sunt, suo jure, libertate aequa utuntur, totos occupabunt,
Cic. Agr. 2, 31, 86:
Rhegini potestatis suae ad ultimum remanserunt,
retained their self-government, Liv. 23, 30, 9:
urbem ne quam formulae sui juris facerent,
id. 38, 9, 10. —
b.
Of paternal authority.
(α).
Free from the power of the paterfamilias; in the phrases sui juris esse, suae potestatis esse, to be independent:
quaedam personae sui juris sunt, quaedam alieno juri sunt subjectae, Gai,
Inst. 1, 48:
sui juris sunt familiarum suarum principes, id est pater familiae, itemque mater familiae,
Ulp. Fragm. 4, 1:
liberi parentum potestate liberantur emancipatione. Sed filius quidem ter manumissus sui juris fit, ceteri autem liberi una manumissione sui juris fiunt,
id. ib. 10, 1:
morte patris filius et filia sui juris fiunt,
id. ib. 10, 2:
patres familiarum sunt qui sunt suae potestatis,
Dig. 1, 6, 4:
si modo defunctus testator suae potestatis mortis tempore fuerit,
Gai. Inst. 2, 147. —
With indef. reference: si sui juris sumus,
Dig. 46, 2, 20; cf.:
pro suo possideo, 2. a. supra.—Attributively: sui juris arrogatio feminae,
Cod. Just. 8, 47, 8:
homo sui juris,
ib. 10, § 5.— Trop.:
sapiens numquam semiliber erit: integrae semper libertatis et sui juris,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 5, 3:
non illarum coitu fieri cometen, sed proprium et sui juris esse,
id. Q. N. 7, 12, 2: nullique sunt tam feri et sui juris adfectus, ut non disciplina perdomentur, id. Ira, 2, 12, 3. —
(β).
Subject to paternal authority, in the phrases suus heres, sui liberi; suus heres, an heir who had been in the paternal power of the deceased:
CVI SVVS HERES NON SIT, XII. Tab. fr. 5, 4.—In the jurists without antecedent: sui et necessarii heredes sunt velut filius filiave, nepos neptisve ex filia, deinceps ceteri qui modo in potestate morientis fuerunt,
Gai. Inst. 2, 156:
(emancipati liberi) non sunt sui heredes,
ib. 2, 135:
alia facta est juris interpretatio inter suos heredes,
ib. 3, 15:
datur patrono adversus suos heredes bonorum possessio (where patrono is not the antecedent of suos),
ib. 3, 41:
sui heredes vel instituendi sunt vel exheredandi,
Ulp. Fragm. 22, 14:
accrescunt suis quidem heredibus in partem virilem, extraneis autem in partem dimidiam,
id. ib. 22, 17. —
Sui liberi, children in paternal power: de suis et legitimis liberis,
Cod. Just. 6, 55 inscr.
D.
In particular connections.
1.
With ipse, his own, etc. (cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 696).
a.
Ipse agreeing with the antecedent of suus, the antecedent being,
(α).
A subjectnom.:
(ingenium ejus) valet ipsum suis viribus,
by its own strength, Cic. Cael. 19, 45:
legio Martia non ipsa suis decretis hostem judicavit Antonium?
by its own resolutions, id. Phil. 4, 2, 5:
ruit ipse suis cladibus,
id. ib. 14, 3, 8:
si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis potuissent,
id. de Or. 2, 2, 8:
qui se ipse sua gravitate et castimonia defenderet,
id. Cael. 5, 11:
quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset,
Caes. B. G. 1, 3:
suamet ipsae fraude omnes interierunt,
Liv. 8, 18, 9; 39, 49, 3:
ut saeviret ipse in suum sanguinem effecerunt,
id. 40, 5, 1:
respicerent suum ipsi exercitum,
id. 42, 52, 10; 21, 31, 12; 22, 38, 3; 6, 19, 6.—
(β).
A subject-acc.:
sunt qui dicant eam sua ipsam peremptam mercede,
Liv. 1, 11, 9:
(tribuniciam potestatem) suis ipsam viribus dissolvi,
id. 2, 44, 2.—
(γ).
An object in dat. or acc.:
sic ut ipsis consistendi in suis munitionibus locus non esset,
Caes. B. C. 2, 6:
tribuni (hostem) intra suamet ipsum moenia compulere,
Liv. 6, 36, 4:
alios sua ipsos invidia opportunos interemit,
id. 1, 54, 8; 22, 14, 13.—Suus as adjunct of subject (rare):
aliquando sua praesidia in ipsos consurrexerunt,
their own garrisons revolted against them, Sen. Clem. 1, 26, 1.—
b.
With gen. of ipse, strengthening the possessive notion (cf. 4.;
post-Aug. and very rare, but freq. in modern Lat.): aves (foetus suos) libero caelo suaeque ipsorum fiduciae permittunt,
Quint. 2, 6, 7 (but tuus ipsius occurs in Cic.:
tuo ipsius studio,
Cic. Mur. 4, 9:
tuam ipsius amicitiam,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 4, § 7).—
c.
Both suus and ipse agreeing with the governing noun (very rare; not in Cic. or Caes.): quae tamen in ipso cursu suo dissipata est (= ipsa in cursu suo), in its very course, Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 3 dub.:
suamet ipsa scelera,
Sall. C. 23, 2 (Dietsch ex conj. ipse):
suismet ipsis corporibus,
Liv. 2, 19, 5 MSS. (Weissenb. ex conj. ipsi):
a suismet ipsis praesidiis,
id. 8, 25, 6 MSS. (Weissenb. ipsi).—
2.
With quisque, distributively, each ( every one)... his own; in prose quisque is generally preceded by suus.
a.
Quisque and suus in different cases.
(α).
Quisque as subjectnom.:
sentit enim vim quisque suam quoad possit abuti,
Lucr. 5, 1033:
suo quisque loco cubet,
Cato, R. R. 5:
suum quisque noscat ingenium,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 114:
ad suam quisque (me disciplinam) rapiet,
id. Ac. 2, 36, 114:
quod suos quisque servos in tali re facere voluisset,
id. Mil. 10, 29:
cum suo quisque auxilio uteretur,
Caes. B. C. 1, 51:
celeriter ad suos quisque ordines redit,
id. ib. 3, 37.—In apposition with plur. subj. (freq. in Liv.):
nunc alii sensus quo pacto quisque suam rem Sentiat,
Lucr. 4, 522:
ut omnes cives Romani in suis quisque centuriis prima luce adessent,
that all the Roman citizens should be present, each in his own centuria, Liv. 1, 44, 1:
hinc senatus, hinc plebs, suum quisque intuentes ducem constiterant,
id. 6, 15, 3:
ut (trigemini) pro sua quisque patria dimicent,
id. 1, 24, 2:
stabant compositi suis quisque ordinibus,
id. 44, 38, 11:
(consules) in suas quisque provincias proficiscuntur,
id. 25, 12, 2; 25, 26, 13:
in suo quaeque (stella) motu naturam suam exercent,
Plin. 2, 39, 39, § 106.—With abl. absol.:
omnes, velut dis auctoribus in spem suam quisque acceptis, proelium una voce poscunt,
Liv. 21, 45, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.:
relictis suis quisque stationibus... concurrerunt,
id. 32, 24, 4; 4, 44, 10; 39, 49, 3; 2, 38, 6.—
(β).
With acc. of quisque as subj.:
fabrum esse suae quemque fortunae, App. Claud. ap. Ps.-Sall. Ep. ad Caes. Rep. c. l.: sui quemque juris et retinendi et dimittendi esse dominum,
Cic. Balb. 13, 31:
recipere se in domos suas quemque jussit,
Liv. 25, 10, 9; and (ungrammatically) nom., as apposition to a subj.-acc.:
se non modo suam quisque patriam, sed totam Siciliam relicturos,
id. 26, 29, 3 MSS. (Weissenb. ex conj. quosque).—
(γ).
As adjunct of the subject-nom., with a case of quisque as object, attribut. gen., etc.:
sua cujusque animantis natura est,
Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 25:
sua quemque fraus, suum facinus, suum scelus, etc., de sanitate ac mente deturbat,
id. Pis. 20, 46:
sua quemque fraus et suus terror maxime vexat,
id. Rosc. Am. 24, 67:
suum cuique incommodum ferendum est,
id. Off. 3, 6, 30:
ut solidum suum cuique solvatur,
id. Rab. Post. 17, 46:
ne suus cuique domi hostis esset,
Liv. 3, 16, 3:
ut sua cuique respublica in manu esset,
id. 26, 8, 11:
animus suus cuique ordinem pugnandi dabat,
id. 22, 5, 8:
tentorium suum cuique militi domus ac penates sunt,
id. 44, 39, 5:
suus cuique (stellae) color est,
Plin. 2, 18, 16, § 79:
trahit sua quemque voluptas,
Verg. E. 2, 65:
stat sua cuique dies,
id. A. 10, 467.—
(δ).
As predicate-nom. (v. II. B.):
opinionem, quae sua cuique conjectanti esse potest,
Liv. 6, 12, 3.—
(ε).
As adjunct of subj.-acc.:
suum cuique honorem et gradum redditum gaudeo,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 136:
scientiam autem suam cujusque artis esse,
id. Fin. 5, 9, 26.—
(ζ).
As adjunct of an object, with a case of quisque as object or attribut. gen.: suam cuique sponsam, mihi meam: suum cuique amorem, mihi meum, Atil. Fragm. inc. 1: suom cuique per me uti atque frui licet, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 24 (23), 1:
ut suo quemque appellem nomine,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52:
placet Stoicis suo quamque rem nomine appellare,
Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 1:
ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,
id. Off. 1, 33, 119:
justitia quae suum cuique distribuit,
id. N. D. 3, 15, 38:
in tribuendo suum cuique,
id. Off. 1, 5, 14:
Turnus sui cuique periculi recens erat documentum,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:
in trimatu suo cuique dimidiam esse mensuram futurae certum esse,
Plin. 7, 15, 16, § 73:
certa cuique rerum suarum possessio,
Vell. 2, 89, 4; cf.: qua re suum unicuique studium suaque omnibus delectatio relinquatur, Ps.-Cic. Cons. 26, 93.—With quemque in apposition with acc. plur.:
Camillus vidit intentos opifices suo quemque operi,
Liv. 6, 25, 9; so cujusque in appos. with gen. plur.: trium clarissimorum suae cujusque gentis virorum mors, id. 39, 52, 7; and cuique with dat. plur.: sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam hominibus, Poet. ap. Nep. Att. 11, 6 (where Lachm. ad Lucr. 2, 372, reads quique, ex conj.; cf. b. b, infra).—
b.
Attraction of suus and quisque as adjuncts of nouns.
(α).
Attraction of suus:
ut nemo sit nostrum quin in sensibus sui cujusque generis judicium requirat acrius (= suum cujusque generis judicium),
Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:
quas tamen inter omnes (voces) est suo quoque in genere (vox) mediocris ( = inter omnes voces est mediocris vox, sua quoque in genere),
id. de Or. 3, 57, 216:
eo concilia suae cujusque regionis indici jussit (= sua cujusque regionis concilia),
Liv. 45, 29, 10:
equites suae cuique parti post principia collocat (= equites suos cuique parti),
id. 3, 22, 6:
cum motibus armorum et corporum suae cuique genti assuetis,
id. 25, 17, 5:
legiones deducebantur cum tribunis et centurionibus et sui cujusque ordinis militibus (= suis cujusque),
Tac. A. 14, 27:
quae sui cujusque sunt ingenii,
Quint. 7, 10, 10 Halm (al. sua):
sui cujusque ingenii poma vel semina gerunt (= sua cujusque),
Col. 3, 1;
and by a double attraction: has (cohortes) subsidiariae ternae et aliae totidem suae cujusque legionis subsequebantur (= has cohortes... totidem cujusque legionis, suam quaeque legionem, subsequebantur),
Caes. B. C. 1, 83. —
(β).
Attraction of quisque:
tanta ibi copia venustatum in suo quique loco sita,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 6 (al. quaeque):
quodvis frumentum non tamen omne Quique suo genere inter se simile esse videbis,
Lucr. 2, 372 Lachm. and Munro ad loc.:
cum verba debeant sui cujusque generis copulari,
Varr. L. L. 10, 48:
in sensibus sui cujusque generis judicium,
Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:
haec igitur proclivitas ad suum quodque genus aegrotatio dicatur,
id. Tusc. 4, 12, 28:
separatim greges sui cujusque generis nocte remeabant (= greges sui quisque generis),
Liv. 24, 3, 5:
ut sui cujusque mensis acciperet (frumentum),
Suet. Aug. 40;
and quisque both attracted and in its own case: quia cujusque partis naturae et in corpore et in animo sua quaeque vis sit (where either cujusque or quaeque is redundant),
Cic. Fin. 5, 17, 46; v. Madv. ad loc.; Cato, R. R. 23 fin.;
so esp. in the phrases suo quoque tempore, anno, die, loco, etc.: pecunia, quae in stipendium Romanis suo quoque anno penderetur, deerat (= suo quaeque anno),
each instalment in the year when due, Liv. 33, 46, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.:
suo quoque loco,
Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2; 1, 22, 6:
opera quae suis quibusque temporibus anni vilicum exsequi oporteret,
Col. 11, 3:
suo quoque tempore,
Vitr. 2, 9, 4:
nisi sua quaque die usurae exsolverentur (= sua quaeque die),
Dig. 22, 1, 12 init.; 13, 7, 8, § 3:
ut opera rustica suo quoque tempore faciat,
ib. 19, 2, 25, § 3 (al. quaeque)—
c.
In the order quisque... suus.
(α).
In relative clauses, comparative clauses with ut, and interrogative clauses introduced by quid, etc., where quisque immediately follows the relative, etc.:
ut quisque suom volt esse, ita est,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 45; cf.
with sibi,
Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 49; id. Lael. 9, 30:
expendere oportere quid quisque habeat sui... nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant. Id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,
id. Off. 1, 31, 113:
neque solum quid in senatu quisque civitatis suae dicerent ignorabant, sed, etc.,
Liv. 32, 19, 9:
gratius id fore laetiusque quod quisque sua manu ex hoste captum rettulerit,
id. 5, 20, 8; 6, 25, 10; cf.:
in quibus cum multa sint quae sua quisque dicere velit, nihil est quod quisque suum possit dicere,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 23, 1.—
(β).
If the emphasis is not on suus, but (for quisque, when emphatic, unusquisque is used) on some other word:
in civitates quemque suas... dimisit,
Liv. 21, 48, 2:
in patriam quisque suam remissus est,
Just. 33, 2, 8:
in vestigio quemque suo vidit,
Liv. 28, 22, 15; cf.:
hospitibus quisque suis scribebant,
id. 33, 45, 6:
pro facultatibus quisque suis,
id. 42, 53, 3; cf.:
respiciendae sunt cuique facultates suae,
Sen. Ben. 2, 15, 3:
praecipitat quisque vitam suam et futuri desiderio laborat,
id. Brev. Vit. 7, 5; id. Ben. 7, 5, 1:
tunc praeceps quisque se proripit et penates suos deserit,
id. Q. N. 6, 1, 5; 5, 18, 8:
summum quisque causae suae judicem facit,
Plin. 1, prooem. § 10: aestimatione nocturnae [p. 1828] quietis, dimidio quisque spatio vitae suae vivit, id. 7, 50, 51, § 167.—
(γ).
Poets adopt the order quisque suus when the metre requires it, Verg. A. 6, 743:
oscula quisque suae matri tulerunt,
Ov. F. 2, 715. —
(δ).
When suus and quisque belong to different clauses:
atque earum quaeque, suum tenens munus... manet in lege naturae,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38. —
d.
Suus uterque, or uterque suus, distributively of two subjects:
suas uterque legiones reducit in castra,
Caes. B. C. 1, 40; 2, 28:
ideo quod uterque suam legem confirmare debebit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 142:
cum sui utrosque adhortarentur,
Liv. 1, 25, 1:
ad utrumque ducem sui redierunt,
id. 21, 29, 5:
utraque (lex) sua via it,
Sen. Ben. 6, 6, 1; cf.
uterque, in apposit.: nec ipsi tam inter se acriter contenderunt, quam studia excitaverant uterque sui corporis hominum,
Liv. 26, 48, 6.—
3.
With sibi.
(α).
Sibi with pronom. force (cf. sui, IV. C. fin.):
reddam suum sibi,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 119 ( = ei; but referred to b, infra, by Brix ad loc.); cf.:
suam rem sibi salvam sistam,
id. Poen. 5, 2, 123:
idem lege sibi sua curationem petet,
for himself, Cic. Agr. 2, 9, 22 (cf. id. Phil. 2, 37, 96;
I. B. 2. b. supra): ut vindicare sibi suum fulgorem possint,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 11; cf.
the formula of divorce: tuas res tibi habeto,
Dig. 24, 2, 2.—Hence, illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit, Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69.—
(β).
With sibi redundant, to strengthen suus (anteand post-class. and colloq.):
quo pacto serviat suo sibi patri,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 5:
eum necabam ilico per cerebrum pinna sua sibi, quasi turturem,
id. Poen. 2, 40; v. sui, IV. C. and the passages there cited.—
4.
With gen. agreeing with the subject of suus:
quas cum solus pertulisset ut sua unius in his gratia esset,
that the credit of it should belong to him alone, Liv. 2, 8, 3:
qui de sua unius sententia omnia gerat,
id. 44, 22, 11; cf.:
unam Aegyptus in hoc spem habet suam,
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 2.—For suus ipsius, etc., v. D. 1. b. supra.—
5.
With demonstr., rel., or indef. pronn. and adjj., of his, hers, etc.:
postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam adjutores vos profiteamini,
to this booty of his, Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:
Sestius cum illo exercitu suo,
id. Sest. 5, 12:
qua gravitate sua,
id. ib. 61, 129:
suam rem publicam illam defenderunt,
that republic of theirs, id. ib. 67, 141:
in istum civem suum,
against this citizen of theirs, id. Balb. 18, 41:
cum illo suo pari,
id. Pis. 8, 18:
te nulla sua calamitate civitas satiare potest?
id. Phil. 8, 6, 19:
dubitatis igitur, quin vos M. Laterensis ad suam spem aliquam delegerit,
for some hope of his, id. Planc. 16, 39:
non tam sua ulla spe quam militum impetu tractus,
by any hope of his, Liv. 25, 21, 5:
nullo suo merito,
from no fault of theirs, id. 26, 29, 4:
ipse arcano cum paucis familiaribus suis colloquitur,
with a few of his friends, Caes. B. C. 1, 19.—
6.
With descriptive adjj.
(α).
Standing before the adj. and noun (so most freq.):
suorum improbissimorum sermonum domicilium,
Cic. Pis. 31, 76:
causam sui dementissimi consilii,
id. Phil. 2, 22, 53:
suam insatiabilem crudelitatem,
id. ib. 11, 3, 8:
suis amplissimis fortunis,
id. ib. 13, 8, 16:
suum pristinum morem,
id. Pis. 12, 27:
suis lenissimis postulatis,
Caes. B. C. 1, 5: simili ratione Pompeius in suis veteribus castris consedit (suis emphatic; cf. b, infra), id. ib. 3, 76.—
(β).
Between the adj. and noun (less emphatic):
pro eximiis suis beneficiis,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 4, 7:
propter summam suam humanitatem,
id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:
ex praeteritis suis officiis,
Caes. B. C. 3, 60:
Caesar in veteribus suis castris consedit,
id. ib. 3, 76.—
(γ).
After adj. and noun:
veterem amicum suum excepit,
Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:
in illo ardenti tribunatu suo,
id. Sest. 54, 116.—
7.
Objectively for the pers. pron. (rare):
neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae parvae videntur ( = sibi illatae),
Sall. C. 51, 11; so,
neglectam ab Scipione et nimis leviter latam suam injuriam ratus,
Liv. 29, 9, 9:
ipsae enim leges te a cognitione sua judicio publico reppulerunt ( = a se cognoscendo),
Cic. Balb. 14, 32:
suam invidiam tali morte quaesitam ( = quaesitum esse ab eo ut homines se inviderent),
Tac. A. 3, 16; so,
nulla sua invidia,
Cic. Mil. 15, 40.—
8.
Abl. fem. sua, with refert or interest, for gen. of the pers. pron.: neminem esse qui quomodo se habeat nihil sua censeat interesse, Cic. Fin. 5, 10, 30:
si scit sua nihil interesse utrum anima per os, an per jugulum exeat,
Sen. Ep. 76, 33; v. intersum, III.—
9.
Strengthened by the suffix - pte or -met.
(α).
By - pte (not used with ipse) affixed to the forms sua, suo, and (ante-class.) suum:
quom illa osculata esset suumpte amicum,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 38:
ut terrena suopte nutu et suo pondere in terram ferantur,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:
ferri suopte pondere,
id. N. D. 1, 25, 69:
suapte natura,
id. Fat. 18, 42:
suapte vi et natura,
id. ib. 19, 43; id. Fin. 1, 16, 54; 5, 22, 61:
suopte ingenio,
Liv. 25, 18; so id. 1, 25, 1; 1, 18, 4:
suapte manu,
Cic. Or. 3, 3, 10:
locus suapte natura infestus,
Liv. 44, 6, 9; so,
suapte natura,
id. 4, 22, 4:
flumina suapte natura vasta,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 27, 8; so id. Ben. 4, 17, 2:
sponte suapte,
Varr. L. L. 6, 7, § 70.—
(β).
With - met, almost always followed by ipse (in all forms of suus except suus, suum, suae, and suorum):
suomet ipsi more,
Sall. J. 31, 6:
suomet ipsi instrumento,
Liv. 22, 14, 13:
suomet ipsi metu,
Tac. H. 3, 16 fin.:
suamet ipsum pecunia,
Sall. J. 8, 2:
suamet ipsae fraude,
Liv. 8, 18, 9:
intra suamet ipsum moenia,
id. 6, 36, 4:
suismet ipsi praesidiis,
id. 8, 25, 6:
suismet ipsis corporibus,
id. 2, 19, 5:
suosmet ipsi cives,
id. 2, 9, 5:
suasmet ipse spes,
Tac. A. 3, 66 fin. —Without ipse:
populum suimet sanguinis mercede,
Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 41, 25 Dietsch:
magna pars suismet aut proxumorum telis obtruncabantur,
id. ib. 2, 52 ib.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > sua

6 suum

sŭus, a, um (old form sos, sa, sum; dat. plur. sis, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Mull.; acc. sas. id. ib. p. 325 ib.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 47; Schol. Pers. 1, 108; sing. sam for suam, Fest. p. 47 Mull.;
so for suo, C. I. L. 5, 2007. In ante-class. verse su- with the following vowel freq. forms one syllable,
Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 48; id. Ps. 1, 3, 5; Ter. And. 1, 1, 68; Lucr. 1, 1022; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 189 sqq.), pron. poss., 3 d pers. [root SVA-; Sanscr. sva, own; cf. sui; Gr. seWo-, whence sphe, etc., and he; cf. heos], of or belonging to himself, herself, etc.; his own, her own, etc.; his, her, its, their; one ' s; hers, theirs.
I.
Ordinary possessive use his, etc. (cf. the similar use of the pers. pron. sui, q. v.).
A.
With antecedent in the same sentence.
1.
The antecedent a subject-nominative, expressed or understood.
(α).
His:
Caesar copias suas divisit,
Caes. B. C. 3, 97:
ille in sua sententia perseverat,
id. ib. 1, 72:
tantam habebat suarum rerum fiduciam,
id. ib. 2, 37:
cum sceleris sui socios Romae reliquisset,
Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 3:
cur ego non ignoscam si anteposuit suam salutem meae?
id. Pis. 32, 79; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Mil. 10, 27; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:
Hanno praefecturam ejus (i.e. Muttinis) filio suo (Hannonis) dedit,
Liv. 26, 40, 7:
imperat princeps civibus suis,
Sen. Clem. 1, 16, 2:
nemo rem suam emit,
id. Ben. 7, 4, 8.—
(β).
Her:
mea Glycerium suos parentes repperit,
Ter. And. 5, 6, 5:
utinam haec ignoraret suum patrem,
id. Phorm. 5, 6, 34:
si nunc facere volt era officium suom,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 72:
ne eadem mulier cum suo conjuge honestissimum adulescentem oppressisse videatur,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78:
si omnibus suis copiis excellentem virum res publica armasset,
id. Phil. 13, 16, 32.—
(γ).
Its:
omne animal, simul et ortum est, et se ipsum et omnes partes suas diligit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:
cum mea domus ardore suo deflagrationem Italiae toti minaretur,
id. Planc. 40, 95.—
(δ).
Their: (legiones) si consulem suum reliquerunt, vituperandae sunt Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:
mittent aliquem de suo numero,
id. ib. 11, 10, 25:
rationem illi sententiae suae non fere reddebant,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 38:
qui agellos suos redimere a piratis solebant,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:
edicunt ut ad suum vestitum senatores redirent,
id. Sest. 14, 32:
suis finibus eos prohibent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1: Allobrogibus sese persuasuros existimabant ut per suos (Allobrogum) fines eos (Helvetios) ire paterentur, id. id. 1, 6;
and distributively: ac naves onerariae LXIII. in portu expugnatae, quaedam cum suis oneribus, frumento, armis, aere, etc.,
some with their several cargoes, Liv. 26, 47, 9.—
2.
With a subject-clause as antecedent:
id sua sponte apparebat tuta celeribus consiliis praepositurum,
was selfevident, Liv. 22, 38, 13:
ad id quod sua sponte satis collectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,
id. 3, 62, 1:
secutum tamen sua sponte est ut vilior ob ea regi Hannibal et suspectior fieret,
id. 35, 14, 4. —
3.
With subject-acc. as antecedent:
hanc dicam Athenis advenisse cum aliquo amatore suo, Plant. Mil. 2, 2, 86: doceo gratissimum esse in sua tribu Plancium,
Cic. Planc. 19, 47:
cupio eum suae causae confidere,
id. Sest. 64, 135:
suspicari debuit (Milo), eum (Clodium) ad villam suam (Clodii) deversurum,
id. Mil. 19, 51: Medeam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra dissipavisse, id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 22:
(dixit) Caesarem pro sua dignitate debere et studium et iracundiam suam reipublicae dimittere,
Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—
4.
With object-acc. as antecedent.
(α).
Suus being an adjunct of the subject (generally rendered in Engl. by a pass. constr.):
hunc pater suus de templo deduxit,
he was taken from the temple by his father, Cic. Inv. 2, 17, 52:
hunc sui cives e civitate ejecerunt,
id. Sest. 68, 142:
Alexandrum uxor sua... occidit,
id. Inv. 2, 49, 144:
illum ulciscentur mores sui,
id. Att. 9, 12, 2:
quodsi quem natura sua... forte deficiet,
id. Or. 1, 14:
utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat,
Liv. 1, 7, 1:
quas (urbes) sua virtus ac dii juvent, magnas sibi opes facere,
id. 1, 9, 3; 1, 7, 15; 6, 33, 5:
quos nec sua conscientia impulerit, nec, etc.,
id. 26, 33, 3; 25, 14, 7:
consulem C. Marium servus suus interemit,
Val. Max. 6, 8, 2:
quis non Vedium Pollionem pejus oderat quam servi sui?
Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2:
sera dies sit qua illum gens sua caelo adserat,
id. Cons. Poll. 12 (31), 5.—With the antecedent understood from the principal sentence:
ita forma simili pueri ut mater sua internoscere (sc. eos) non posset,
Plaut. Men. prol. 19; and with suus as adjunct both of the subject and of the antecedent: jubet salvere suos vir uxorem suam, id. merc. 4, 3, 11. —
(β).
With impers. verbs:
sunt homines, quos libidinis infamiaeque suae neque pudeat neque taedeat,
Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 35:
video fore ut inimicos tuos poeniteat intemperantiae suae,
id. Fam. 3, 10, 1:
si Caesarem beneficii sui poeniteret,
id. Lig. 10, 29; so id. Agr. 2, 11, 26:
jam ne nobilitatis quidem suae plebejos poenitere,
Liv. 10, 7, 8:
militem jam minus virtutis poenitere suae,
id. 22, 12, 10.—
(γ).
As adjunct of other members of the sentence:
ad parentes suos ducas Silenium,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 86. nam is illius filiam conicit in navem clam matrem suam (i.e. filiae), id. Mil. 2, 1, 34:
eosdem ad quaestoris sui aut imperatoris, aut commilitonum suorum pericula impulistis,
Cic. Phil. 13, 17, 34:
totum enim ex sua patria sustulisti,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 127; id. Or. 3, 32, 126: quem (Hammonium) tibi etiam suo nomine ( on his own account) commendo... itaque peto a te ut ejus procuratorem et ipsum suo nomine diligas, id. Fam. 13, 21, 2:
Caesar Fabium in sua remittit hiberna,
Caes. B. G. 5, 33; id. B. C. 3, 24:
introire ad Ciceronem, et domi suae imparatum confodere,
Sall. C. 28, 1:
suis flammis delete Fidenas,
i. e. the flames kindled by the Fidenates, Liv. 4, 33, 5:
suo igni involvit hostes,
Tac. A. 14, 30:
quid Caesarem in sua fata inmisit?
Sen. Ep. 94, 65; id. Q. N. 1, praef. 7; cf.
with antecedent supplied from preceding sentence: non destiti rogare et petere (sc. Brutum) mea causa, suadere et hortari sua,
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 7.—
5.
With dat. as antecedent.
(α).
As adjunct of subject (cf. 4. supra):
suus rex reginae placet,
a queen likes her own king, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 76:
ei nunc alia ducenda'st domum, sua cognata Lemniensis,
id. Cist. 1, 1, 101:
Autronio nonne sodales, non collegae sui... defuerunt?
Cic. Sull. 2, 7:
si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt,
id. Cat. 3, 12, 27:
cui non magistri sui atque doctores, cui non... locus ipse... in mente versetur?
id. Planc. 33, 81:
haec omnia plane... Siculis erepta sunt: primum suae leges, etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 33:
Romanis multitudo sua auxit animum,
Liv. 21, 50, 4:
sicuti populo Romano sua fortuna labet,
id. 42, 50, 7:
Lanuvinis sacra sua reddita,
id. 8, 14, 2:
vilitas sua illis detrahit pretium,
Sen. Ben. 4, 29, 2:
nemo est cui felicitas sua satisfaciat,
id. Ep. 115, 17:
labor illi suus restitutus est,
id. Brev. Vit. 20, 3:
magnitudo sua singulis constat,
id. Q. N. 1, 1, 10:
tantum sapienti sua, quantum Dec omnis aetas patet,
id. Ep. 53, 11. —
With antecedent supplied from principal sentence: mater quod suasit sua Adulescens mulier fecit, i.e. ei,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 38.—
(β).
Of other words:
regique Thebano regnum stabilivit suum,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 40:
mittam hodie huic suo die natali malam rem magnam,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 5:
ego Metello non irascor, neque ei suam vacationem eripio,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:
desinant insidiari domui suae consuli,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 32:
quibus ea res honori fuerit a suis civibus,
id. Mil. 35, 96: Scipio suas res Syracusanis restituit, Liv. [p. 1824] 29, 1, 17:
nos non suas (leges Lacedaemoniis arbitror) ademisse, sed nostras leges dedisse,
id. 39, 37, 6:
Graccho et Tuditano provinciae Lucani et Galliae cum suis exercitibus prorogatae,
id. 25, 3, 5.—
6.
With gen., abl., or object of a prep. as antecedent:
nec illius animi aciem praestringit splendor sui nominis,
Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:
nolite a sacris patriis Junonis Sospitae domesticum et suum consulem avellere,
id. Mur. 41, 90:
quamvis tu magna mihi scripseris de Bruti adventu ad suas legiones,
id. Att. 14, 13, 12:
suae legis ad scriptum ipsam quoque sententiam adjungere,
the meaning of their law to which they refer, id. Inv. 2, 49, 147:
cum ambitio alterius suam primum apud eos majestatem solvisset,
Liv. 22, 42, 12:
nunc causam instituendorum ludorum ab origine sua repetam,
Val. Max. 2, 4, 4:
Jubam in regno suo non locorum notitia adjuvet, non popularium pro rege suo virtus,
Sen. Ep. 71, 10; id. Ben. 7, 6, 3; id. Clem. 1, 3, 4.—Esp. with cujusque as antecedent:
in qua deliberatione ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,
Cic. Off. 1, 33, 119 (v. II. D. 2. infra).— Abl.:
operam dare ut sua lex ipso scripto videatur niti,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 147 (cf. supra):
(Caesar reperiebat) ad Galbam propter justitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam deferri,
Caes. B. G. 2, 4:
credere, ad suum concilium a Jove deos advocari,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 42, 1.—
7.
With predic. nom. as antecedent:
sapientissimi artis suae professores sunt a quibus et propria studia verecunde et aliena callide administrantur,
Val. Max. 8, 12, 1.—
8.
With appositive noun.
(α).
With gram. subject as antecedent:
hoc Anaximandro, populari ac sodali suo, non persuasit,
Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:
vidit fortissimum virum, inimicissimum suum,
id. Mil. 9, 25:
(hic) fuit in Creta contubernalis Saturnini, propinqui sui,
id. Planc. 11, 27:
ut non per L. Crassum, adfinem suum... causam illam defenderit,
id. Balb. 21, 49:
ne cum hoc T. Broccho, avunculo, ne cum ejus filio, consobrino suo, ne nobiscum vivat,
id. Lig. 4, 11:
Caesar mittit ad eum A. Clodium, suum atque illius familiarem,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57.—
(β).
With object as antecedent:
Dicaearchum cum Aristoxeno, aequali et condiscipulo suo, omittamus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 41:
tres fratres optimos, non solum sibi ipsos, neque nobis, necessariis suis, sed etiam rei publicae condonavit,
id. Lig. 12, 36:
Varroni, quem, sui generis hominem,... vulgus extrahere ad consulatum nitebatur,
Liv. 22, 34, 2.—
(γ).
With appositive noun as antecedent:
si P. Scipionem, clarissimum virum, majorumque suorum simillimum res publica tenere potuisset,
Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:
M. Fabi Ambusti, potentis viri cum inter sui corporis homines, tum ad plebem, etc.,
Liv. 6, 34, 5:
C. vero Fabricii, et Q. Aemilii Papi, principum saeculi sui, domibus argentum fuisse confitear oportet,
Val. Max. 4, 4, 3.—
9.
In participial clauses.
(α).
The antecedent being the logical subject of the participle, and other than the principal subject:
credamus igitur Panaetio, a Platone suo dissentienti ( = qui dissentiebat),
Cic. Tusc. 1, 32, 79:
ea Sex. Roscium, expulsum ex suis bonis, recepit domum,
id. Rosc. Am. 10, 27:
diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit,
id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23:
Dejotarum ad me venientem cum omnibus copiis suis, certiorem feci, etc.,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 7; id. Cat. 4, 9, 18: si hominis et suis et populi Romani ornamentis amplissimi ( being greatly distinguished) causam repudiassem, id. Mur. 4, 8:
stupentes tribunos et suam jam vicem magis anxios quam, etc., liberavit consensus populi Romani,
Liv. 8, 35, 1; 22, 42, 8:
manet in folio scripta querela suo ( = quam scripsit),
Ov. F. 5, 224; cf. in abl. absol.:
et ipsis (hostibus) regressis in castra sua,
Liv. 22, 60, 9:
quibus (speculis) si unum ostenderis hominem, populus adparet, unaquaque parte faciem exprimente sua,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 5.—
(β).
The logical subject of the participle, being also the principal subject:
sic a suis legionibus condemnatus irrupit in Galliam,
Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 21:
hunc agrum patres nostri, acceptum a majoribus suis ( = quem acceperant), perdiderunt,
id. Agr. 2, 31, 84:
ut in suis ordinibus dispositi dispersos adorirentur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 92: Appius, odium in se aliorum suo in eos metiens odio, haud ignaro, inquit, imminet fortuna, Liv. 3, 54, 3:
ipsa capit Condita in pharetra ( = quae condiderat) tela minora sua,
Ov. F. 2, 326; cf. in abl. absol.:
Sopater, expositis suis difficultatibus ( = cum exposuisset, etc.): Timarchidem... perducit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:
Caesar, primum suo deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 25:
Campani, audita sua pariter sociorumque clade, legatos ad Hannibalem miserunt,
Liv. 25, 15, 1:
(Appius) deposito suo magistratu... domum est reductus,
id. 4, 24, 7; 3, 35, 9; 9, 10, 13; 9, 41, 9.—
(γ).
The antecedent being the principal subject, not the logical subject of the participle:
M. Papirius dicitur Gallo, barbam suam (i.e. Papirii) permulcenti,... iram movisse,
Liv. 5, 41, 9: cum Gracchus, verecundia deserendi socios, implorantis fidem suam populique Romani, substitisset. id. 23, 36, 8; cf. in abl. absol.:
si sine maximo dedecore, tam impeditis suis rebus, potuisset emori,
Cic. Rab. Post. 10, 29; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Planc. 21, 51; id. Clu. 14, 42:
ita (consul) proelio uno accidit Vestinorum res, haudquaquam tamen incruento milite suo (consulis),
Liv. 8, 29, 12; cf.
with antecedent to be supplied: Campani, cum, robore juventutis suae acciso, nulla (sc. eis) propinqua spes esset, etc.,
id. 7, 29, 7.—
10.
In gerund. construction. ( a) With subject as antecedent:
mihi ipsa Roma ad complectendum conservatorem suum progredi visa est,
Cic. Pis. 22, 52.—
(β).
With object, the logical subjects of the gerund as antecedent:
cur iis persequendi juris sui... adimis potestatem?
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21:
si senatui doloris sui de me declarandi potestas esset erepta,
id. Sest. 23, 51:
nec tribunis plebis (spatium datur) sui periculi deprecandi,
Caes. B. C. 1, 5.—
(γ).
With antecedent dependent on the gerund:
eamque rem illi putant a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam,
Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19.—
11.
As adjunct of a noun dependent on a subjectinf., with its logical subject as antecedent:
magnum Miloni fuit, conficere illam pestem nulla sua invidia?
Cic. Mil. 15, 40:
neque enim fuit Gabinii, remittere tantum de suo nec regis, imponere tantum plus suis,
his claim, id. Rab. Post. 11, 31:
Piso, cui fructum pietatis suae neque ex me neque a populo Romano ferre licuit,
id. Sest. 31, 68:
ei cujus magis intersit, vel sua, vel rei publicae causa vivere,
id. Off. 3, 23, 90:
sapientis est consilium explicare suum de maximis rebus,
id. Or. 2, 81, 333; id. Mil. 15, 41.—With logical subject understood:
totam Italiam suis colonis ut complere (sc. eis) liceat, permittitur,
Cic. Agr. 2, 13, 34:
maximum (sc. eis) solacium erit, propinquorum eodem monumento declarari, et virtutem suorum, et populi Romani pietatem,
id. Phil. 14, 13, 35.
B.
Without gram. antec., one ' s, one ' s own.
1.
Dependent on subject-inff.:
ejusdem animi est, posteris suis amplitudinem nobis quam non acceperit tradere, et memoriam prope intermortuam generis sui, virtute renovare,
Cic. Mur. 7, 16:
siquidem atrocius est, patriae parentem quam suum occidere,
id. Phil. 2, 13, 31:
miliens perire est melius quam in sua civitate sine armorum praesidio non posse vivere,
id. ib. 2, 44, 112: quanto est honestius, alienis injuriis quam suis commoveri, one ' s own, id. Verr. 2, 3, 72, § 169:
contentum suis rebus esse maximae sunt certissimaeque divitiae,
id. Par. 6, 51:
ut non liceat sui commodi causa nocere alteri,
id. Off. 3, 5, 23:
detrahere de altero sui commodi causa,
id. ib. 3, 5, 24:
suis exemplis melius est uti,
Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2:
levius est sua decreta tollere quam aliorum,
Liv. 3, 21. 5; 39, 5, 2;
29, 37, 11: satius est vitae suae rationes quam frumenti publici nosse,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 3:
quanto satius est sua mala exstinguere quam aliena posteris tradere?
id. Q. N. 3, praef. 5:
cum initia beneficiorum suorum spectare, tum etiam exitus decet,
id. Ben. 2, 14, 2; 3, 1, 5:
Romani nominis gloriae, non suae, composuisse illa decuit,
Plin. 1, prooem. § 16.—With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent: cum possimus ab Ennio sumere... exemplum, videtur esse arrogantia illa relinquere, et ad sua devenire, to one ' s own = to our own, Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2.—
2.
Without a subject-inf.:
omnia torquenda sunt ad commodum suae causae... sua diligenter narrando,
Cic. Inv. 1, 21, 30: ut in ceteris habenda ratio non sua (al. sui) solum, sed etiam aliorum, id. Off. 1, 39, 139:
erat Dareo mite ac tractabile ingenium, nisi suam naturam plerumque fortuna corrumperet (suam not referring to Dareo),
Curt. 3, 2, 17 MSS. (Foss, mansuetam). — With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent (cf. 1. supra):
non erit ista amicitia sed mercatura quaedam utilitatum suarum,
Cic. N. D. 1, 44, 122; cf.: pro suo possidere, II. A. 2. a. g; and Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73, II. A. 2. b. a; cf. also II. B. 1. a; II. B. 5. c.; II. B. 7. b.; II. C. 8. b. b infra.
C.
With antec. in a previous sentence. Here ejus, eorum, earum are used for his, her, their, unless the clause is oblique in regard to the antecedent, i. e. the antecedent is conceived as the author of the statement.
1.
In clauses dependent on a verbum sentiendi or dicendi, expressed or understood, referring to the grammatical or logical subject of the verb.
a.
In infinitive clauses:
(Clodius) Caesaris potentiam suam potentiam esse dicebat,
Cic. Mil. 32, 88:
(Caelius) a sua (causa) putat ejus (i.e. Ascitii) esse sejunctam,
id. Cael. 10, 24:
ipsos certo scio non negare ad haec bona Chrysogonum accessisse impulsu suo (referring to ipsos),
id. Rosc. Am. 37, 107:
hostes viderunt,... suorum tormentorum usum spatio propinquitatis interire,
Caes. B. C. 2, 16:
docent, sui judicii rem non esse,
id. ib. 1, 13.—The reference of suus may be ambiguous, esp. if an infinitive is dependent on another:
hoc Verrem dicere ajebant, te... opera sua consulem factum, i.e. Verris, though grammatically it might refer to the subj. of aiebant,
Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 29:
(Ariovistus) dixit neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse,
Caes. B. G. 1, 36; cf. the context with, in all, eleven reflexive pronouns referring to four different antecedents (populus Romanus, Ariovistus, Caesar, nemo); cf.
also: occurrebat ei, mancam praeturam suam futuram consule Milone,
Cic. Mil. 9, 25; 32, 88; Liv. 3, 42, 2.—
b.
Suus in a clause dependent on inf.:
scio equidem, ut, qui argentum afferret atque expressam imaginem suam (i.e. militis) huc ad nos, cum eo ajebat velle mitti mulierem,
Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 55:
isti bonorum emptores arbitrantur, vos hic sedere qui excipiatis eos qui de suis (i.e. emptorum) manibus effugerint,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:
Siculi venisse tempus ajebant ut commoda sua defenderem,
id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3:
ut tunc tandem sentiret recuperanda esse quae prius sua culpa amissa forent,
Liv. 44, 8, 4. —
Ambiguous: velle Pompejum se Caesari purgatum, ne ea quae reipublicae causa egerit (Pompejus) in suam (i.e. Caesaris) contumeliam vertat (where suam might be referred to Pompejus),
Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—
c.
In oblique clauses introduced by ut or ne, or clauses subordinate to such:
Cassius constituit ut ludi absente te fierent suo nomine,
Cic. Att. 15, 11, 2:
postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam tam nefariam adjutores vos profiteamini,
id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:
Nasidius eos magnopere hortatur ut rursus cum Bruti classe, additis suis (i.e. Nasidii) auxiliis confligant,
Caes. B. C. 2, 3:
(regem) denuntiasse sibi ut triduo regni sui decederent finibus,
Liv. 42, 25, 12:
Sabinae mulieres, hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, ne parricidio macularent partus suos (i.e. mulierum),
id. 1, 13, 2:
Patron praecepit suis ut arma induerent, ad omne imperium suum parati,
Curt. 5, 11, 1.—With reflex. pron., referring to a different antecedent:
ad hanc (Laidem) Demosthenes clanculum adit, et ut sibi copiam sui faceret, petit,
Gell. 1, 8, 5. —
d.
In subordinate clauses introduced by quin or quod:
(Dejotarus) non recusat quin id suum facinus judices,
Cic. Deiot. 15, 43; so id. ib. 4, 15;
16, 45: parietes hujus curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, quod futura sit illa auctoritas in his majorum suorum et suis sedibus,
id. Marcell. 3, 10:
quidni gauderet quod iram suam nemo sentiret?
Sen. Troad. 3, 13:
querenti quod uxor sua e fico se suspendisset,
Quint. 6, 3, 88;
and with intentional ambiguity: cum Proculejus quereretur de filio quod is mortem suam expectaret,
id. 9, 3, 68. —
e.
In interrogative clauses:
si, quod officii sui sit, non occurrit animo, nihil umquam omnino aget,
Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 25:
ut non auderet iterum dicere quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,
id. Caecin. 10, [p. 1825] 28:
donec sciat unisquisque quid sui, quid alieni sit,
Liv. 6, 27, 8:
rex ignarus, quae cum Hannibale legatis suis convenisset, quaeque legati ejus ad se allaturi fuissent,
id. 23, 39, 2:
postquam animadvertit quantus agminis sui terror esset,
id. 43, 19, 5. —
2.
In a virtually oblique clause.
a.
In final clause, introduced by ut, ne, or rel., referring to the subject of the purpose:
me a portu praemisit domum, ut haec nuntiem uxori suae,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 41:
quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sui posteri latrocinarentur, i. e. Appii,
Cic. Mil. 7, 17:
quae gens ad Caesarem legatos mise. rat, ut suis omnibus facultatibus uteretur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 80:
inde castra movent, ne qua vis sociis suis ab Romano exercitu inferri possit,
Liv. 43, 23, 5:
(Romani) Albam a fundamentis proruerunt, ne memoria originum suarum exstaret,
id. 26, 13, 16:
oppidani nuntios Romam, qui certiorem de suo casu senatum facerent, misere,
id. 6, 33, 7; cf.:
tanto intervallo ab hostibus consedit, ut nec adventus suus propinquitate nimia nosci posset, et, etc.,
Liv. 10, 20, 7:
Datames locum delegit talem ut non multum obesse multitudo hostium suae paucitati posset,
Nep. Dat. 7, 3:
quid si gubernator a diis procellas petat ut gratior ars sua periculo fiat?
Sen. Ben. 6, 25, 4. —
b.
In other dependent clauses represented as conceived by an antecedent in the principal sentence:
Sulla, si sibi suus pudor ac dignitas non prodesset, nullum auxilium requisivit ( = negavit se defendi velle, si, etc.),
Cic. Sull. 5, 15:
Paetus omnes libros quos frater suus reliquisset mihi donavit ( = dixit se donare libros quos, etc.),
id. Att. 2, 1, 12:
non enim a te emit, sed, priusquam tu suum sibi venderes, ipse possedit ( = potitus est, ne, etc.),
id. Phil. 2, 37, 96:
Africanus, si sua res ageretur, testimonium non diceret,
id. Rosc. Am. 36, 3:
ille ipse (Pompejus) proposuit epistulam illam, in qua est Pro tuis rebus gestis amplissimis. Amplioribusne quam suis, quam Africani?
id. Att. 8, 9, 2:
spiritus dabat (Manlio) quod... vinculorum suorum invidiam dictator fugisset,
Liv. 6, 18, 4:
(Numa) Camenis eum lucum sacravit, quod earum ibi concilia cum conjuge sua Egeria essent,
id. 1, 21, 3:
adulescens deos omnis invocare ad gratiam illi pro se referendam, quoniam sibi nequaquam satis facultatis pro suo animo atque illius erga se esset,
id. 26, 50, 4 (cf. D. 1. a. infra).
D.
In the place of ejus.
1.
In clauses virtually oblique, but with indicative, being conceived by the antecedent (hence suus, not ejus), but asserted as fact by the author (hence indicative, not subjunctive):
Cicero tibi mandat ut Aristodemo idem respondeas, quod de fratre suo (Ciceronis) respondisti,
Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4:
oriundi ab Sabinis, ne, quia post Tatii mortem ab sua parte non erat regnatum, imperium amitterent, sui corporis creari regem volebant,
Liv. 1, 17, 2:
C. Caesar villam pulcherrimam, quia mater sua aliquando in illa custodita erat, diruit,
Sen. Ira, 3, 21, 5:
Philemonem, a manu servum, qui necem suam per venenum inimicis promiserat, non gravius quam simplici morte punivit,
Suet. Caes. 74; cf.:
quomodo excandescunt si quid e juba sua decisum est,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 12, 3.—
2.
To avoid ambiguity:
petunt rationes illius (Catilinae) ut orbetur consilio res publica, ut minuatur contra suum (i.e. Catilinae) furorem imperatorum copia (instead of ejus, which might be referred to res publica),
Cic. Mur. 39, 83:
equites a cornibus positos, cum jam pelleretur media peditum suorum acies, incurrisse ab lateribus ferunt,
Liv. 1, 37, 3.—
3.
Colloquially and in epistolary style suus is used emphatically instead of ejus, with the meaning own, peculiar: deinde ille actutum subferret suus servus poenas Sosia, his own slave (opp. Mercury, who personates Sosias), Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 19: mira erant in civitatibus ipsorum furta Graecorum quae magistratus sui fecerant, their own magistrates ( = ipsorum), Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5:
in quibus (litteris Bruti) unum alienum summa sua prudentia (est), ut spectem ludos suos,
his peculiar prudence, id. ib. 15, 26, 1; so,
quod quidem ille (Nero) decernebat, quorumdam dolo ad omina sui exitus vertebatur,
Tac. A. 16, 24; cf. II. A. 1. b and g; II. A. 2. a. b; II. B. 3.—
4.
Without particular emphasis (mostly ante- and post-class. and poet.):
tum erit tempestiva cum semen suum maturum erit,
Cato, R. R. 31:
vitis si macra erit, sarmenta sua concidito minute,
id. ib. 37:
qui sic purgatus erit, diuturna valetudine utatur, neque ullus morbus veniet, nisi sua culpa,
id. ib. 157:
Cimon in eandem invidiam incidit quam pater suus,
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:
id qua ratione consecutus sit (Lysander) latet. Non enim virtute sui exercitus factum est, etc.,
id. Lys. 1, 2:
ipse sub Esquiliis, ubi erat regia sua, Concidit,
Ov. F. 6, 601:
quodque suus conjux riguo collegerat horto, Truncat olus foliis,
id. M. 8, 646; so id. ib. 15, 819.
II.
In partic.
A.
As substt.
1.
sui, suorum, m., his, their (etc.) friends, soldiers, fellow-beings, equals, adherents, followers, partisans, posterity, slaves, family, etc., of persons in any near connection with the antecedent.
(α).
(Corresp. to the regular usage, I. A. B. C.) Cupio abducere ut reddam (i.e. eam) suis, to her family, friends, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 77; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 66:
cum animus societatem caritatis coierit cum suis, omnesque natura conjunctos suos duxerit,
fellow-beings, Cic. Leg. 1, 23, 60:
mulier ingeniosa praecepit suis omnia Caelio pollicerentur,
her slaves, id. Cael. 25, 62:
quo facilius et nostras domos obire, et ipse a suis coli possit,
his friends, id. ib. 7, 18:
qua gratiam beneficii vestri cum suorum laude conjungant,
their family, id. Agr. 2, 1, 1:
vellem hanc contemptionem pecuniae suis reliquisset,
to his posterity, id. Phil. 3, 6, 16:
cum divisurum se urbem palam suis polliceretur,
his partisans, id. ib. 13, 9, 19:
Caesar, cohortatus suos, proelium commisit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 25; so,
Curio exercitum reduxit, suis omnibus praeter Fabium incolumibus,
id. B. C. 2, 35:
Caesar receptui suorum timens,
id. ib. 3, 46:
certior ab suis factus est, praeclusas esse portas,
id. ib. 2, 20:
omnium suorum consensu, Curio bellum ducere parabat,
id. ib. 2, 37: so,
Pompejus suorum omnium hortatu statuerat proelio decertare,
id. ib. 3, 86:
Caesar Brundisium ad suos severius scripsit,
to his officers, id. ib. 3, 25:
naviculam conscendit cum paucis suis,
a few of his followers, id. ib. 3, 104:
multum cum suis consiliandi causa secreto praeter consuetudinem loqueretur,
id. ib. 1, 19:
nupsit Melino, adulescenti inprimis inter suos et honesto et nobili,
his equals, associates, Cic. Clu. 5, 11:
rex raptim a suis in equum impositus fugit,
his suite, Liv. 41, 4, 7:
subsidio suorum proelium restituere,
comrades, id. 21, 52, 10:
feras bestias... ad opem suis ferendam avertas,
their young, id. 26, 13, 12:
abstulit sibi in suos potestatem,
his slaves, Sen. Ira, 3, 12, 6:
Besso et Nabarzani nuntiaverant sui regem... interemptum esse,
their fellow - conspirators, Curt. 5, 12, 14. — Very rarely sing.:
ut bona mens suis omnibus fuerit. Si quem libido abripuit, illorum eum, cum quibus conjuravit, non suum judicet esse,
Liv. 39, 16, 5.—
(β).
Irregular use (acc. to I. D.): sui = ejus amici, etc. (freq.;
the absolute use of ejus in this sense being inadmissible): quasi vero quisquam dormiat? ne sui quidem hoc velint, non modo ipse (sui = ejus amici, liberi),
Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:
is (annus) ejus omnem spem... morte pervertit. Fuit hoc luctuosum suis, acerbum patriae, etc.,
id. Or. 3, 2, 8:
quadrigas, quia per suos ( = ipsius milites) agendae erant, in prima acie locaverat rex,
Liv. 37, 41, 8:
auctoritatem Pisistrati qui inter suos ( = ejus cives) maxima erat,
id. 37, 12:
quo cum multitudine adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse fuit superior, etc.,
Nep. Hann. 8, 4; v. g.—
(γ).
Without antecedent (cf. I. B. supra): quoties necesse est fallere aut falli a suis, by one ' s friends, Sen. Phoen. 493.—
(δ).
Sing.: sŭa, suae. f., a sweetheart, mistress (rare): illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit. Cic. Phil. 2, 28. 69:
cedo quid hic faciet sua?
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 92.—
2.
sŭum, i, n., and more freq. sŭa, suorum, n. plur., = one ' s property.
a.
Sing.
(α).
Lit.:
nec suom adimerem alteri,
his property, his own, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 38 (34):
nunc si ille salvos revenit, reddam suom sibi (v. D. 3. a. infra),
id. ib. 1, 2, 119:
illum studeo quam facillime ad suum pervenire,
Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 4:
populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem ut socios sui nihil deperdere velit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 43; cf. Cic. Rab. Post. 11, 3, I. A. 11. supra:
nec donare illi de suo dicimur,
Sen. Ben. 7, 4, 2; so esp. with quisque; v. infra — Hence, de suo = per se, or sua sponte;
(stellae) quae per igneos tractus labentia inde splendorem trahant caloremque, non de suo clara,
Sen. Q. N. 7, 1, 6. —
(β).
Trop.:
meum mihi placebat, illi suum (of a literary essay),
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 3: suom quemque decet, his own manners, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 11; so, expendere oportet quid quisque habeat sui ( what peculiarities) nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant;
id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 113.—
(γ).
Jurid. term: aliquid pro suo possidere, to possess in the belief of one ' s legal right:
pro suo possessio tale est, cum dominium nobis acquiri putamus. Et ea causa possidemus ex qua acquiritur, et praeterea pro suo,
Dig. 41, 10, 1;
so without an antecedent, and referring to a first person: item re donata, pro donato et pro suo possideo,
ib. 41, 10, 1; v. the whole tit. ib. 42, 10 (Pro suo); cf. ib. 23, 3, 67; cf. C., infra fin.;
similarly: usucapere pro suo = acquire dominion by a possession pro suo, Fragm. Vat. 111: res pro suo, quod justam causam possidendi habet, usucapit,
id. ib. 260; Dig. 41, 3, 27. —
b.
Plur.
(α).
One ' s property:
Roscius tibi omnia sua praeter animam tradidit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 146:
qui etiam hostibus externis victis sua saepissime reddiderunt,
id. Agr. 1, 6, 19:
tu autem vicinis tuis Massiliensibus sua reddis,
id. Att. 14, 14, 6:
Remi legatos miserunt qui dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3, 2; 1, 11, 2; 2, 13, 2:
ipsi milites alveos informes quibus se suaque transveherent, faciebant,
their baggage, Liv. 21, 26, 9:
docere eos qui sua permisere fortunae,
Sen. Q. N. 3, praef. 7; so without an antecedent, one ' s own property (cf. I. B. 2. supra):
hanc ob causam maxime ut sua tenerentur res publicae constitutae sunt,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73;
rarely = eorum res: quod vero etiam sua reddiderint (i.e. Gallis),
Liv. 39, 55, 3. —
(β).
One ' s own affairs:
aliena ut melius videant et dijudicent Quam sua,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 96:
cognoscunt... immobile agmen et sua quemque molientem,
Liv. 10, 20, 8:
omnia ei hostium non secus quam sua nota erant,
id. 22, 41, 5:
aliena cum suis perdidit,
Sen. Ben. 7, 16, 3.— Absol., referring to a noun fem.: sua (finxit) C. Cassius ( = suas persuasiones; cf.
the context),
Quint. 6, 3, 90.
B.
Predicative uses: suum esse, facere, fieri, putare, etc., like a gen. poss., to be, etc., the property, or under the dominion, control, power of the antecedent.
1.
Of property in things.
(α).
Corporeal:
scripsit causam dicere Prius aurum quare sit suum,
Ter. Eun. prol. 11:
nihil erat cujusquam quod non hoc anno suum fore putabat (Clodius),
Cic. Mil. 32, 87:
quia suum cujusque fit, eorum quae natura fuerant communia quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat,
id. Off. 1, 7, 21:
Juba suam esse praedicans praedam,
Caes. B. C. 3, 84:
gratum sibi populum facturum, si omnes res Neapolitanorum suas duxissent,
Liv. 22, 32, 8: libros esse dicimus Ciceronis;
eosdem Dorus librarius suos vocat,
Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 1:
cum enim istarum personarum nihil suum esse possit,
since these persons can own nothing, Gai. Inst. 2, 96; cf. Dig. 1, 7, 15 pr.—Virtually predicative:
referas ad eos qui suam rem nullam habent ( = rem quae sua sit),
nothing of their own, Cic. Phil. 2, 6, 15:
qui in potestate nostra est, nihil suum habere potest,
Gai. Inst. 2, 84. — ( b) Of literary works:
quae convenere in Andriam ex Perinthia Fatetur transtulisse, atque usum pro suis ( = quasi sua essent),
Ter. And. prol. 14:
potest autem... quae tum audiet... ingenue pro suis dicere,
his own thoughts, Quint. 12, 3, 3.—
(γ).
Of a country or people:
suum facere = suae dicionis facere: commemorat ut (Caesar) magnam partem Italiae beneficio atque auctoritate eorum suam fecerit,
Caes. B. C. 2, 32:
in quam (Asiam) jam ex parte suam fecerit,
Liv. 44, 24, 4:
crudelissima ac superbissima gens sua omnia suique arbitrii facit,
id. 21, 44, 5.—
(δ).
Trop.:
omnia sua putavit quae vos vestra esse velletis,
Cic. Phil. 11, 12, 27:
non meminit, illum exercitum senatus populique Romani esse, non suum,
id. ib. 13, 6, 4: [p. 1826] probavit, non rempublicam suam esse, sed se reipublicae, Sen. Clem. 1, 19, 8;
so of incorporeal things: hi si velint scire quam brevis eorum vita sit, cogitent ex quota parte sua sit,
how much of it is their own, id. Brev. Vit. 19, 3; so, suum facere, to appropriate:
prudentis est, id quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, suum facere,
Quint. 10, 2, 26:
quaeremus quomodo animus (hanc virtutem) usu suam faciat,
Sen. Clem. 1, 3, 1.—
2.
Of persons.
(α).
Under a master ' s or father ' s control:
ut lege caverent, ne quis quem civitatis mutandae causa suum faceret, neve alienaret,
make any one his slave, Liv. 41, 8, 12: quid eam tum? suamne esse ajebat, his daughter, i.e. in his power? Ter. And. 5, 4, 29:
eduxit mater pro sua ( = quasi sua esset),
id. Eun. 1, 2, 76.—
(β).
Reflexively = sui juris, independent, one ' s own master or mistress, not subject to another ' s control, under one ' s own control (v. sui juris, infra):
ancilla, quae mea fuit hodie, sua nunc est,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 3.—
(γ).
Of moral power over others: suus = devoted to one:
hice hoc munere arbitrantur Suam Thaidem esse,
Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 38:
eos hic fecit suos Paulo sumptu,
id. Ad. 5, 4, 21:
sed istunc exora, ut (mulierem) suam esse adsimulet,
to be friendly to him, id. Heaut. 2, 3, 117:
cum Antonio sic agens ut perspiciat, si in eo negotio nobis satisfecerit, totum me futurum suum,
Cic. Att. 14, 1 a, 2:
Alpheus... utebatur populo sane suo,
devoted to him, id. Quint. 7, 29.— Poet.: vota suos habuere deos, the vows (inst. of the persons uttering them) had the gods on their side, Ov. M. 4, 373. —
(δ).
Of power over one's self, etc.:
nam qui sciet ubi quidque positum sit, quaque eo veniat, is poterit eruere, semperque esse in disputando suus,
self-possessed, Cic. Fin. 4, 4, 10:
inaestimabile bonum est suum fieri,
selfcontrol, Sen. Ep. 75, 18:
(furiosus) qui suus non est,
Dig. 42, 4, 7, § 9:
vix sua, vix sanae virgo Niseia compos Mentis erat,
Ov. M. 8, 35. —
3.
Suum est, as impers. predicate: = ejus est, characteristic of, peculiar to one (very rare):
dixit antea, sed suum illud est, nihil ut affirmet,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99.
C.
Attributive usages, almost always (except in Seneca) with suus before its noun.
1.
The property, relations, affairs, etc., of one opposed to those of another, own.
a.
Opposition expressed:
nihil de suo casu, multa de vestro querebatur,
Cic. Balb. 8, 21:
sua sibi propiora pericula quam mea loquebantur,
id. Sest. 18, 40:
suasque et imperatoris laudes canentes,
Liv. 45, 38, 12:
damnatione collegae et sua,
id. 22, 35, 3:
Senecae fratris morte pavidum et pro sua incolumitate pavidum,
Tac. A. 14, 73:
velut pro Vitellio conquerentes suum dolorem proferebant,
id. H. 3, 37;
opp. alienus: ut suo potius tempore mercatorem admitterent, quam celerius alieno,
at a time convenient to themselves, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11. —Without antecedent, opp. externus:
(Platoni) duo placet esse motus, unum suum, alterum externum, esse autem divinius quod ipsum ex se sua sponte moveatur, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 2, 12, 32. —
b.
Implied:
voluptatem suis se finibus tenere jubeamus,
within the limits assigned to it, Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 1:
cum vobis immortale monumentum suis paene manibus senatus... exstruxerit,
id. Phil. 14, 12, 33:
superiores (amnes) in Italia, hic (Rhodanus) trans Alpes, hospitales suas tantum, nec largiores quam intulere aquas vehentes,
Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 224: colligitur aqua ex imbribus;
ex suo fonte nativa est,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 3:
pennas ambo non habuere suas (non suas = alienas),
Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 24. —
c.
In particular phrases. ( a) Sua sponte and suo Marte, of one ' s own accord, by one ' s self, without the suggestion, influence, aid, etc., of others:
Caesar bellum contra Antonium sua sponte suscepit,
Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5:
sua sponte ad Caesarem in jus adierunt,
Caes. B. C. 1, 87.—So of things, = per se, by or of itself, for itself, for its own sake:
jus et omne honestum sua sponte expetendum (cf. in the context: per se igitur jus est expetendum),
Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48: justitium sua sponte inceptum priusquam indiceretur, by itself, i. e. without a decree, Liv. 9, 7, 8; so,
sortes sua sponte attenuatas,
id. 22, 1, 11 (cf. id. 22, 38, 13; 35, 14, 4, I. A. 2., supra): rex enim ipse, sua sponte, nullis commentariis Caesaris, simul atque audivit ejus interitum suo Marte res suas recuperavit, Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 95.—
(β).
Suus locus, in milit. lang., one ' s own ground, position, or lines:
restitit suo loco Romana acies (opp. to the advance of the enemy),
Liv. 22, 16, 2.—So figuratively:
et staturas suo loco leges,
Sen. Ben. 2, 20, 2:
aciem instruxit primum suis locis, pauloque a castris Pompeji longius,
Caes. B. C. 3, 84 (cf.: suo loco, 7. b. g, infra).—
(γ).
For suo jure v. 3. infra.—
(δ).
Sua Venus = one's own Venus, i. e. good luck (v. Venus): ille non est mihi par virtutibus, nec officiis;
sed habuit suam Venerem,
Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 2. —
2.
Of private relations (opp. to public):
ut in suis rebus, ita in re publica luxuriosus nepos,
Cic. Agr. 2, 18, 48:
deinde ut communibus pro communibus utatur, privatis ut suis,
id. Off. 1, 7, 20:
quod oppidum Labienus sua pecunia exaedificaverat,
Caes. B. C. 1, 15:
militibus agros ex suis possessionibus pollicetur,
i. e. his private property, id. ib. 1, 17; Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 3. —
3.
Of just rights or claims:
imperatori senatuique honos suus redditus,
due to them, Liv. 3, 10, 3:
neque inpedimento fuit, quominus religionibus suus tenor suaque observatio redderetur,
Val. Max. 1, 1, 8:
quibus omnibus debetur suus decor,
Quint. 11, 1, 41. —
So distributively: is mensibus suis dimisit legionem,
in the month in which each soldier was entitled to his discharge, Liv. 40, 41, 8. — Esp.: suo jure (so, meo, nostro, tuo, etc., jure), by his own right:
Tullus Hostilius qui suo jure in porta nomen inscripsit,
Cic. Phil. 13, 12, 26:
earum rerum hic A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo jure debet,
id. Arch. 1, 1; id. Marcell. 2, 6; id. Phil. 2, 25, 62; id. Balb. 8, 21:
numquam illum res publica suo jure esset ulta,
by its unquestionable right, id. Mil. 33, 88. —
4.
Of that to which one is exclusively devoted:
huic quaestioni suum diem dabimus,
a day for its exclusive discussion, Sen. Ep. 94, 52:
homini autem suum bonum ratio est,
his exclusive good, id. ib. 76, 10:
in majorem me quaestionem vocas, cui suus locus, suus dies dandus est,
id. Q. N. 2, 46, 1. —
With proprius: mentio inlata apud senatum est, rem suo proprio magistratu egere,
that the business needed a particular officer exclusively for itself, Liv. 4, 8, 4:
et Hannibalem suo proprio occupandum bello,
id. 27, 38, 7; cf.:
dissupasset hostes, ni suo proprio eum proelio equites Volscorum exceptum tenuissent,
in which they alone fought, id. 3, 70, 4:
mare habet suas venas quibus impletur,
by which it alone is fed, Sen. Q. N. 3, 14, 3. —
5.
According to one ' s liking, of one ' s own choice.
a.
Of persons, devoted to one, friendly, dear:
Milone occiso (Clodius) habuisset suos consules,
after his own heart, Cic. Mil. 33, 89:
collegit ipse se contra suum Clodium,
his dear Clodius, id. Pis. 12, 27 (cf.: suum facere, habere, II. B. 2. g).—
b.
Of things, favorable.
(α).
Of place: neque Jugurtham nisi... suo loco pugnam facere, on his own ground, i. e. chosen by him, favorable, Sall. J. 61, 1:
hic magna auxilia expectabant et suis locis bellum in hiemem ducere cogitabant,
Caes. B. C. 1, 61; cf.:
numquam nostris locis laboravimus,
Liv. 9, 19, 15.—
(β).
Of time:
cum Perseus suo maxime tempore et alieno hostibus incipere bellum posset,
Liv. 42, 43, 3; v. 7. b, infra. —
c.
Of circumstances: sua occasio, a favorable opportunity; sometimes without antecedent:
neque occasioni tuae desis, neque suam occasionem hosti des,
Liv. 22, 39, 21:
tantum abfuit ut ex incommodo alieno sua occasio peteretur,
id. 4, 58, 2:
aestuque suo Locros trajecit,
a favorable tide, id. 23, 41, 11:
ignoranti quem portum petat nullus suus ventus est,
Sen. Ep. 71, 3:
orba suis essent etiamnunc lintea ventis,
Ov. M. 13, 195:
aut ille Ventis iturus non suis,
Hor. Epod. 9, 30. —
6.
Of persons or things, peculiar, particular:
quae est ei (animo) natura? Propria, puto, et sua,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70:
omnis enim motus animi suum quendam a natura habet vultum,
id. de Or. 3, 57, 316:
geometrae et musici... more quodam loquuntur suo. Ipsae rhetorum artes verbis in docendo quasi privatis utuntur ac suis,
id. Fin. 3, 1, 4:
sensus omnis habet suum finem,
its peculiar limits, Quint. 9, 4, 61: animus cum suum ambitum complevit et finibus se suis cinxit, consummatum est summum bonum, Sen. Vit. Beat. 9, 3: est etiam in nominibus ( nouns) diverso collocatis sua gratia, their peculiar elegance, Quint. 9, 3, 86:
ibi non bello aperto, sed suis artibus, fraude et insidiis, est paene circumventus,
Liv. 21, 34, 1:
nec Hannibalem fefellit, suis se artibus peti,
id. 22, 16, 5:
adversus hostem non virtute tantum, sed suis (i. e. hostis) etiam pugnare consiliis oportebat,
Flor. 2, 6, 26:
liberam Minucii temeritatem se suo modo expleturum,
Liv. 22, 28, 2:
equites ovantes sui moris carmine,
id. 10, 26, 11:
exsultans cum sui moris tripudiis,
id. 21, 42, 3:
tripudiantes suo more,
id. 23, 26, 9.—So, suo Marte, referring to the style of fighting peculiar to the different arms:
equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare,
that the cavalry were fighting both in their own style and in that of the other arms, Liv. 3, 62, 9; cf.: suo Marte, 1, c. a, supra.—And distributively ( = suus quisque):
suos autem haec operum genera ut auctores, sic etiam amatores habent,
Quint. 12, 10, 2:
illa vero fatidica fulmina ex alto et ex suis venire sideribus,
Plin. 2, 43, 43, § 113; cf.:
quae quidem planiora suis exemplis reddentur,
Val. Max. 3, 4 prooem.—
7.
Proper, right.
a.
Referring to one's ordinary or normal condition:
quod certe non fecisset, si suum numerum naves habuissent,
their regular complement, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133. — So poet.:
flecte ratem! numerum non habet illa suum,
its full number, Ov. H. 10, 36:
novus exercitus consulibus est decretus: binae legiones cum suo equitatu,
Liv. 40, 36, 6:
cum suo justo equitatu,
id. 21, 17, 8:
totam (disciplinam) in suum statum redegit,
Val. Max. 2, 7, 2:
tranquilla mente et vultu suo,
with the ordinary expression of his face, Sen. Clem. 2, 6, 2:
media pars aeris ab his (ignibus) submota, in frigore suo manet. Natura enim aeris gelida est,
id. Q. N. 2, 10, 4:
cornuaque in patriis non sua vidit aquis,
not natural to her, Ov. H. 14, 90. —
So, non suus, of ingrafted branches and their fruit: miraturque (arbos) novas frondis et non sua poma,
Verg. G. 2, 82. —
b.
Of time, proper, regular, etc. (cf. 5. b, supra).
(α).
The regular time ( = stato tempore):
signum quod semper tempore exoritur suo,
Plaut. Rud. prol. 4:
cum et recte et suo tempore pepererit,
Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 16: aestas suo tempore incanduit...;
tam solstitium quam aequinoctium suos dies retulit,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 16, 3:
omnes venti vicibus suis spirant majore ex parte,
Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128. —
(β).
The right or proper time:
salictum suo tempore caedito,
Cato, R. R. 33:
cessit e vita suo magis quam suorum civium tempore,
the right time for himself, Cic. Brut. 1, 4; so,
exstingui homini suo tempore optabile est,
id. Sen. 23, 85:
Scandilius dicit se suo tempore rediturum,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 139:
si Ardeates sua tempora exspectare velint,
Liv. 4, 7, 6:
Chrysippus dicit, illum... opperiri debere suum tempus, ad quod velut dato signo prosiliat,
Sen. Ben. 2, 25, 3:
quam multi exercitus tempore suo victorem hostem pepulerunt!
Liv. 44, 39, 4. — Without antecedent: sed suo tempore totius sceleris hujus fons aperietur. Cic. Phil. 14, 6, 15; cf.:
de ordine laudis, etc., praecipiemus suo tempore,
Quint. 2, 4, 21. —
(γ).
Suo loco = at the proper place:
quae erant prudentiae propria suo loco dicta sunt,
Cic. Off. 1, 40, 143:
quod reddetur suo loco,
Quint. 11, 1, 16:
ut suo loco dicetur,
Plin. 2, 90, 102, § 221:
inscripta quae suis locis reddam,
id. 1, prooem. § 27; Sen. Ben. 2, 20, 2; cf. 1, c. b; 4. supra. —
(δ).
Suited, appropriate, adapted to one:
in eodem fundo suum quidquid conseri oportet,
Cato, R. R. 7:
siquidem hanc vendidero pretio suo,
at a suitable price, Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 30:
in partes suas digerenda causa,
Quint. 11, 1, 6:
confundetur quidquid in suas partes natura digessit,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 29, 8. — Poet.: haec ego dumque queror, lacrimae sua verba sequuntur, Deque meis oculis in tua membra cadunt, appropriate, i. e. tristia, Ov. H. 14, 67.—Without antecedent: suum quidquid genus talearum serito, any fit kind, i. e. suited to the ground, Cato, R. R. 48. —
8.
Own, with the notion of independence of, or dependence on others (cf. B. 2. g d).
a.
Of political independence: pacem condicionibus his fecerunt ut Capuae suae leges, sui magistratus essent, her own laws, i. e. not subject to Carthage, Liv. 23, 7, 2: liberos [p. 1827] eos ac suis legibus victuros, id. 25, 23, 4. —
Esp. in the phrases suae potestatis or in sua potestate esse, suo jure uti, sui juris esse: Puteolos, qui nunc in sua potestate sunt, suo jure, libertate aequa utuntur, totos occupabunt,
Cic. Agr. 2, 31, 86:
Rhegini potestatis suae ad ultimum remanserunt,
retained their self-government, Liv. 23, 30, 9:
urbem ne quam formulae sui juris facerent,
id. 38, 9, 10. —
b.
Of paternal authority.
(α).
Free from the power of the paterfamilias; in the phrases sui juris esse, suae potestatis esse, to be independent:
quaedam personae sui juris sunt, quaedam alieno juri sunt subjectae, Gai,
Inst. 1, 48:
sui juris sunt familiarum suarum principes, id est pater familiae, itemque mater familiae,
Ulp. Fragm. 4, 1:
liberi parentum potestate liberantur emancipatione. Sed filius quidem ter manumissus sui juris fit, ceteri autem liberi una manumissione sui juris fiunt,
id. ib. 10, 1:
morte patris filius et filia sui juris fiunt,
id. ib. 10, 2:
patres familiarum sunt qui sunt suae potestatis,
Dig. 1, 6, 4:
si modo defunctus testator suae potestatis mortis tempore fuerit,
Gai. Inst. 2, 147. —
With indef. reference: si sui juris sumus,
Dig. 46, 2, 20; cf.:
pro suo possideo, 2. a. supra.—Attributively: sui juris arrogatio feminae,
Cod. Just. 8, 47, 8:
homo sui juris,
ib. 10, § 5.— Trop.:
sapiens numquam semiliber erit: integrae semper libertatis et sui juris,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 5, 3:
non illarum coitu fieri cometen, sed proprium et sui juris esse,
id. Q. N. 7, 12, 2: nullique sunt tam feri et sui juris adfectus, ut non disciplina perdomentur, id. Ira, 2, 12, 3. —
(β).
Subject to paternal authority, in the phrases suus heres, sui liberi; suus heres, an heir who had been in the paternal power of the deceased:
CVI SVVS HERES NON SIT, XII. Tab. fr. 5, 4.—In the jurists without antecedent: sui et necessarii heredes sunt velut filius filiave, nepos neptisve ex filia, deinceps ceteri qui modo in potestate morientis fuerunt,
Gai. Inst. 2, 156:
(emancipati liberi) non sunt sui heredes,
ib. 2, 135:
alia facta est juris interpretatio inter suos heredes,
ib. 3, 15:
datur patrono adversus suos heredes bonorum possessio (where patrono is not the antecedent of suos),
ib. 3, 41:
sui heredes vel instituendi sunt vel exheredandi,
Ulp. Fragm. 22, 14:
accrescunt suis quidem heredibus in partem virilem, extraneis autem in partem dimidiam,
id. ib. 22, 17. —
Sui liberi, children in paternal power: de suis et legitimis liberis,
Cod. Just. 6, 55 inscr.
D.
In particular connections.
1.
With ipse, his own, etc. (cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 696).
a.
Ipse agreeing with the antecedent of suus, the antecedent being,
(α).
A subjectnom.:
(ingenium ejus) valet ipsum suis viribus,
by its own strength, Cic. Cael. 19, 45:
legio Martia non ipsa suis decretis hostem judicavit Antonium?
by its own resolutions, id. Phil. 4, 2, 5:
ruit ipse suis cladibus,
id. ib. 14, 3, 8:
si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis potuissent,
id. de Or. 2, 2, 8:
qui se ipse sua gravitate et castimonia defenderet,
id. Cael. 5, 11:
quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset,
Caes. B. G. 1, 3:
suamet ipsae fraude omnes interierunt,
Liv. 8, 18, 9; 39, 49, 3:
ut saeviret ipse in suum sanguinem effecerunt,
id. 40, 5, 1:
respicerent suum ipsi exercitum,
id. 42, 52, 10; 21, 31, 12; 22, 38, 3; 6, 19, 6.—
(β).
A subject-acc.:
sunt qui dicant eam sua ipsam peremptam mercede,
Liv. 1, 11, 9:
(tribuniciam potestatem) suis ipsam viribus dissolvi,
id. 2, 44, 2.—
(γ).
An object in dat. or acc.:
sic ut ipsis consistendi in suis munitionibus locus non esset,
Caes. B. C. 2, 6:
tribuni (hostem) intra suamet ipsum moenia compulere,
Liv. 6, 36, 4:
alios sua ipsos invidia opportunos interemit,
id. 1, 54, 8; 22, 14, 13.—Suus as adjunct of subject (rare):
aliquando sua praesidia in ipsos consurrexerunt,
their own garrisons revolted against them, Sen. Clem. 1, 26, 1.—
b.
With gen. of ipse, strengthening the possessive notion (cf. 4.;
post-Aug. and very rare, but freq. in modern Lat.): aves (foetus suos) libero caelo suaeque ipsorum fiduciae permittunt,
Quint. 2, 6, 7 (but tuus ipsius occurs in Cic.:
tuo ipsius studio,
Cic. Mur. 4, 9:
tuam ipsius amicitiam,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 4, § 7).—
c.
Both suus and ipse agreeing with the governing noun (very rare; not in Cic. or Caes.): quae tamen in ipso cursu suo dissipata est (= ipsa in cursu suo), in its very course, Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 3 dub.:
suamet ipsa scelera,
Sall. C. 23, 2 (Dietsch ex conj. ipse):
suismet ipsis corporibus,
Liv. 2, 19, 5 MSS. (Weissenb. ex conj. ipsi):
a suismet ipsis praesidiis,
id. 8, 25, 6 MSS. (Weissenb. ipsi).—
2.
With quisque, distributively, each ( every one)... his own; in prose quisque is generally preceded by suus.
a.
Quisque and suus in different cases.
(α).
Quisque as subjectnom.:
sentit enim vim quisque suam quoad possit abuti,
Lucr. 5, 1033:
suo quisque loco cubet,
Cato, R. R. 5:
suum quisque noscat ingenium,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 114:
ad suam quisque (me disciplinam) rapiet,
id. Ac. 2, 36, 114:
quod suos quisque servos in tali re facere voluisset,
id. Mil. 10, 29:
cum suo quisque auxilio uteretur,
Caes. B. C. 1, 51:
celeriter ad suos quisque ordines redit,
id. ib. 3, 37.—In apposition with plur. subj. (freq. in Liv.):
nunc alii sensus quo pacto quisque suam rem Sentiat,
Lucr. 4, 522:
ut omnes cives Romani in suis quisque centuriis prima luce adessent,
that all the Roman citizens should be present, each in his own centuria, Liv. 1, 44, 1:
hinc senatus, hinc plebs, suum quisque intuentes ducem constiterant,
id. 6, 15, 3:
ut (trigemini) pro sua quisque patria dimicent,
id. 1, 24, 2:
stabant compositi suis quisque ordinibus,
id. 44, 38, 11:
(consules) in suas quisque provincias proficiscuntur,
id. 25, 12, 2; 25, 26, 13:
in suo quaeque (stella) motu naturam suam exercent,
Plin. 2, 39, 39, § 106.—With abl. absol.:
omnes, velut dis auctoribus in spem suam quisque acceptis, proelium una voce poscunt,
Liv. 21, 45, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.:
relictis suis quisque stationibus... concurrerunt,
id. 32, 24, 4; 4, 44, 10; 39, 49, 3; 2, 38, 6.—
(β).
With acc. of quisque as subj.:
fabrum esse suae quemque fortunae, App. Claud. ap. Ps.-Sall. Ep. ad Caes. Rep. c. l.: sui quemque juris et retinendi et dimittendi esse dominum,
Cic. Balb. 13, 31:
recipere se in domos suas quemque jussit,
Liv. 25, 10, 9; and (ungrammatically) nom., as apposition to a subj.-acc.:
se non modo suam quisque patriam, sed totam Siciliam relicturos,
id. 26, 29, 3 MSS. (Weissenb. ex conj. quosque).—
(γ).
As adjunct of the subject-nom., with a case of quisque as object, attribut. gen., etc.:
sua cujusque animantis natura est,
Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 25:
sua quemque fraus, suum facinus, suum scelus, etc., de sanitate ac mente deturbat,
id. Pis. 20, 46:
sua quemque fraus et suus terror maxime vexat,
id. Rosc. Am. 24, 67:
suum cuique incommodum ferendum est,
id. Off. 3, 6, 30:
ut solidum suum cuique solvatur,
id. Rab. Post. 17, 46:
ne suus cuique domi hostis esset,
Liv. 3, 16, 3:
ut sua cuique respublica in manu esset,
id. 26, 8, 11:
animus suus cuique ordinem pugnandi dabat,
id. 22, 5, 8:
tentorium suum cuique militi domus ac penates sunt,
id. 44, 39, 5:
suus cuique (stellae) color est,
Plin. 2, 18, 16, § 79:
trahit sua quemque voluptas,
Verg. E. 2, 65:
stat sua cuique dies,
id. A. 10, 467.—
(δ).
As predicate-nom. (v. II. B.):
opinionem, quae sua cuique conjectanti esse potest,
Liv. 6, 12, 3.—
(ε).
As adjunct of subj.-acc.:
suum cuique honorem et gradum redditum gaudeo,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 136:
scientiam autem suam cujusque artis esse,
id. Fin. 5, 9, 26.—
(ζ).
As adjunct of an object, with a case of quisque as object or attribut. gen.: suam cuique sponsam, mihi meam: suum cuique amorem, mihi meum, Atil. Fragm. inc. 1: suom cuique per me uti atque frui licet, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 24 (23), 1:
ut suo quemque appellem nomine,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52:
placet Stoicis suo quamque rem nomine appellare,
Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 1:
ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,
id. Off. 1, 33, 119:
justitia quae suum cuique distribuit,
id. N. D. 3, 15, 38:
in tribuendo suum cuique,
id. Off. 1, 5, 14:
Turnus sui cuique periculi recens erat documentum,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:
in trimatu suo cuique dimidiam esse mensuram futurae certum esse,
Plin. 7, 15, 16, § 73:
certa cuique rerum suarum possessio,
Vell. 2, 89, 4; cf.: qua re suum unicuique studium suaque omnibus delectatio relinquatur, Ps.-Cic. Cons. 26, 93.—With quemque in apposition with acc. plur.:
Camillus vidit intentos opifices suo quemque operi,
Liv. 6, 25, 9; so cujusque in appos. with gen. plur.: trium clarissimorum suae cujusque gentis virorum mors, id. 39, 52, 7; and cuique with dat. plur.: sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam hominibus, Poet. ap. Nep. Att. 11, 6 (where Lachm. ad Lucr. 2, 372, reads quique, ex conj.; cf. b. b, infra).—
b.
Attraction of suus and quisque as adjuncts of nouns.
(α).
Attraction of suus:
ut nemo sit nostrum quin in sensibus sui cujusque generis judicium requirat acrius (= suum cujusque generis judicium),
Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:
quas tamen inter omnes (voces) est suo quoque in genere (vox) mediocris ( = inter omnes voces est mediocris vox, sua quoque in genere),
id. de Or. 3, 57, 216:
eo concilia suae cujusque regionis indici jussit (= sua cujusque regionis concilia),
Liv. 45, 29, 10:
equites suae cuique parti post principia collocat (= equites suos cuique parti),
id. 3, 22, 6:
cum motibus armorum et corporum suae cuique genti assuetis,
id. 25, 17, 5:
legiones deducebantur cum tribunis et centurionibus et sui cujusque ordinis militibus (= suis cujusque),
Tac. A. 14, 27:
quae sui cujusque sunt ingenii,
Quint. 7, 10, 10 Halm (al. sua):
sui cujusque ingenii poma vel semina gerunt (= sua cujusque),
Col. 3, 1;
and by a double attraction: has (cohortes) subsidiariae ternae et aliae totidem suae cujusque legionis subsequebantur (= has cohortes... totidem cujusque legionis, suam quaeque legionem, subsequebantur),
Caes. B. C. 1, 83. —
(β).
Attraction of quisque:
tanta ibi copia venustatum in suo quique loco sita,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 6 (al. quaeque):
quodvis frumentum non tamen omne Quique suo genere inter se simile esse videbis,
Lucr. 2, 372 Lachm. and Munro ad loc.:
cum verba debeant sui cujusque generis copulari,
Varr. L. L. 10, 48:
in sensibus sui cujusque generis judicium,
Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:
haec igitur proclivitas ad suum quodque genus aegrotatio dicatur,
id. Tusc. 4, 12, 28:
separatim greges sui cujusque generis nocte remeabant (= greges sui quisque generis),
Liv. 24, 3, 5:
ut sui cujusque mensis acciperet (frumentum),
Suet. Aug. 40;
and quisque both attracted and in its own case: quia cujusque partis naturae et in corpore et in animo sua quaeque vis sit (where either cujusque or quaeque is redundant),
Cic. Fin. 5, 17, 46; v. Madv. ad loc.; Cato, R. R. 23 fin.;
so esp. in the phrases suo quoque tempore, anno, die, loco, etc.: pecunia, quae in stipendium Romanis suo quoque anno penderetur, deerat (= suo quaeque anno),
each instalment in the year when due, Liv. 33, 46, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.:
suo quoque loco,
Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2; 1, 22, 6:
opera quae suis quibusque temporibus anni vilicum exsequi oporteret,
Col. 11, 3:
suo quoque tempore,
Vitr. 2, 9, 4:
nisi sua quaque die usurae exsolverentur (= sua quaeque die),
Dig. 22, 1, 12 init.; 13, 7, 8, § 3:
ut opera rustica suo quoque tempore faciat,
ib. 19, 2, 25, § 3 (al. quaeque)—
c.
In the order quisque... suus.
(α).
In relative clauses, comparative clauses with ut, and interrogative clauses introduced by quid, etc., where quisque immediately follows the relative, etc.:
ut quisque suom volt esse, ita est,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 45; cf.
with sibi,
Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 49; id. Lael. 9, 30:
expendere oportere quid quisque habeat sui... nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant. Id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,
id. Off. 1, 31, 113:
neque solum quid in senatu quisque civitatis suae dicerent ignorabant, sed, etc.,
Liv. 32, 19, 9:
gratius id fore laetiusque quod quisque sua manu ex hoste captum rettulerit,
id. 5, 20, 8; 6, 25, 10; cf.:
in quibus cum multa sint quae sua quisque dicere velit, nihil est quod quisque suum possit dicere,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 23, 1.—
(β).
If the emphasis is not on suus, but (for quisque, when emphatic, unusquisque is used) on some other word:
in civitates quemque suas... dimisit,
Liv. 21, 48, 2:
in patriam quisque suam remissus est,
Just. 33, 2, 8:
in vestigio quemque suo vidit,
Liv. 28, 22, 15; cf.:
hospitibus quisque suis scribebant,
id. 33, 45, 6:
pro facultatibus quisque suis,
id. 42, 53, 3; cf.:
respiciendae sunt cuique facultates suae,
Sen. Ben. 2, 15, 3:
praecipitat quisque vitam suam et futuri desiderio laborat,
id. Brev. Vit. 7, 5; id. Ben. 7, 5, 1:
tunc praeceps quisque se proripit et penates suos deserit,
id. Q. N. 6, 1, 5; 5, 18, 8:
summum quisque causae suae judicem facit,
Plin. 1, prooem. § 10: aestimatione nocturnae [p. 1828] quietis, dimidio quisque spatio vitae suae vivit, id. 7, 50, 51, § 167.—
(γ).
Poets adopt the order quisque suus when the metre requires it, Verg. A. 6, 743:
oscula quisque suae matri tulerunt,
Ov. F. 2, 715. —
(δ).
When suus and quisque belong to different clauses:
atque earum quaeque, suum tenens munus... manet in lege naturae,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38. —
d.
Suus uterque, or uterque suus, distributively of two subjects:
suas uterque legiones reducit in castra,
Caes. B. C. 1, 40; 2, 28:
ideo quod uterque suam legem confirmare debebit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 142:
cum sui utrosque adhortarentur,
Liv. 1, 25, 1:
ad utrumque ducem sui redierunt,
id. 21, 29, 5:
utraque (lex) sua via it,
Sen. Ben. 6, 6, 1; cf.
uterque, in apposit.: nec ipsi tam inter se acriter contenderunt, quam studia excitaverant uterque sui corporis hominum,
Liv. 26, 48, 6.—
3.
With sibi.
(α).
Sibi with pronom. force (cf. sui, IV. C. fin.):
reddam suum sibi,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 119 ( = ei; but referred to b, infra, by Brix ad loc.); cf.:
suam rem sibi salvam sistam,
id. Poen. 5, 2, 123:
idem lege sibi sua curationem petet,
for himself, Cic. Agr. 2, 9, 22 (cf. id. Phil. 2, 37, 96;
I. B. 2. b. supra): ut vindicare sibi suum fulgorem possint,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 11; cf.
the formula of divorce: tuas res tibi habeto,
Dig. 24, 2, 2.—Hence, illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit, Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69.—
(β).
With sibi redundant, to strengthen suus (anteand post-class. and colloq.):
quo pacto serviat suo sibi patri,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 5:
eum necabam ilico per cerebrum pinna sua sibi, quasi turturem,
id. Poen. 2, 40; v. sui, IV. C. and the passages there cited.—
4.
With gen. agreeing with the subject of suus:
quas cum solus pertulisset ut sua unius in his gratia esset,
that the credit of it should belong to him alone, Liv. 2, 8, 3:
qui de sua unius sententia omnia gerat,
id. 44, 22, 11; cf.:
unam Aegyptus in hoc spem habet suam,
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 2.—For suus ipsius, etc., v. D. 1. b. supra.—
5.
With demonstr., rel., or indef. pronn. and adjj., of his, hers, etc.:
postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam adjutores vos profiteamini,
to this booty of his, Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:
Sestius cum illo exercitu suo,
id. Sest. 5, 12:
qua gravitate sua,
id. ib. 61, 129:
suam rem publicam illam defenderunt,
that republic of theirs, id. ib. 67, 141:
in istum civem suum,
against this citizen of theirs, id. Balb. 18, 41:
cum illo suo pari,
id. Pis. 8, 18:
te nulla sua calamitate civitas satiare potest?
id. Phil. 8, 6, 19:
dubitatis igitur, quin vos M. Laterensis ad suam spem aliquam delegerit,
for some hope of his, id. Planc. 16, 39:
non tam sua ulla spe quam militum impetu tractus,
by any hope of his, Liv. 25, 21, 5:
nullo suo merito,
from no fault of theirs, id. 26, 29, 4:
ipse arcano cum paucis familiaribus suis colloquitur,
with a few of his friends, Caes. B. C. 1, 19.—
6.
With descriptive adjj.
(α).
Standing before the adj. and noun (so most freq.):
suorum improbissimorum sermonum domicilium,
Cic. Pis. 31, 76:
causam sui dementissimi consilii,
id. Phil. 2, 22, 53:
suam insatiabilem crudelitatem,
id. ib. 11, 3, 8:
suis amplissimis fortunis,
id. ib. 13, 8, 16:
suum pristinum morem,
id. Pis. 12, 27:
suis lenissimis postulatis,
Caes. B. C. 1, 5: simili ratione Pompeius in suis veteribus castris consedit (suis emphatic; cf. b, infra), id. ib. 3, 76.—
(β).
Between the adj. and noun (less emphatic):
pro eximiis suis beneficiis,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 4, 7:
propter summam suam humanitatem,
id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:
ex praeteritis suis officiis,
Caes. B. C. 3, 60:
Caesar in veteribus suis castris consedit,
id. ib. 3, 76.—
(γ).
After adj. and noun:
veterem amicum suum excepit,
Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:
in illo ardenti tribunatu suo,
id. Sest. 54, 116.—
7.
Objectively for the pers. pron. (rare):
neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae parvae videntur ( = sibi illatae),
Sall. C. 51, 11; so,
neglectam ab Scipione et nimis leviter latam suam injuriam ratus,
Liv. 29, 9, 9:
ipsae enim leges te a cognitione sua judicio publico reppulerunt ( = a se cognoscendo),
Cic. Balb. 14, 32:
suam invidiam tali morte quaesitam ( = quaesitum esse ab eo ut homines se inviderent),
Tac. A. 3, 16; so,
nulla sua invidia,
Cic. Mil. 15, 40.—
8.
Abl. fem. sua, with refert or interest, for gen. of the pers. pron.: neminem esse qui quomodo se habeat nihil sua censeat interesse, Cic. Fin. 5, 10, 30:
si scit sua nihil interesse utrum anima per os, an per jugulum exeat,
Sen. Ep. 76, 33; v. intersum, III.—
9.
Strengthened by the suffix - pte or -met.
(α).
By - pte (not used with ipse) affixed to the forms sua, suo, and (ante-class.) suum:
quom illa osculata esset suumpte amicum,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 38:
ut terrena suopte nutu et suo pondere in terram ferantur,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:
ferri suopte pondere,
id. N. D. 1, 25, 69:
suapte natura,
id. Fat. 18, 42:
suapte vi et natura,
id. ib. 19, 43; id. Fin. 1, 16, 54; 5, 22, 61:
suopte ingenio,
Liv. 25, 18; so id. 1, 25, 1; 1, 18, 4:
suapte manu,
Cic. Or. 3, 3, 10:
locus suapte natura infestus,
Liv. 44, 6, 9; so,
suapte natura,
id. 4, 22, 4:
flumina suapte natura vasta,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 27, 8; so id. Ben. 4, 17, 2:
sponte suapte,
Varr. L. L. 6, 7, § 70.—
(β).
With - met, almost always followed by ipse (in all forms of suus except suus, suum, suae, and suorum):
suomet ipsi more,
Sall. J. 31, 6:
suomet ipsi instrumento,
Liv. 22, 14, 13:
suomet ipsi metu,
Tac. H. 3, 16 fin.:
suamet ipsum pecunia,
Sall. J. 8, 2:
suamet ipsae fraude,
Liv. 8, 18, 9:
intra suamet ipsum moenia,
id. 6, 36, 4:
suismet ipsi praesidiis,
id. 8, 25, 6:
suismet ipsis corporibus,
id. 2, 19, 5:
suosmet ipsi cives,
id. 2, 9, 5:
suasmet ipse spes,
Tac. A. 3, 66 fin. —Without ipse:
populum suimet sanguinis mercede,
Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 41, 25 Dietsch:
magna pars suismet aut proxumorum telis obtruncabantur,
id. ib. 2, 52 ib.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > suum

7 suus

sŭus, a, um (old form sos, sa, sum; dat. plur. sis, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 301 Mull.; acc. sas. id. ib. p. 325 ib.; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 47; Schol. Pers. 1, 108; sing. sam for suam, Fest. p. 47 Mull.;
so for suo, C. I. L. 5, 2007. In ante-class. verse su- with the following vowel freq. forms one syllable,
Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 48; id. Ps. 1, 3, 5; Ter. And. 1, 1, 68; Lucr. 1, 1022; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 189 sqq.), pron. poss., 3 d pers. [root SVA-; Sanscr. sva, own; cf. sui; Gr. seWo-, whence sphe, etc., and he; cf. heos], of or belonging to himself, herself, etc.; his own, her own, etc.; his, her, its, their; one ' s; hers, theirs.
I.
Ordinary possessive use his, etc. (cf. the similar use of the pers. pron. sui, q. v.).
A.
With antecedent in the same sentence.
1.
The antecedent a subject-nominative, expressed or understood.
(α).
His:
Caesar copias suas divisit,
Caes. B. C. 3, 97:
ille in sua sententia perseverat,
id. ib. 1, 72:
tantam habebat suarum rerum fiduciam,
id. ib. 2, 37:
cum sceleris sui socios Romae reliquisset,
Cic. Cat. 3, 1, 3:
cur ego non ignoscam si anteposuit suam salutem meae?
id. Pis. 32, 79; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Mil. 10, 27; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:
Hanno praefecturam ejus (i.e. Muttinis) filio suo (Hannonis) dedit,
Liv. 26, 40, 7:
imperat princeps civibus suis,
Sen. Clem. 1, 16, 2:
nemo rem suam emit,
id. Ben. 7, 4, 8.—
(β).
Her:
mea Glycerium suos parentes repperit,
Ter. And. 5, 6, 5:
utinam haec ignoraret suum patrem,
id. Phorm. 5, 6, 34:
si nunc facere volt era officium suom,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 72:
ne eadem mulier cum suo conjuge honestissimum adulescentem oppressisse videatur,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78:
si omnibus suis copiis excellentem virum res publica armasset,
id. Phil. 13, 16, 32.—
(γ).
Its:
omne animal, simul et ortum est, et se ipsum et omnes partes suas diligit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 33:
cum mea domus ardore suo deflagrationem Italiae toti minaretur,
id. Planc. 40, 95.—
(δ).
Their: (legiones) si consulem suum reliquerunt, vituperandae sunt Cic. Phil. 5, 2, 4:
mittent aliquem de suo numero,
id. ib. 11, 10, 25:
rationem illi sententiae suae non fere reddebant,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 38:
qui agellos suos redimere a piratis solebant,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 37, § 85:
edicunt ut ad suum vestitum senatores redirent,
id. Sest. 14, 32:
suis finibus eos prohibent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1: Allobrogibus sese persuasuros existimabant ut per suos (Allobrogum) fines eos (Helvetios) ire paterentur, id. id. 1, 6;
and distributively: ac naves onerariae LXIII. in portu expugnatae, quaedam cum suis oneribus, frumento, armis, aere, etc.,
some with their several cargoes, Liv. 26, 47, 9.—
2.
With a subject-clause as antecedent:
id sua sponte apparebat tuta celeribus consiliis praepositurum,
was selfevident, Liv. 22, 38, 13:
ad id quod sua sponte satis collectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,
id. 3, 62, 1:
secutum tamen sua sponte est ut vilior ob ea regi Hannibal et suspectior fieret,
id. 35, 14, 4. —
3.
With subject-acc. as antecedent:
hanc dicam Athenis advenisse cum aliquo amatore suo, Plant. Mil. 2, 2, 86: doceo gratissimum esse in sua tribu Plancium,
Cic. Planc. 19, 47:
cupio eum suae causae confidere,
id. Sest. 64, 135:
suspicari debuit (Milo), eum (Clodium) ad villam suam (Clodii) deversurum,
id. Mil. 19, 51: Medeam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra dissipavisse, id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 22:
(dixit) Caesarem pro sua dignitate debere et studium et iracundiam suam reipublicae dimittere,
Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—
4.
With object-acc. as antecedent.
(α).
Suus being an adjunct of the subject (generally rendered in Engl. by a pass. constr.):
hunc pater suus de templo deduxit,
he was taken from the temple by his father, Cic. Inv. 2, 17, 52:
hunc sui cives e civitate ejecerunt,
id. Sest. 68, 142:
Alexandrum uxor sua... occidit,
id. Inv. 2, 49, 144:
illum ulciscentur mores sui,
id. Att. 9, 12, 2:
quodsi quem natura sua... forte deficiet,
id. Or. 1, 14:
utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat,
Liv. 1, 7, 1:
quas (urbes) sua virtus ac dii juvent, magnas sibi opes facere,
id. 1, 9, 3; 1, 7, 15; 6, 33, 5:
quos nec sua conscientia impulerit, nec, etc.,
id. 26, 33, 3; 25, 14, 7:
consulem C. Marium servus suus interemit,
Val. Max. 6, 8, 2:
quis non Vedium Pollionem pejus oderat quam servi sui?
Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2:
sera dies sit qua illum gens sua caelo adserat,
id. Cons. Poll. 12 (31), 5.—With the antecedent understood from the principal sentence:
ita forma simili pueri ut mater sua internoscere (sc. eos) non posset,
Plaut. Men. prol. 19; and with suus as adjunct both of the subject and of the antecedent: jubet salvere suos vir uxorem suam, id. merc. 4, 3, 11. —
(β).
With impers. verbs:
sunt homines, quos libidinis infamiaeque suae neque pudeat neque taedeat,
Cic. Verr. 1, 12, 35:
video fore ut inimicos tuos poeniteat intemperantiae suae,
id. Fam. 3, 10, 1:
si Caesarem beneficii sui poeniteret,
id. Lig. 10, 29; so id. Agr. 2, 11, 26:
jam ne nobilitatis quidem suae plebejos poenitere,
Liv. 10, 7, 8:
militem jam minus virtutis poenitere suae,
id. 22, 12, 10.—
(γ).
As adjunct of other members of the sentence:
ad parentes suos ducas Silenium,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 86. nam is illius filiam conicit in navem clam matrem suam (i.e. filiae), id. Mil. 2, 1, 34:
eosdem ad quaestoris sui aut imperatoris, aut commilitonum suorum pericula impulistis,
Cic. Phil. 13, 17, 34:
totum enim ex sua patria sustulisti,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 127; id. Or. 3, 32, 126: quem (Hammonium) tibi etiam suo nomine ( on his own account) commendo... itaque peto a te ut ejus procuratorem et ipsum suo nomine diligas, id. Fam. 13, 21, 2:
Caesar Fabium in sua remittit hiberna,
Caes. B. G. 5, 33; id. B. C. 3, 24:
introire ad Ciceronem, et domi suae imparatum confodere,
Sall. C. 28, 1:
suis flammis delete Fidenas,
i. e. the flames kindled by the Fidenates, Liv. 4, 33, 5:
suo igni involvit hostes,
Tac. A. 14, 30:
quid Caesarem in sua fata inmisit?
Sen. Ep. 94, 65; id. Q. N. 1, praef. 7; cf.
with antecedent supplied from preceding sentence: non destiti rogare et petere (sc. Brutum) mea causa, suadere et hortari sua,
Cic. Att. 6, 2, 7.—
5.
With dat. as antecedent.
(α).
As adjunct of subject (cf. 4. supra):
suus rex reginae placet,
a queen likes her own king, Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 76:
ei nunc alia ducenda'st domum, sua cognata Lemniensis,
id. Cist. 1, 1, 101:
Autronio nonne sodales, non collegae sui... defuerunt?
Cic. Sull. 2, 7:
si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt,
id. Cat. 3, 12, 27:
cui non magistri sui atque doctores, cui non... locus ipse... in mente versetur?
id. Planc. 33, 81:
haec omnia plane... Siculis erepta sunt: primum suae leges, etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 33:
Romanis multitudo sua auxit animum,
Liv. 21, 50, 4:
sicuti populo Romano sua fortuna labet,
id. 42, 50, 7:
Lanuvinis sacra sua reddita,
id. 8, 14, 2:
vilitas sua illis detrahit pretium,
Sen. Ben. 4, 29, 2:
nemo est cui felicitas sua satisfaciat,
id. Ep. 115, 17:
labor illi suus restitutus est,
id. Brev. Vit. 20, 3:
magnitudo sua singulis constat,
id. Q. N. 1, 1, 10:
tantum sapienti sua, quantum Dec omnis aetas patet,
id. Ep. 53, 11. —
With antecedent supplied from principal sentence: mater quod suasit sua Adulescens mulier fecit, i.e. ei,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 38.—
(β).
Of other words:
regique Thebano regnum stabilivit suum,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 40:
mittam hodie huic suo die natali malam rem magnam,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 5:
ego Metello non irascor, neque ei suam vacationem eripio,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 68, § 164:
desinant insidiari domui suae consuli,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 32:
quibus ea res honori fuerit a suis civibus,
id. Mil. 35, 96: Scipio suas res Syracusanis restituit, Liv. [p. 1824] 29, 1, 17:
nos non suas (leges Lacedaemoniis arbitror) ademisse, sed nostras leges dedisse,
id. 39, 37, 6:
Graccho et Tuditano provinciae Lucani et Galliae cum suis exercitibus prorogatae,
id. 25, 3, 5.—
6.
With gen., abl., or object of a prep. as antecedent:
nec illius animi aciem praestringit splendor sui nominis,
Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:
nolite a sacris patriis Junonis Sospitae domesticum et suum consulem avellere,
id. Mur. 41, 90:
quamvis tu magna mihi scripseris de Bruti adventu ad suas legiones,
id. Att. 14, 13, 12:
suae legis ad scriptum ipsam quoque sententiam adjungere,
the meaning of their law to which they refer, id. Inv. 2, 49, 147:
cum ambitio alterius suam primum apud eos majestatem solvisset,
Liv. 22, 42, 12:
nunc causam instituendorum ludorum ab origine sua repetam,
Val. Max. 2, 4, 4:
Jubam in regno suo non locorum notitia adjuvet, non popularium pro rege suo virtus,
Sen. Ep. 71, 10; id. Ben. 7, 6, 3; id. Clem. 1, 3, 4.—Esp. with cujusque as antecedent:
in qua deliberatione ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,
Cic. Off. 1, 33, 119 (v. II. D. 2. infra).— Abl.:
operam dare ut sua lex ipso scripto videatur niti,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 147 (cf. supra):
(Caesar reperiebat) ad Galbam propter justitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli summam deferri,
Caes. B. G. 2, 4:
credere, ad suum concilium a Jove deos advocari,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 42, 1.—
7.
With predic. nom. as antecedent:
sapientissimi artis suae professores sunt a quibus et propria studia verecunde et aliena callide administrantur,
Val. Max. 8, 12, 1.—
8.
With appositive noun.
(α).
With gram. subject as antecedent:
hoc Anaximandro, populari ac sodali suo, non persuasit,
Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:
vidit fortissimum virum, inimicissimum suum,
id. Mil. 9, 25:
(hic) fuit in Creta contubernalis Saturnini, propinqui sui,
id. Planc. 11, 27:
ut non per L. Crassum, adfinem suum... causam illam defenderit,
id. Balb. 21, 49:
ne cum hoc T. Broccho, avunculo, ne cum ejus filio, consobrino suo, ne nobiscum vivat,
id. Lig. 4, 11:
Caesar mittit ad eum A. Clodium, suum atque illius familiarem,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57.—
(β).
With object as antecedent:
Dicaearchum cum Aristoxeno, aequali et condiscipulo suo, omittamus,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 18, 41:
tres fratres optimos, non solum sibi ipsos, neque nobis, necessariis suis, sed etiam rei publicae condonavit,
id. Lig. 12, 36:
Varroni, quem, sui generis hominem,... vulgus extrahere ad consulatum nitebatur,
Liv. 22, 34, 2.—
(γ).
With appositive noun as antecedent:
si P. Scipionem, clarissimum virum, majorumque suorum simillimum res publica tenere potuisset,
Cic. Phil. 13, 14, 29:
M. Fabi Ambusti, potentis viri cum inter sui corporis homines, tum ad plebem, etc.,
Liv. 6, 34, 5:
C. vero Fabricii, et Q. Aemilii Papi, principum saeculi sui, domibus argentum fuisse confitear oportet,
Val. Max. 4, 4, 3.—
9.
In participial clauses.
(α).
The antecedent being the logical subject of the participle, and other than the principal subject:
credamus igitur Panaetio, a Platone suo dissentienti ( = qui dissentiebat),
Cic. Tusc. 1, 32, 79:
ea Sex. Roscium, expulsum ex suis bonis, recepit domum,
id. Rosc. Am. 10, 27:
diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit,
id. Imp. Pomp. 9, 23:
Dejotarum ad me venientem cum omnibus copiis suis, certiorem feci, etc.,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 7; id. Cat. 4, 9, 18: si hominis et suis et populi Romani ornamentis amplissimi ( being greatly distinguished) causam repudiassem, id. Mur. 4, 8:
stupentes tribunos et suam jam vicem magis anxios quam, etc., liberavit consensus populi Romani,
Liv. 8, 35, 1; 22, 42, 8:
manet in folio scripta querela suo ( = quam scripsit),
Ov. F. 5, 224; cf. in abl. absol.:
et ipsis (hostibus) regressis in castra sua,
Liv. 22, 60, 9:
quibus (speculis) si unum ostenderis hominem, populus adparet, unaquaque parte faciem exprimente sua,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 5.—
(β).
The logical subject of the participle, being also the principal subject:
sic a suis legionibus condemnatus irrupit in Galliam,
Cic. Phil. 10, 10, 21:
hunc agrum patres nostri, acceptum a majoribus suis ( = quem acceperant), perdiderunt,
id. Agr. 2, 31, 84:
ut in suis ordinibus dispositi dispersos adorirentur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 92: Appius, odium in se aliorum suo in eos metiens odio, haud ignaro, inquit, imminet fortuna, Liv. 3, 54, 3:
ipsa capit Condita in pharetra ( = quae condiderat) tela minora sua,
Ov. F. 2, 326; cf. in abl. absol.:
Sopater, expositis suis difficultatibus ( = cum exposuisset, etc.): Timarchidem... perducit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 69:
Caesar, primum suo deinde omnium ex conspectu remotis equis, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 25:
Campani, audita sua pariter sociorumque clade, legatos ad Hannibalem miserunt,
Liv. 25, 15, 1:
(Appius) deposito suo magistratu... domum est reductus,
id. 4, 24, 7; 3, 35, 9; 9, 10, 13; 9, 41, 9.—
(γ).
The antecedent being the principal subject, not the logical subject of the participle:
M. Papirius dicitur Gallo, barbam suam (i.e. Papirii) permulcenti,... iram movisse,
Liv. 5, 41, 9: cum Gracchus, verecundia deserendi socios, implorantis fidem suam populique Romani, substitisset. id. 23, 36, 8; cf. in abl. absol.:
si sine maximo dedecore, tam impeditis suis rebus, potuisset emori,
Cic. Rab. Post. 10, 29; id. Mil. 14, 38; id. Planc. 21, 51; id. Clu. 14, 42:
ita (consul) proelio uno accidit Vestinorum res, haudquaquam tamen incruento milite suo (consulis),
Liv. 8, 29, 12; cf.
with antecedent to be supplied: Campani, cum, robore juventutis suae acciso, nulla (sc. eis) propinqua spes esset, etc.,
id. 7, 29, 7.—
10.
In gerund. construction. ( a) With subject as antecedent:
mihi ipsa Roma ad complectendum conservatorem suum progredi visa est,
Cic. Pis. 22, 52.—
(β).
With object, the logical subjects of the gerund as antecedent:
cur iis persequendi juris sui... adimis potestatem?
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21:
si senatui doloris sui de me declarandi potestas esset erepta,
id. Sest. 23, 51:
nec tribunis plebis (spatium datur) sui periculi deprecandi,
Caes. B. C. 1, 5.—
(γ).
With antecedent dependent on the gerund:
eamque rem illi putant a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam,
Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19.—
11.
As adjunct of a noun dependent on a subjectinf., with its logical subject as antecedent:
magnum Miloni fuit, conficere illam pestem nulla sua invidia?
Cic. Mil. 15, 40:
neque enim fuit Gabinii, remittere tantum de suo nec regis, imponere tantum plus suis,
his claim, id. Rab. Post. 11, 31:
Piso, cui fructum pietatis suae neque ex me neque a populo Romano ferre licuit,
id. Sest. 31, 68:
ei cujus magis intersit, vel sua, vel rei publicae causa vivere,
id. Off. 3, 23, 90:
sapientis est consilium explicare suum de maximis rebus,
id. Or. 2, 81, 333; id. Mil. 15, 41.—With logical subject understood:
totam Italiam suis colonis ut complere (sc. eis) liceat, permittitur,
Cic. Agr. 2, 13, 34:
maximum (sc. eis) solacium erit, propinquorum eodem monumento declarari, et virtutem suorum, et populi Romani pietatem,
id. Phil. 14, 13, 35.
B.
Without gram. antec., one ' s, one ' s own.
1.
Dependent on subject-inff.:
ejusdem animi est, posteris suis amplitudinem nobis quam non acceperit tradere, et memoriam prope intermortuam generis sui, virtute renovare,
Cic. Mur. 7, 16:
siquidem atrocius est, patriae parentem quam suum occidere,
id. Phil. 2, 13, 31:
miliens perire est melius quam in sua civitate sine armorum praesidio non posse vivere,
id. ib. 2, 44, 112: quanto est honestius, alienis injuriis quam suis commoveri, one ' s own, id. Verr. 2, 3, 72, § 169:
contentum suis rebus esse maximae sunt certissimaeque divitiae,
id. Par. 6, 51:
ut non liceat sui commodi causa nocere alteri,
id. Off. 3, 5, 23:
detrahere de altero sui commodi causa,
id. ib. 3, 5, 24:
suis exemplis melius est uti,
Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2:
levius est sua decreta tollere quam aliorum,
Liv. 3, 21. 5; 39, 5, 2;
29, 37, 11: satius est vitae suae rationes quam frumenti publici nosse,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 18, 3:
quanto satius est sua mala exstinguere quam aliena posteris tradere?
id. Q. N. 3, praef. 5:
cum initia beneficiorum suorum spectare, tum etiam exitus decet,
id. Ben. 2, 14, 2; 3, 1, 5:
Romani nominis gloriae, non suae, composuisse illa decuit,
Plin. 1, prooem. § 16.—With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent: cum possimus ab Ennio sumere... exemplum, videtur esse arrogantia illa relinquere, et ad sua devenire, to one ' s own = to our own, Auct. Her. 4, 1, 2.—
2.
Without a subject-inf.:
omnia torquenda sunt ad commodum suae causae... sua diligenter narrando,
Cic. Inv. 1, 21, 30: ut in ceteris habenda ratio non sua (al. sui) solum, sed etiam aliorum, id. Off. 1, 39, 139:
erat Dareo mite ac tractabile ingenium, nisi suam naturam plerumque fortuna corrumperet (suam not referring to Dareo),
Curt. 3, 2, 17 MSS. (Foss, mansuetam). — With 1 st pers. plur., as indef. antecedent (cf. 1. supra):
non erit ista amicitia sed mercatura quaedam utilitatum suarum,
Cic. N. D. 1, 44, 122; cf.: pro suo possidere, II. A. 2. a. g; and Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73, II. A. 2. b. a; cf. also II. B. 1. a; II. B. 5. c.; II. B. 7. b.; II. C. 8. b. b infra.
C.
With antec. in a previous sentence. Here ejus, eorum, earum are used for his, her, their, unless the clause is oblique in regard to the antecedent, i. e. the antecedent is conceived as the author of the statement.
1.
In clauses dependent on a verbum sentiendi or dicendi, expressed or understood, referring to the grammatical or logical subject of the verb.
a.
In infinitive clauses:
(Clodius) Caesaris potentiam suam potentiam esse dicebat,
Cic. Mil. 32, 88:
(Caelius) a sua (causa) putat ejus (i.e. Ascitii) esse sejunctam,
id. Cael. 10, 24:
ipsos certo scio non negare ad haec bona Chrysogonum accessisse impulsu suo (referring to ipsos),
id. Rosc. Am. 37, 107:
hostes viderunt,... suorum tormentorum usum spatio propinquitatis interire,
Caes. B. C. 2, 16:
docent, sui judicii rem non esse,
id. ib. 1, 13.—The reference of suus may be ambiguous, esp. if an infinitive is dependent on another:
hoc Verrem dicere ajebant, te... opera sua consulem factum, i.e. Verris, though grammatically it might refer to the subj. of aiebant,
Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 29:
(Ariovistus) dixit neminem secum sine sua pernicie contendisse,
Caes. B. G. 1, 36; cf. the context with, in all, eleven reflexive pronouns referring to four different antecedents (populus Romanus, Ariovistus, Caesar, nemo); cf.
also: occurrebat ei, mancam praeturam suam futuram consule Milone,
Cic. Mil. 9, 25; 32, 88; Liv. 3, 42, 2.—
b.
Suus in a clause dependent on inf.:
scio equidem, ut, qui argentum afferret atque expressam imaginem suam (i.e. militis) huc ad nos, cum eo ajebat velle mitti mulierem,
Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 55:
isti bonorum emptores arbitrantur, vos hic sedere qui excipiatis eos qui de suis (i.e. emptorum) manibus effugerint,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 52, 151:
Siculi venisse tempus ajebant ut commoda sua defenderem,
id. Div. in Caecil. 1, 3:
ut tunc tandem sentiret recuperanda esse quae prius sua culpa amissa forent,
Liv. 44, 8, 4. —
Ambiguous: velle Pompejum se Caesari purgatum, ne ea quae reipublicae causa egerit (Pompejus) in suam (i.e. Caesaris) contumeliam vertat (where suam might be referred to Pompejus),
Caes. B. C. 1, 8.—
c.
In oblique clauses introduced by ut or ne, or clauses subordinate to such:
Cassius constituit ut ludi absente te fierent suo nomine,
Cic. Att. 15, 11, 2:
postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam tam nefariam adjutores vos profiteamini,
id. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:
Nasidius eos magnopere hortatur ut rursus cum Bruti classe, additis suis (i.e. Nasidii) auxiliis confligant,
Caes. B. C. 2, 3:
(regem) denuntiasse sibi ut triduo regni sui decederent finibus,
Liv. 42, 25, 12:
Sabinae mulieres, hinc patres, hinc viros orantes, ne parricidio macularent partus suos (i.e. mulierum),
id. 1, 13, 2:
Patron praecepit suis ut arma induerent, ad omne imperium suum parati,
Curt. 5, 11, 1.—With reflex. pron., referring to a different antecedent:
ad hanc (Laidem) Demosthenes clanculum adit, et ut sibi copiam sui faceret, petit,
Gell. 1, 8, 5. —
d.
In subordinate clauses introduced by quin or quod:
(Dejotarus) non recusat quin id suum facinus judices,
Cic. Deiot. 15, 43; so id. ib. 4, 15;
16, 45: parietes hujus curiae tibi gratias agere gestiunt, quod futura sit illa auctoritas in his majorum suorum et suis sedibus,
id. Marcell. 3, 10:
quidni gauderet quod iram suam nemo sentiret?
Sen. Troad. 3, 13:
querenti quod uxor sua e fico se suspendisset,
Quint. 6, 3, 88;
and with intentional ambiguity: cum Proculejus quereretur de filio quod is mortem suam expectaret,
id. 9, 3, 68. —
e.
In interrogative clauses:
si, quod officii sui sit, non occurrit animo, nihil umquam omnino aget,
Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 25:
ut non auderet iterum dicere quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,
id. Caecin. 10, [p. 1825] 28:
donec sciat unisquisque quid sui, quid alieni sit,
Liv. 6, 27, 8:
rex ignarus, quae cum Hannibale legatis suis convenisset, quaeque legati ejus ad se allaturi fuissent,
id. 23, 39, 2:
postquam animadvertit quantus agminis sui terror esset,
id. 43, 19, 5. —
2.
In a virtually oblique clause.
a.
In final clause, introduced by ut, ne, or rel., referring to the subject of the purpose:
me a portu praemisit domum, ut haec nuntiem uxori suae,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 41:
quasi Appius ille Caecus viam muniverit, non qua populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sui posteri latrocinarentur, i. e. Appii,
Cic. Mil. 7, 17:
quae gens ad Caesarem legatos mise. rat, ut suis omnibus facultatibus uteretur,
Caes. B. C. 3, 80:
inde castra movent, ne qua vis sociis suis ab Romano exercitu inferri possit,
Liv. 43, 23, 5:
(Romani) Albam a fundamentis proruerunt, ne memoria originum suarum exstaret,
id. 26, 13, 16:
oppidani nuntios Romam, qui certiorem de suo casu senatum facerent, misere,
id. 6, 33, 7; cf.:
tanto intervallo ab hostibus consedit, ut nec adventus suus propinquitate nimia nosci posset, et, etc.,
Liv. 10, 20, 7:
Datames locum delegit talem ut non multum obesse multitudo hostium suae paucitati posset,
Nep. Dat. 7, 3:
quid si gubernator a diis procellas petat ut gratior ars sua periculo fiat?
Sen. Ben. 6, 25, 4. —
b.
In other dependent clauses represented as conceived by an antecedent in the principal sentence:
Sulla, si sibi suus pudor ac dignitas non prodesset, nullum auxilium requisivit ( = negavit se defendi velle, si, etc.),
Cic. Sull. 5, 15:
Paetus omnes libros quos frater suus reliquisset mihi donavit ( = dixit se donare libros quos, etc.),
id. Att. 2, 1, 12:
non enim a te emit, sed, priusquam tu suum sibi venderes, ipse possedit ( = potitus est, ne, etc.),
id. Phil. 2, 37, 96:
Africanus, si sua res ageretur, testimonium non diceret,
id. Rosc. Am. 36, 3:
ille ipse (Pompejus) proposuit epistulam illam, in qua est Pro tuis rebus gestis amplissimis. Amplioribusne quam suis, quam Africani?
id. Att. 8, 9, 2:
spiritus dabat (Manlio) quod... vinculorum suorum invidiam dictator fugisset,
Liv. 6, 18, 4:
(Numa) Camenis eum lucum sacravit, quod earum ibi concilia cum conjuge sua Egeria essent,
id. 1, 21, 3:
adulescens deos omnis invocare ad gratiam illi pro se referendam, quoniam sibi nequaquam satis facultatis pro suo animo atque illius erga se esset,
id. 26, 50, 4 (cf. D. 1. a. infra).
D.
In the place of ejus.
1.
In clauses virtually oblique, but with indicative, being conceived by the antecedent (hence suus, not ejus), but asserted as fact by the author (hence indicative, not subjunctive):
Cicero tibi mandat ut Aristodemo idem respondeas, quod de fratre suo (Ciceronis) respondisti,
Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4:
oriundi ab Sabinis, ne, quia post Tatii mortem ab sua parte non erat regnatum, imperium amitterent, sui corporis creari regem volebant,
Liv. 1, 17, 2:
C. Caesar villam pulcherrimam, quia mater sua aliquando in illa custodita erat, diruit,
Sen. Ira, 3, 21, 5:
Philemonem, a manu servum, qui necem suam per venenum inimicis promiserat, non gravius quam simplici morte punivit,
Suet. Caes. 74; cf.:
quomodo excandescunt si quid e juba sua decisum est,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 12, 3.—
2.
To avoid ambiguity:
petunt rationes illius (Catilinae) ut orbetur consilio res publica, ut minuatur contra suum (i.e. Catilinae) furorem imperatorum copia (instead of ejus, which might be referred to res publica),
Cic. Mur. 39, 83:
equites a cornibus positos, cum jam pelleretur media peditum suorum acies, incurrisse ab lateribus ferunt,
Liv. 1, 37, 3.—
3.
Colloquially and in epistolary style suus is used emphatically instead of ejus, with the meaning own, peculiar: deinde ille actutum subferret suus servus poenas Sosia, his own slave (opp. Mercury, who personates Sosias), Plaut. Am. 3, 4, 19: mira erant in civitatibus ipsorum furta Graecorum quae magistratus sui fecerant, their own magistrates ( = ipsorum), Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5:
in quibus (litteris Bruti) unum alienum summa sua prudentia (est), ut spectem ludos suos,
his peculiar prudence, id. ib. 15, 26, 1; so,
quod quidem ille (Nero) decernebat, quorumdam dolo ad omina sui exitus vertebatur,
Tac. A. 16, 24; cf. II. A. 1. b and g; II. A. 2. a. b; II. B. 3.—
4.
Without particular emphasis (mostly ante- and post-class. and poet.):
tum erit tempestiva cum semen suum maturum erit,
Cato, R. R. 31:
vitis si macra erit, sarmenta sua concidito minute,
id. ib. 37:
qui sic purgatus erit, diuturna valetudine utatur, neque ullus morbus veniet, nisi sua culpa,
id. ib. 157:
Cimon in eandem invidiam incidit quam pater suus,
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:
id qua ratione consecutus sit (Lysander) latet. Non enim virtute sui exercitus factum est, etc.,
id. Lys. 1, 2:
ipse sub Esquiliis, ubi erat regia sua, Concidit,
Ov. F. 6, 601:
quodque suus conjux riguo collegerat horto, Truncat olus foliis,
id. M. 8, 646; so id. ib. 15, 819.
II.
In partic.
A.
As substt.
1.
sui, suorum, m., his, their (etc.) friends, soldiers, fellow-beings, equals, adherents, followers, partisans, posterity, slaves, family, etc., of persons in any near connection with the antecedent.
(α).
(Corresp. to the regular usage, I. A. B. C.) Cupio abducere ut reddam (i.e. eam) suis, to her family, friends, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 77; cf. id. ib. 1, 2, 66:
cum animus societatem caritatis coierit cum suis, omnesque natura conjunctos suos duxerit,
fellow-beings, Cic. Leg. 1, 23, 60:
mulier ingeniosa praecepit suis omnia Caelio pollicerentur,
her slaves, id. Cael. 25, 62:
quo facilius et nostras domos obire, et ipse a suis coli possit,
his friends, id. ib. 7, 18:
qua gratiam beneficii vestri cum suorum laude conjungant,
their family, id. Agr. 2, 1, 1:
vellem hanc contemptionem pecuniae suis reliquisset,
to his posterity, id. Phil. 3, 6, 16:
cum divisurum se urbem palam suis polliceretur,
his partisans, id. ib. 13, 9, 19:
Caesar, cohortatus suos, proelium commisit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 25; so,
Curio exercitum reduxit, suis omnibus praeter Fabium incolumibus,
id. B. C. 2, 35:
Caesar receptui suorum timens,
id. ib. 3, 46:
certior ab suis factus est, praeclusas esse portas,
id. ib. 2, 20:
omnium suorum consensu, Curio bellum ducere parabat,
id. ib. 2, 37: so,
Pompejus suorum omnium hortatu statuerat proelio decertare,
id. ib. 3, 86:
Caesar Brundisium ad suos severius scripsit,
to his officers, id. ib. 3, 25:
naviculam conscendit cum paucis suis,
a few of his followers, id. ib. 3, 104:
multum cum suis consiliandi causa secreto praeter consuetudinem loqueretur,
id. ib. 1, 19:
nupsit Melino, adulescenti inprimis inter suos et honesto et nobili,
his equals, associates, Cic. Clu. 5, 11:
rex raptim a suis in equum impositus fugit,
his suite, Liv. 41, 4, 7:
subsidio suorum proelium restituere,
comrades, id. 21, 52, 10:
feras bestias... ad opem suis ferendam avertas,
their young, id. 26, 13, 12:
abstulit sibi in suos potestatem,
his slaves, Sen. Ira, 3, 12, 6:
Besso et Nabarzani nuntiaverant sui regem... interemptum esse,
their fellow - conspirators, Curt. 5, 12, 14. — Very rarely sing.:
ut bona mens suis omnibus fuerit. Si quem libido abripuit, illorum eum, cum quibus conjuravit, non suum judicet esse,
Liv. 39, 16, 5.—
(β).
Irregular use (acc. to I. D.): sui = ejus amici, etc. (freq.;
the absolute use of ejus in this sense being inadmissible): quasi vero quisquam dormiat? ne sui quidem hoc velint, non modo ipse (sui = ejus amici, liberi),
Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:
is (annus) ejus omnem spem... morte pervertit. Fuit hoc luctuosum suis, acerbum patriae, etc.,
id. Or. 3, 2, 8:
quadrigas, quia per suos ( = ipsius milites) agendae erant, in prima acie locaverat rex,
Liv. 37, 41, 8:
auctoritatem Pisistrati qui inter suos ( = ejus cives) maxima erat,
id. 37, 12:
quo cum multitudine adversariorum sui superarentur, ipse fuit superior, etc.,
Nep. Hann. 8, 4; v. g.—
(γ).
Without antecedent (cf. I. B. supra): quoties necesse est fallere aut falli a suis, by one ' s friends, Sen. Phoen. 493.—
(δ).
Sing.: sŭa, suae. f., a sweetheart, mistress (rare): illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit. Cic. Phil. 2, 28. 69:
cedo quid hic faciet sua?
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 92.—
2.
sŭum, i, n., and more freq. sŭa, suorum, n. plur., = one ' s property.
a.
Sing.
(α).
Lit.:
nec suom adimerem alteri,
his property, his own, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 38 (34):
nunc si ille salvos revenit, reddam suom sibi (v. D. 3. a. infra),
id. ib. 1, 2, 119:
illum studeo quam facillime ad suum pervenire,
Cic. Fam. 13, 26, 4:
populi Romani hanc esse consuetudinem ut socios sui nihil deperdere velit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 43; cf. Cic. Rab. Post. 11, 3, I. A. 11. supra:
nec donare illi de suo dicimur,
Sen. Ben. 7, 4, 2; so esp. with quisque; v. infra — Hence, de suo = per se, or sua sponte;
(stellae) quae per igneos tractus labentia inde splendorem trahant caloremque, non de suo clara,
Sen. Q. N. 7, 1, 6. —
(β).
Trop.:
meum mihi placebat, illi suum (of a literary essay),
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 3: suom quemque decet, his own manners, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 4, 11; so, expendere oportet quid quisque habeat sui ( what peculiarities) nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant;
id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 113.—
(γ).
Jurid. term: aliquid pro suo possidere, to possess in the belief of one ' s legal right:
pro suo possessio tale est, cum dominium nobis acquiri putamus. Et ea causa possidemus ex qua acquiritur, et praeterea pro suo,
Dig. 41, 10, 1;
so without an antecedent, and referring to a first person: item re donata, pro donato et pro suo possideo,
ib. 41, 10, 1; v. the whole tit. ib. 42, 10 (Pro suo); cf. ib. 23, 3, 67; cf. C., infra fin.;
similarly: usucapere pro suo = acquire dominion by a possession pro suo, Fragm. Vat. 111: res pro suo, quod justam causam possidendi habet, usucapit,
id. ib. 260; Dig. 41, 3, 27. —
b.
Plur.
(α).
One ' s property:
Roscius tibi omnia sua praeter animam tradidit,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 146:
qui etiam hostibus externis victis sua saepissime reddiderunt,
id. Agr. 1, 6, 19:
tu autem vicinis tuis Massiliensibus sua reddis,
id. Att. 14, 14, 6:
Remi legatos miserunt qui dicerent se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3, 2; 1, 11, 2; 2, 13, 2:
ipsi milites alveos informes quibus se suaque transveherent, faciebant,
their baggage, Liv. 21, 26, 9:
docere eos qui sua permisere fortunae,
Sen. Q. N. 3, praef. 7; so without an antecedent, one ' s own property (cf. I. B. 2. supra):
hanc ob causam maxime ut sua tenerentur res publicae constitutae sunt,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73;
rarely = eorum res: quod vero etiam sua reddiderint (i.e. Gallis),
Liv. 39, 55, 3. —
(β).
One ' s own affairs:
aliena ut melius videant et dijudicent Quam sua,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 96:
cognoscunt... immobile agmen et sua quemque molientem,
Liv. 10, 20, 8:
omnia ei hostium non secus quam sua nota erant,
id. 22, 41, 5:
aliena cum suis perdidit,
Sen. Ben. 7, 16, 3.— Absol., referring to a noun fem.: sua (finxit) C. Cassius ( = suas persuasiones; cf.
the context),
Quint. 6, 3, 90.
B.
Predicative uses: suum esse, facere, fieri, putare, etc., like a gen. poss., to be, etc., the property, or under the dominion, control, power of the antecedent.
1.
Of property in things.
(α).
Corporeal:
scripsit causam dicere Prius aurum quare sit suum,
Ter. Eun. prol. 11:
nihil erat cujusquam quod non hoc anno suum fore putabat (Clodius),
Cic. Mil. 32, 87:
quia suum cujusque fit, eorum quae natura fuerant communia quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat,
id. Off. 1, 7, 21:
Juba suam esse praedicans praedam,
Caes. B. C. 3, 84:
gratum sibi populum facturum, si omnes res Neapolitanorum suas duxissent,
Liv. 22, 32, 8: libros esse dicimus Ciceronis;
eosdem Dorus librarius suos vocat,
Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 1:
cum enim istarum personarum nihil suum esse possit,
since these persons can own nothing, Gai. Inst. 2, 96; cf. Dig. 1, 7, 15 pr.—Virtually predicative:
referas ad eos qui suam rem nullam habent ( = rem quae sua sit),
nothing of their own, Cic. Phil. 2, 6, 15:
qui in potestate nostra est, nihil suum habere potest,
Gai. Inst. 2, 84. — ( b) Of literary works:
quae convenere in Andriam ex Perinthia Fatetur transtulisse, atque usum pro suis ( = quasi sua essent),
Ter. And. prol. 14:
potest autem... quae tum audiet... ingenue pro suis dicere,
his own thoughts, Quint. 12, 3, 3.—
(γ).
Of a country or people:
suum facere = suae dicionis facere: commemorat ut (Caesar) magnam partem Italiae beneficio atque auctoritate eorum suam fecerit,
Caes. B. C. 2, 32:
in quam (Asiam) jam ex parte suam fecerit,
Liv. 44, 24, 4:
crudelissima ac superbissima gens sua omnia suique arbitrii facit,
id. 21, 44, 5.—
(δ).
Trop.:
omnia sua putavit quae vos vestra esse velletis,
Cic. Phil. 11, 12, 27:
non meminit, illum exercitum senatus populique Romani esse, non suum,
id. ib. 13, 6, 4: [p. 1826] probavit, non rempublicam suam esse, sed se reipublicae, Sen. Clem. 1, 19, 8;
so of incorporeal things: hi si velint scire quam brevis eorum vita sit, cogitent ex quota parte sua sit,
how much of it is their own, id. Brev. Vit. 19, 3; so, suum facere, to appropriate:
prudentis est, id quod in quoque optimum est, si possit, suum facere,
Quint. 10, 2, 26:
quaeremus quomodo animus (hanc virtutem) usu suam faciat,
Sen. Clem. 1, 3, 1.—
2.
Of persons.
(α).
Under a master ' s or father ' s control:
ut lege caverent, ne quis quem civitatis mutandae causa suum faceret, neve alienaret,
make any one his slave, Liv. 41, 8, 12: quid eam tum? suamne esse ajebat, his daughter, i.e. in his power? Ter. And. 5, 4, 29:
eduxit mater pro sua ( = quasi sua esset),
id. Eun. 1, 2, 76.—
(β).
Reflexively = sui juris, independent, one ' s own master or mistress, not subject to another ' s control, under one ' s own control (v. sui juris, infra):
ancilla, quae mea fuit hodie, sua nunc est,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 3.—
(γ).
Of moral power over others: suus = devoted to one:
hice hoc munere arbitrantur Suam Thaidem esse,
Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 38:
eos hic fecit suos Paulo sumptu,
id. Ad. 5, 4, 21:
sed istunc exora, ut (mulierem) suam esse adsimulet,
to be friendly to him, id. Heaut. 2, 3, 117:
cum Antonio sic agens ut perspiciat, si in eo negotio nobis satisfecerit, totum me futurum suum,
Cic. Att. 14, 1 a, 2:
Alpheus... utebatur populo sane suo,
devoted to him, id. Quint. 7, 29.— Poet.: vota suos habuere deos, the vows (inst. of the persons uttering them) had the gods on their side, Ov. M. 4, 373. —
(δ).
Of power over one's self, etc.:
nam qui sciet ubi quidque positum sit, quaque eo veniat, is poterit eruere, semperque esse in disputando suus,
self-possessed, Cic. Fin. 4, 4, 10:
inaestimabile bonum est suum fieri,
selfcontrol, Sen. Ep. 75, 18:
(furiosus) qui suus non est,
Dig. 42, 4, 7, § 9:
vix sua, vix sanae virgo Niseia compos Mentis erat,
Ov. M. 8, 35. —
3.
Suum est, as impers. predicate: = ejus est, characteristic of, peculiar to one (very rare):
dixit antea, sed suum illud est, nihil ut affirmet,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99.
C.
Attributive usages, almost always (except in Seneca) with suus before its noun.
1.
The property, relations, affairs, etc., of one opposed to those of another, own.
a.
Opposition expressed:
nihil de suo casu, multa de vestro querebatur,
Cic. Balb. 8, 21:
sua sibi propiora pericula quam mea loquebantur,
id. Sest. 18, 40:
suasque et imperatoris laudes canentes,
Liv. 45, 38, 12:
damnatione collegae et sua,
id. 22, 35, 3:
Senecae fratris morte pavidum et pro sua incolumitate pavidum,
Tac. A. 14, 73:
velut pro Vitellio conquerentes suum dolorem proferebant,
id. H. 3, 37;
opp. alienus: ut suo potius tempore mercatorem admitterent, quam celerius alieno,
at a time convenient to themselves, Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 11. —Without antecedent, opp. externus:
(Platoni) duo placet esse motus, unum suum, alterum externum, esse autem divinius quod ipsum ex se sua sponte moveatur, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 2, 12, 32. —
b.
Implied:
voluptatem suis se finibus tenere jubeamus,
within the limits assigned to it, Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 1:
cum vobis immortale monumentum suis paene manibus senatus... exstruxerit,
id. Phil. 14, 12, 33:
superiores (amnes) in Italia, hic (Rhodanus) trans Alpes, hospitales suas tantum, nec largiores quam intulere aquas vehentes,
Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 224: colligitur aqua ex imbribus;
ex suo fonte nativa est,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 3:
pennas ambo non habuere suas (non suas = alienas),
Ov. Tr. 3, 4, 24. —
c.
In particular phrases. ( a) Sua sponte and suo Marte, of one ' s own accord, by one ' s self, without the suggestion, influence, aid, etc., of others:
Caesar bellum contra Antonium sua sponte suscepit,
Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5:
sua sponte ad Caesarem in jus adierunt,
Caes. B. C. 1, 87.—So of things, = per se, by or of itself, for itself, for its own sake:
jus et omne honestum sua sponte expetendum (cf. in the context: per se igitur jus est expetendum),
Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 48: justitium sua sponte inceptum priusquam indiceretur, by itself, i. e. without a decree, Liv. 9, 7, 8; so,
sortes sua sponte attenuatas,
id. 22, 1, 11 (cf. id. 22, 38, 13; 35, 14, 4, I. A. 2., supra): rex enim ipse, sua sponte, nullis commentariis Caesaris, simul atque audivit ejus interitum suo Marte res suas recuperavit, Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 95.—
(β).
Suus locus, in milit. lang., one ' s own ground, position, or lines:
restitit suo loco Romana acies (opp. to the advance of the enemy),
Liv. 22, 16, 2.—So figuratively:
et staturas suo loco leges,
Sen. Ben. 2, 20, 2:
aciem instruxit primum suis locis, pauloque a castris Pompeji longius,
Caes. B. C. 3, 84 (cf.: suo loco, 7. b. g, infra).—
(γ).
For suo jure v. 3. infra.—
(δ).
Sua Venus = one's own Venus, i. e. good luck (v. Venus): ille non est mihi par virtutibus, nec officiis;
sed habuit suam Venerem,
Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 2. —
2.
Of private relations (opp. to public):
ut in suis rebus, ita in re publica luxuriosus nepos,
Cic. Agr. 2, 18, 48:
deinde ut communibus pro communibus utatur, privatis ut suis,
id. Off. 1, 7, 20:
quod oppidum Labienus sua pecunia exaedificaverat,
Caes. B. C. 1, 15:
militibus agros ex suis possessionibus pollicetur,
i. e. his private property, id. ib. 1, 17; Sen. Ben. 7, 6, 3. —
3.
Of just rights or claims:
imperatori senatuique honos suus redditus,
due to them, Liv. 3, 10, 3:
neque inpedimento fuit, quominus religionibus suus tenor suaque observatio redderetur,
Val. Max. 1, 1, 8:
quibus omnibus debetur suus decor,
Quint. 11, 1, 41. —
So distributively: is mensibus suis dimisit legionem,
in the month in which each soldier was entitled to his discharge, Liv. 40, 41, 8. — Esp.: suo jure (so, meo, nostro, tuo, etc., jure), by his own right:
Tullus Hostilius qui suo jure in porta nomen inscripsit,
Cic. Phil. 13, 12, 26:
earum rerum hic A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo jure debet,
id. Arch. 1, 1; id. Marcell. 2, 6; id. Phil. 2, 25, 62; id. Balb. 8, 21:
numquam illum res publica suo jure esset ulta,
by its unquestionable right, id. Mil. 33, 88. —
4.
Of that to which one is exclusively devoted:
huic quaestioni suum diem dabimus,
a day for its exclusive discussion, Sen. Ep. 94, 52:
homini autem suum bonum ratio est,
his exclusive good, id. ib. 76, 10:
in majorem me quaestionem vocas, cui suus locus, suus dies dandus est,
id. Q. N. 2, 46, 1. —
With proprius: mentio inlata apud senatum est, rem suo proprio magistratu egere,
that the business needed a particular officer exclusively for itself, Liv. 4, 8, 4:
et Hannibalem suo proprio occupandum bello,
id. 27, 38, 7; cf.:
dissupasset hostes, ni suo proprio eum proelio equites Volscorum exceptum tenuissent,
in which they alone fought, id. 3, 70, 4:
mare habet suas venas quibus impletur,
by which it alone is fed, Sen. Q. N. 3, 14, 3. —
5.
According to one ' s liking, of one ' s own choice.
a.
Of persons, devoted to one, friendly, dear:
Milone occiso (Clodius) habuisset suos consules,
after his own heart, Cic. Mil. 33, 89:
collegit ipse se contra suum Clodium,
his dear Clodius, id. Pis. 12, 27 (cf.: suum facere, habere, II. B. 2. g).—
b.
Of things, favorable.
(α).
Of place: neque Jugurtham nisi... suo loco pugnam facere, on his own ground, i. e. chosen by him, favorable, Sall. J. 61, 1:
hic magna auxilia expectabant et suis locis bellum in hiemem ducere cogitabant,
Caes. B. C. 1, 61; cf.:
numquam nostris locis laboravimus,
Liv. 9, 19, 15.—
(β).
Of time:
cum Perseus suo maxime tempore et alieno hostibus incipere bellum posset,
Liv. 42, 43, 3; v. 7. b, infra. —
c.
Of circumstances: sua occasio, a favorable opportunity; sometimes without antecedent:
neque occasioni tuae desis, neque suam occasionem hosti des,
Liv. 22, 39, 21:
tantum abfuit ut ex incommodo alieno sua occasio peteretur,
id. 4, 58, 2:
aestuque suo Locros trajecit,
a favorable tide, id. 23, 41, 11:
ignoranti quem portum petat nullus suus ventus est,
Sen. Ep. 71, 3:
orba suis essent etiamnunc lintea ventis,
Ov. M. 13, 195:
aut ille Ventis iturus non suis,
Hor. Epod. 9, 30. —
6.
Of persons or things, peculiar, particular:
quae est ei (animo) natura? Propria, puto, et sua,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70:
omnis enim motus animi suum quendam a natura habet vultum,
id. de Or. 3, 57, 316:
geometrae et musici... more quodam loquuntur suo. Ipsae rhetorum artes verbis in docendo quasi privatis utuntur ac suis,
id. Fin. 3, 1, 4:
sensus omnis habet suum finem,
its peculiar limits, Quint. 9, 4, 61: animus cum suum ambitum complevit et finibus se suis cinxit, consummatum est summum bonum, Sen. Vit. Beat. 9, 3: est etiam in nominibus ( nouns) diverso collocatis sua gratia, their peculiar elegance, Quint. 9, 3, 86:
ibi non bello aperto, sed suis artibus, fraude et insidiis, est paene circumventus,
Liv. 21, 34, 1:
nec Hannibalem fefellit, suis se artibus peti,
id. 22, 16, 5:
adversus hostem non virtute tantum, sed suis (i. e. hostis) etiam pugnare consiliis oportebat,
Flor. 2, 6, 26:
liberam Minucii temeritatem se suo modo expleturum,
Liv. 22, 28, 2:
equites ovantes sui moris carmine,
id. 10, 26, 11:
exsultans cum sui moris tripudiis,
id. 21, 42, 3:
tripudiantes suo more,
id. 23, 26, 9.—So, suo Marte, referring to the style of fighting peculiar to the different arms:
equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare,
that the cavalry were fighting both in their own style and in that of the other arms, Liv. 3, 62, 9; cf.: suo Marte, 1, c. a, supra.—And distributively ( = suus quisque):
suos autem haec operum genera ut auctores, sic etiam amatores habent,
Quint. 12, 10, 2:
illa vero fatidica fulmina ex alto et ex suis venire sideribus,
Plin. 2, 43, 43, § 113; cf.:
quae quidem planiora suis exemplis reddentur,
Val. Max. 3, 4 prooem.—
7.
Proper, right.
a.
Referring to one's ordinary or normal condition:
quod certe non fecisset, si suum numerum naves habuissent,
their regular complement, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 133. — So poet.:
flecte ratem! numerum non habet illa suum,
its full number, Ov. H. 10, 36:
novus exercitus consulibus est decretus: binae legiones cum suo equitatu,
Liv. 40, 36, 6:
cum suo justo equitatu,
id. 21, 17, 8:
totam (disciplinam) in suum statum redegit,
Val. Max. 2, 7, 2:
tranquilla mente et vultu suo,
with the ordinary expression of his face, Sen. Clem. 2, 6, 2:
media pars aeris ab his (ignibus) submota, in frigore suo manet. Natura enim aeris gelida est,
id. Q. N. 2, 10, 4:
cornuaque in patriis non sua vidit aquis,
not natural to her, Ov. H. 14, 90. —
So, non suus, of ingrafted branches and their fruit: miraturque (arbos) novas frondis et non sua poma,
Verg. G. 2, 82. —
b.
Of time, proper, regular, etc. (cf. 5. b, supra).
(α).
The regular time ( = stato tempore):
signum quod semper tempore exoritur suo,
Plaut. Rud. prol. 4:
cum et recte et suo tempore pepererit,
Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 16: aestas suo tempore incanduit...;
tam solstitium quam aequinoctium suos dies retulit,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 16, 3:
omnes venti vicibus suis spirant majore ex parte,
Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128. —
(β).
The right or proper time:
salictum suo tempore caedito,
Cato, R. R. 33:
cessit e vita suo magis quam suorum civium tempore,
the right time for himself, Cic. Brut. 1, 4; so,
exstingui homini suo tempore optabile est,
id. Sen. 23, 85:
Scandilius dicit se suo tempore rediturum,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 139:
si Ardeates sua tempora exspectare velint,
Liv. 4, 7, 6:
Chrysippus dicit, illum... opperiri debere suum tempus, ad quod velut dato signo prosiliat,
Sen. Ben. 2, 25, 3:
quam multi exercitus tempore suo victorem hostem pepulerunt!
Liv. 44, 39, 4. — Without antecedent: sed suo tempore totius sceleris hujus fons aperietur. Cic. Phil. 14, 6, 15; cf.:
de ordine laudis, etc., praecipiemus suo tempore,
Quint. 2, 4, 21. —
(γ).
Suo loco = at the proper place:
quae erant prudentiae propria suo loco dicta sunt,
Cic. Off. 1, 40, 143:
quod reddetur suo loco,
Quint. 11, 1, 16:
ut suo loco dicetur,
Plin. 2, 90, 102, § 221:
inscripta quae suis locis reddam,
id. 1, prooem. § 27; Sen. Ben. 2, 20, 2; cf. 1, c. b; 4. supra. —
(δ).
Suited, appropriate, adapted to one:
in eodem fundo suum quidquid conseri oportet,
Cato, R. R. 7:
siquidem hanc vendidero pretio suo,
at a suitable price, Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 30:
in partes suas digerenda causa,
Quint. 11, 1, 6:
confundetur quidquid in suas partes natura digessit,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 29, 8. — Poet.: haec ego dumque queror, lacrimae sua verba sequuntur, Deque meis oculis in tua membra cadunt, appropriate, i. e. tristia, Ov. H. 14, 67.—Without antecedent: suum quidquid genus talearum serito, any fit kind, i. e. suited to the ground, Cato, R. R. 48. —
8.
Own, with the notion of independence of, or dependence on others (cf. B. 2. g d).
a.
Of political independence: pacem condicionibus his fecerunt ut Capuae suae leges, sui magistratus essent, her own laws, i. e. not subject to Carthage, Liv. 23, 7, 2: liberos [p. 1827] eos ac suis legibus victuros, id. 25, 23, 4. —
Esp. in the phrases suae potestatis or in sua potestate esse, suo jure uti, sui juris esse: Puteolos, qui nunc in sua potestate sunt, suo jure, libertate aequa utuntur, totos occupabunt,
Cic. Agr. 2, 31, 86:
Rhegini potestatis suae ad ultimum remanserunt,
retained their self-government, Liv. 23, 30, 9:
urbem ne quam formulae sui juris facerent,
id. 38, 9, 10. —
b.
Of paternal authority.
(α).
Free from the power of the paterfamilias; in the phrases sui juris esse, suae potestatis esse, to be independent:
quaedam personae sui juris sunt, quaedam alieno juri sunt subjectae, Gai,
Inst. 1, 48:
sui juris sunt familiarum suarum principes, id est pater familiae, itemque mater familiae,
Ulp. Fragm. 4, 1:
liberi parentum potestate liberantur emancipatione. Sed filius quidem ter manumissus sui juris fit, ceteri autem liberi una manumissione sui juris fiunt,
id. ib. 10, 1:
morte patris filius et filia sui juris fiunt,
id. ib. 10, 2:
patres familiarum sunt qui sunt suae potestatis,
Dig. 1, 6, 4:
si modo defunctus testator suae potestatis mortis tempore fuerit,
Gai. Inst. 2, 147. —
With indef. reference: si sui juris sumus,
Dig. 46, 2, 20; cf.:
pro suo possideo, 2. a. supra.—Attributively: sui juris arrogatio feminae,
Cod. Just. 8, 47, 8:
homo sui juris,
ib. 10, § 5.— Trop.:
sapiens numquam semiliber erit: integrae semper libertatis et sui juris,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 5, 3:
non illarum coitu fieri cometen, sed proprium et sui juris esse,
id. Q. N. 7, 12, 2: nullique sunt tam feri et sui juris adfectus, ut non disciplina perdomentur, id. Ira, 2, 12, 3. —
(β).
Subject to paternal authority, in the phrases suus heres, sui liberi; suus heres, an heir who had been in the paternal power of the deceased:
CVI SVVS HERES NON SIT, XII. Tab. fr. 5, 4.—In the jurists without antecedent: sui et necessarii heredes sunt velut filius filiave, nepos neptisve ex filia, deinceps ceteri qui modo in potestate morientis fuerunt,
Gai. Inst. 2, 156:
(emancipati liberi) non sunt sui heredes,
ib. 2, 135:
alia facta est juris interpretatio inter suos heredes,
ib. 3, 15:
datur patrono adversus suos heredes bonorum possessio (where patrono is not the antecedent of suos),
ib. 3, 41:
sui heredes vel instituendi sunt vel exheredandi,
Ulp. Fragm. 22, 14:
accrescunt suis quidem heredibus in partem virilem, extraneis autem in partem dimidiam,
id. ib. 22, 17. —
Sui liberi, children in paternal power: de suis et legitimis liberis,
Cod. Just. 6, 55 inscr.
D.
In particular connections.
1.
With ipse, his own, etc. (cf. Zumpt, Gram. § 696).
a.
Ipse agreeing with the antecedent of suus, the antecedent being,
(α).
A subjectnom.:
(ingenium ejus) valet ipsum suis viribus,
by its own strength, Cic. Cael. 19, 45:
legio Martia non ipsa suis decretis hostem judicavit Antonium?
by its own resolutions, id. Phil. 4, 2, 5:
ruit ipse suis cladibus,
id. ib. 14, 3, 8:
si ex scriptis cognosci ipsi suis potuissent,
id. de Or. 2, 2, 8:
qui se ipse sua gravitate et castimonia defenderet,
id. Cael. 5, 11:
quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset,
Caes. B. G. 1, 3:
suamet ipsae fraude omnes interierunt,
Liv. 8, 18, 9; 39, 49, 3:
ut saeviret ipse in suum sanguinem effecerunt,
id. 40, 5, 1:
respicerent suum ipsi exercitum,
id. 42, 52, 10; 21, 31, 12; 22, 38, 3; 6, 19, 6.—
(β).
A subject-acc.:
sunt qui dicant eam sua ipsam peremptam mercede,
Liv. 1, 11, 9:
(tribuniciam potestatem) suis ipsam viribus dissolvi,
id. 2, 44, 2.—
(γ).
An object in dat. or acc.:
sic ut ipsis consistendi in suis munitionibus locus non esset,
Caes. B. C. 2, 6:
tribuni (hostem) intra suamet ipsum moenia compulere,
Liv. 6, 36, 4:
alios sua ipsos invidia opportunos interemit,
id. 1, 54, 8; 22, 14, 13.—Suus as adjunct of subject (rare):
aliquando sua praesidia in ipsos consurrexerunt,
their own garrisons revolted against them, Sen. Clem. 1, 26, 1.—
b.
With gen. of ipse, strengthening the possessive notion (cf. 4.;
post-Aug. and very rare, but freq. in modern Lat.): aves (foetus suos) libero caelo suaeque ipsorum fiduciae permittunt,
Quint. 2, 6, 7 (but tuus ipsius occurs in Cic.:
tuo ipsius studio,
Cic. Mur. 4, 9:
tuam ipsius amicitiam,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 4, § 7).—
c.
Both suus and ipse agreeing with the governing noun (very rare; not in Cic. or Caes.): quae tamen in ipso cursu suo dissipata est (= ipsa in cursu suo), in its very course, Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 3 dub.:
suamet ipsa scelera,
Sall. C. 23, 2 (Dietsch ex conj. ipse):
suismet ipsis corporibus,
Liv. 2, 19, 5 MSS. (Weissenb. ex conj. ipsi):
a suismet ipsis praesidiis,
id. 8, 25, 6 MSS. (Weissenb. ipsi).—
2.
With quisque, distributively, each ( every one)... his own; in prose quisque is generally preceded by suus.
a.
Quisque and suus in different cases.
(α).
Quisque as subjectnom.:
sentit enim vim quisque suam quoad possit abuti,
Lucr. 5, 1033:
suo quisque loco cubet,
Cato, R. R. 5:
suum quisque noscat ingenium,
Cic. Off. 1, 31, 114:
ad suam quisque (me disciplinam) rapiet,
id. Ac. 2, 36, 114:
quod suos quisque servos in tali re facere voluisset,
id. Mil. 10, 29:
cum suo quisque auxilio uteretur,
Caes. B. C. 1, 51:
celeriter ad suos quisque ordines redit,
id. ib. 3, 37.—In apposition with plur. subj. (freq. in Liv.):
nunc alii sensus quo pacto quisque suam rem Sentiat,
Lucr. 4, 522:
ut omnes cives Romani in suis quisque centuriis prima luce adessent,
that all the Roman citizens should be present, each in his own centuria, Liv. 1, 44, 1:
hinc senatus, hinc plebs, suum quisque intuentes ducem constiterant,
id. 6, 15, 3:
ut (trigemini) pro sua quisque patria dimicent,
id. 1, 24, 2:
stabant compositi suis quisque ordinibus,
id. 44, 38, 11:
(consules) in suas quisque provincias proficiscuntur,
id. 25, 12, 2; 25, 26, 13:
in suo quaeque (stella) motu naturam suam exercent,
Plin. 2, 39, 39, § 106.—With abl. absol.:
omnes, velut dis auctoribus in spem suam quisque acceptis, proelium una voce poscunt,
Liv. 21, 45, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.:
relictis suis quisque stationibus... concurrerunt,
id. 32, 24, 4; 4, 44, 10; 39, 49, 3; 2, 38, 6.—
(β).
With acc. of quisque as subj.:
fabrum esse suae quemque fortunae, App. Claud. ap. Ps.-Sall. Ep. ad Caes. Rep. c. l.: sui quemque juris et retinendi et dimittendi esse dominum,
Cic. Balb. 13, 31:
recipere se in domos suas quemque jussit,
Liv. 25, 10, 9; and (ungrammatically) nom., as apposition to a subj.-acc.:
se non modo suam quisque patriam, sed totam Siciliam relicturos,
id. 26, 29, 3 MSS. (Weissenb. ex conj. quosque).—
(γ).
As adjunct of the subject-nom., with a case of quisque as object, attribut. gen., etc.:
sua cujusque animantis natura est,
Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 25:
sua quemque fraus, suum facinus, suum scelus, etc., de sanitate ac mente deturbat,
id. Pis. 20, 46:
sua quemque fraus et suus terror maxime vexat,
id. Rosc. Am. 24, 67:
suum cuique incommodum ferendum est,
id. Off. 3, 6, 30:
ut solidum suum cuique solvatur,
id. Rab. Post. 17, 46:
ne suus cuique domi hostis esset,
Liv. 3, 16, 3:
ut sua cuique respublica in manu esset,
id. 26, 8, 11:
animus suus cuique ordinem pugnandi dabat,
id. 22, 5, 8:
tentorium suum cuique militi domus ac penates sunt,
id. 44, 39, 5:
suus cuique (stellae) color est,
Plin. 2, 18, 16, § 79:
trahit sua quemque voluptas,
Verg. E. 2, 65:
stat sua cuique dies,
id. A. 10, 467.—
(δ).
As predicate-nom. (v. II. B.):
opinionem, quae sua cuique conjectanti esse potest,
Liv. 6, 12, 3.—
(ε).
As adjunct of subj.-acc.:
suum cuique honorem et gradum redditum gaudeo,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 136:
scientiam autem suam cujusque artis esse,
id. Fin. 5, 9, 26.—
(ζ).
As adjunct of an object, with a case of quisque as object or attribut. gen.: suam cuique sponsam, mihi meam: suum cuique amorem, mihi meum, Atil. Fragm. inc. 1: suom cuique per me uti atque frui licet, Cato ap. Gell. 13, 24 (23), 1:
ut suo quemque appellem nomine,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52:
placet Stoicis suo quamque rem nomine appellare,
Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 1:
ad suam cujusque naturam consilium est omne revocandum,
id. Off. 1, 33, 119:
justitia quae suum cuique distribuit,
id. N. D. 3, 15, 38:
in tribuendo suum cuique,
id. Off. 1, 5, 14:
Turnus sui cuique periculi recens erat documentum,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:
in trimatu suo cuique dimidiam esse mensuram futurae certum esse,
Plin. 7, 15, 16, § 73:
certa cuique rerum suarum possessio,
Vell. 2, 89, 4; cf.: qua re suum unicuique studium suaque omnibus delectatio relinquatur, Ps.-Cic. Cons. 26, 93.—With quemque in apposition with acc. plur.:
Camillus vidit intentos opifices suo quemque operi,
Liv. 6, 25, 9; so cujusque in appos. with gen. plur.: trium clarissimorum suae cujusque gentis virorum mors, id. 39, 52, 7; and cuique with dat. plur.: sui cuique mores fingunt fortunam hominibus, Poet. ap. Nep. Att. 11, 6 (where Lachm. ad Lucr. 2, 372, reads quique, ex conj.; cf. b. b, infra).—
b.
Attraction of suus and quisque as adjuncts of nouns.
(α).
Attraction of suus:
ut nemo sit nostrum quin in sensibus sui cujusque generis judicium requirat acrius (= suum cujusque generis judicium),
Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:
quas tamen inter omnes (voces) est suo quoque in genere (vox) mediocris ( = inter omnes voces est mediocris vox, sua quoque in genere),
id. de Or. 3, 57, 216:
eo concilia suae cujusque regionis indici jussit (= sua cujusque regionis concilia),
Liv. 45, 29, 10:
equites suae cuique parti post principia collocat (= equites suos cuique parti),
id. 3, 22, 6:
cum motibus armorum et corporum suae cuique genti assuetis,
id. 25, 17, 5:
legiones deducebantur cum tribunis et centurionibus et sui cujusque ordinis militibus (= suis cujusque),
Tac. A. 14, 27:
quae sui cujusque sunt ingenii,
Quint. 7, 10, 10 Halm (al. sua):
sui cujusque ingenii poma vel semina gerunt (= sua cujusque),
Col. 3, 1;
and by a double attraction: has (cohortes) subsidiariae ternae et aliae totidem suae cujusque legionis subsequebantur (= has cohortes... totidem cujusque legionis, suam quaeque legionem, subsequebantur),
Caes. B. C. 1, 83. —
(β).
Attraction of quisque:
tanta ibi copia venustatum in suo quique loco sita,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 6 (al. quaeque):
quodvis frumentum non tamen omne Quique suo genere inter se simile esse videbis,
Lucr. 2, 372 Lachm. and Munro ad loc.:
cum verba debeant sui cujusque generis copulari,
Varr. L. L. 10, 48:
in sensibus sui cujusque generis judicium,
Cic. Ac. 2, 7, 19:
haec igitur proclivitas ad suum quodque genus aegrotatio dicatur,
id. Tusc. 4, 12, 28:
separatim greges sui cujusque generis nocte remeabant (= greges sui quisque generis),
Liv. 24, 3, 5:
ut sui cujusque mensis acciperet (frumentum),
Suet. Aug. 40;
and quisque both attracted and in its own case: quia cujusque partis naturae et in corpore et in animo sua quaeque vis sit (where either cujusque or quaeque is redundant),
Cic. Fin. 5, 17, 46; v. Madv. ad loc.; Cato, R. R. 23 fin.;
so esp. in the phrases suo quoque tempore, anno, die, loco, etc.: pecunia, quae in stipendium Romanis suo quoque anno penderetur, deerat (= suo quaeque anno),
each instalment in the year when due, Liv. 33, 46, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.:
suo quoque loco,
Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 2; 1, 22, 6:
opera quae suis quibusque temporibus anni vilicum exsequi oporteret,
Col. 11, 3:
suo quoque tempore,
Vitr. 2, 9, 4:
nisi sua quaque die usurae exsolverentur (= sua quaeque die),
Dig. 22, 1, 12 init.; 13, 7, 8, § 3:
ut opera rustica suo quoque tempore faciat,
ib. 19, 2, 25, § 3 (al. quaeque)—
c.
In the order quisque... suus.
(α).
In relative clauses, comparative clauses with ut, and interrogative clauses introduced by quid, etc., where quisque immediately follows the relative, etc.:
ut quisque suom volt esse, ita est,
Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 45; cf.
with sibi,
Cic. Leg. 1, 18, 49; id. Lael. 9, 30:
expendere oportere quid quisque habeat sui... nec velle experiri quam se aliena deceant. Id enim maxime quemque decet quod est cujusque maxime suum,
id. Off. 1, 31, 113:
neque solum quid in senatu quisque civitatis suae dicerent ignorabant, sed, etc.,
Liv. 32, 19, 9:
gratius id fore laetiusque quod quisque sua manu ex hoste captum rettulerit,
id. 5, 20, 8; 6, 25, 10; cf.:
in quibus cum multa sint quae sua quisque dicere velit, nihil est quod quisque suum possit dicere,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 23, 1.—
(β).
If the emphasis is not on suus, but (for quisque, when emphatic, unusquisque is used) on some other word:
in civitates quemque suas... dimisit,
Liv. 21, 48, 2:
in patriam quisque suam remissus est,
Just. 33, 2, 8:
in vestigio quemque suo vidit,
Liv. 28, 22, 15; cf.:
hospitibus quisque suis scribebant,
id. 33, 45, 6:
pro facultatibus quisque suis,
id. 42, 53, 3; cf.:
respiciendae sunt cuique facultates suae,
Sen. Ben. 2, 15, 3:
praecipitat quisque vitam suam et futuri desiderio laborat,
id. Brev. Vit. 7, 5; id. Ben. 7, 5, 1:
tunc praeceps quisque se proripit et penates suos deserit,
id. Q. N. 6, 1, 5; 5, 18, 8:
summum quisque causae suae judicem facit,
Plin. 1, prooem. § 10: aestimatione nocturnae [p. 1828] quietis, dimidio quisque spatio vitae suae vivit, id. 7, 50, 51, § 167.—
(γ).
Poets adopt the order quisque suus when the metre requires it, Verg. A. 6, 743:
oscula quisque suae matri tulerunt,
Ov. F. 2, 715. —
(δ).
When suus and quisque belong to different clauses:
atque earum quaeque, suum tenens munus... manet in lege naturae,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 13, 38. —
d.
Suus uterque, or uterque suus, distributively of two subjects:
suas uterque legiones reducit in castra,
Caes. B. C. 1, 40; 2, 28:
ideo quod uterque suam legem confirmare debebit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 142:
cum sui utrosque adhortarentur,
Liv. 1, 25, 1:
ad utrumque ducem sui redierunt,
id. 21, 29, 5:
utraque (lex) sua via it,
Sen. Ben. 6, 6, 1; cf.
uterque, in apposit.: nec ipsi tam inter se acriter contenderunt, quam studia excitaverant uterque sui corporis hominum,
Liv. 26, 48, 6.—
3.
With sibi.
(α).
Sibi with pronom. force (cf. sui, IV. C. fin.):
reddam suum sibi,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 119 ( = ei; but referred to b, infra, by Brix ad loc.); cf.:
suam rem sibi salvam sistam,
id. Poen. 5, 2, 123:
idem lege sibi sua curationem petet,
for himself, Cic. Agr. 2, 9, 22 (cf. id. Phil. 2, 37, 96;
I. B. 2. b. supra): ut vindicare sibi suum fulgorem possint,
Sen. Q. N. 1, 1, 11; cf.
the formula of divorce: tuas res tibi habeto,
Dig. 24, 2, 2.—Hence, illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit, Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69.—
(β).
With sibi redundant, to strengthen suus (anteand post-class. and colloq.):
quo pacto serviat suo sibi patri,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 5:
eum necabam ilico per cerebrum pinna sua sibi, quasi turturem,
id. Poen. 2, 40; v. sui, IV. C. and the passages there cited.—
4.
With gen. agreeing with the subject of suus:
quas cum solus pertulisset ut sua unius in his gratia esset,
that the credit of it should belong to him alone, Liv. 2, 8, 3:
qui de sua unius sententia omnia gerat,
id. 44, 22, 11; cf.:
unam Aegyptus in hoc spem habet suam,
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 2.—For suus ipsius, etc., v. D. 1. b. supra.—
5.
With demonstr., rel., or indef. pronn. and adjj., of his, hers, etc.:
postulat ut ad hanc suam praedam adjutores vos profiteamini,
to this booty of his, Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 6:
Sestius cum illo exercitu suo,
id. Sest. 5, 12:
qua gravitate sua,
id. ib. 61, 129:
suam rem publicam illam defenderunt,
that republic of theirs, id. ib. 67, 141:
in istum civem suum,
against this citizen of theirs, id. Balb. 18, 41:
cum illo suo pari,
id. Pis. 8, 18:
te nulla sua calamitate civitas satiare potest?
id. Phil. 8, 6, 19:
dubitatis igitur, quin vos M. Laterensis ad suam spem aliquam delegerit,
for some hope of his, id. Planc. 16, 39:
non tam sua ulla spe quam militum impetu tractus,
by any hope of his, Liv. 25, 21, 5:
nullo suo merito,
from no fault of theirs, id. 26, 29, 4:
ipse arcano cum paucis familiaribus suis colloquitur,
with a few of his friends, Caes. B. C. 1, 19.—
6.
With descriptive adjj.
(α).
Standing before the adj. and noun (so most freq.):
suorum improbissimorum sermonum domicilium,
Cic. Pis. 31, 76:
causam sui dementissimi consilii,
id. Phil. 2, 22, 53:
suam insatiabilem crudelitatem,
id. ib. 11, 3, 8:
suis amplissimis fortunis,
id. ib. 13, 8, 16:
suum pristinum morem,
id. Pis. 12, 27:
suis lenissimis postulatis,
Caes. B. C. 1, 5: simili ratione Pompeius in suis veteribus castris consedit (suis emphatic; cf. b, infra), id. ib. 3, 76.—
(β).
Between the adj. and noun (less emphatic):
pro eximiis suis beneficiis,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 4, 7:
propter summam suam humanitatem,
id. Fam. 15, 14, 1:
ex praeteritis suis officiis,
Caes. B. C. 3, 60:
Caesar in veteribus suis castris consedit,
id. ib. 3, 76.—
(γ).
After adj. and noun:
veterem amicum suum excepit,
Cic. Rab. Post. 16, 43:
in illo ardenti tribunatu suo,
id. Sest. 54, 116.—
7.
Objectively for the pers. pron. (rare):
neque cuiquam mortalium injuriae suae parvae videntur ( = sibi illatae),
Sall. C. 51, 11; so,
neglectam ab Scipione et nimis leviter latam suam injuriam ratus,
Liv. 29, 9, 9:
ipsae enim leges te a cognitione sua judicio publico reppulerunt ( = a se cognoscendo),
Cic. Balb. 14, 32:
suam invidiam tali morte quaesitam ( = quaesitum esse ab eo ut homines se inviderent),
Tac. A. 3, 16; so,
nulla sua invidia,
Cic. Mil. 15, 40.—
8.
Abl. fem. sua, with refert or interest, for gen. of the pers. pron.: neminem esse qui quomodo se habeat nihil sua censeat interesse, Cic. Fin. 5, 10, 30:
si scit sua nihil interesse utrum anima per os, an per jugulum exeat,
Sen. Ep. 76, 33; v. intersum, III.—
9.
Strengthened by the suffix - pte or -met.
(α).
By - pte (not used with ipse) affixed to the forms sua, suo, and (ante-class.) suum:
quom illa osculata esset suumpte amicum,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 38:
ut terrena suopte nutu et suo pondere in terram ferantur,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:
ferri suopte pondere,
id. N. D. 1, 25, 69:
suapte natura,
id. Fat. 18, 42:
suapte vi et natura,
id. ib. 19, 43; id. Fin. 1, 16, 54; 5, 22, 61:
suopte ingenio,
Liv. 25, 18; so id. 1, 25, 1; 1, 18, 4:
suapte manu,
Cic. Or. 3, 3, 10:
locus suapte natura infestus,
Liv. 44, 6, 9; so,
suapte natura,
id. 4, 22, 4:
flumina suapte natura vasta,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 27, 8; so id. Ben. 4, 17, 2:
sponte suapte,
Varr. L. L. 6, 7, § 70.—
(β).
With - met, almost always followed by ipse (in all forms of suus except suus, suum, suae, and suorum):
suomet ipsi more,
Sall. J. 31, 6:
suomet ipsi instrumento,
Liv. 22, 14, 13:
suomet ipsi metu,
Tac. H. 3, 16 fin.:
suamet ipsum pecunia,
Sall. J. 8, 2:
suamet ipsae fraude,
Liv. 8, 18, 9:
intra suamet ipsum moenia,
id. 6, 36, 4:
suismet ipsi praesidiis,
id. 8, 25, 6:
suismet ipsis corporibus,
id. 2, 19, 5:
suosmet ipsi cives,
id. 2, 9, 5:
suasmet ipse spes,
Tac. A. 3, 66 fin. —Without ipse:
populum suimet sanguinis mercede,
Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 41, 25 Dietsch:
magna pars suismet aut proxumorum telis obtruncabantur,
id. ib. 2, 52 ib.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > suus

8 avere

1. v/t have

avere 20 anni be 20 (years old)

avere fame/sonno be hungry/sleepy

avere caldo/freddo be hot/cold

avere qualcosa da fare have something to do

avercela con qualcuno have it in for someone

che hai? what's up with you?

2. v/aux have

hai visto Tony? have you seen Tony?

hai vistoTony ieri? did you see Tony yesterday?

3. m finance credit

dare e avere debits and credits

averi m pl wealth sg

* * *

avere s.m.

1 ( patrimonio) property, possession; estate; riches (pl.): perse tutti i suoi averi al gioco, he gambled away all his possessions (o everything he had)

2 (comm.) assets (pl.); (amm.) assets side, credit side, credit: a quanto ammonta il suo avere?, what are his assets? // a vostro avere, to your credit // dare e avere, debit and credit.

avere v. ausiliare ( nella formazione dei tempi composti) to have: ho letto il tuo libro, I've read your book; ''Hai finito?'' ''Non ancora'', ''Have you finished?'' ''Not yet''; Maria ha appena telefonato, Mary has just phoned; avevamo già visto quel film, we had already seen that film; se avessi avuto tempo, ti avrei accompagnato, if I had had time, I would have gone with you; non avendo avuto risposta, pensai che non ci fosse nessuno, not having got (o not having had) any reply, I thought there was no one in; deve aver avuto molti problemi in famiglia, he must have had a lot of family problems

◆ v.tr.

1 ( possedere) to have (got) (nell'uso amer. le forme interr. e neg. richiedono l'ausiliare do): hanno una casa in campagna, they have (o they've got) a house in the country; sua madre ha molti gioielli, her mother's got a lot of jewellery; ha gli occhi azzurri e i capelli biondi, she's got fair hair and blue eyes; aveva una bella voce, she had a lovely voice; per ottenere quel posto, occorre avere la laurea in economia e commercio, to get that job you need (to have) a degree in economics; avere la febbre, il raffreddore, to have a temperature, a cold; non ho soldi, I haven't got (amer. I don't have) any money; ''Hai la macchina?'' ''No, non ce l'ho'', ''Have you got (amer. do you have) a car?'' ''No, I haven't (amer. No, I don't)'' // avere il diritto di fare qlco., to have a (o the) right to do sthg.: ho il diritto di sapere dove sei stato, I have a right to know where you've been; avere del sadico, to have a cruel streak // avere di qlcu., qlco. ( rassomigliargli), to have a look of s.o., sthg.: ha ( molto) di suo padre, he has a look of his father

2 ( tenere) to have: ha sempre le mani in tasca, he has his hands in his pockets all the time; non avevo niente in mano, I had nothing (o I didn't have anything) in my hands; aveva un giornale sotto il braccio, he had a newspaper under his arm

3 ( indossare) to have on, to wear*: aveva un abito nuovo, she had a new dress on; aveva ( addosso) un vecchio cappotto, she was wearing an old coat; ha sempre gli occhiali, he always wears glasses; non aveva niente addosso, he had nothing on

4 (acquistare, ottenere, ricevere) to get*: avere un incarico, un premio, un lavoro, to get a post, a prize, a job; ha avuto 100.000 euro dalla vendita della casa, he got 100,000 euros from the sale of his house // vedrò se posso averlo a metà prezzo, I'll see if I can get it for half price // avere una casa in eredità, to inherit a house

5 (sentire, provare) to feel*: avere compassione per qlcu., to feel sorry for s.o.; avere voglia di piangere, to feel like crying; non ho nessuna simpatia per quel genere di comportamento, I don't feel any sympathy for that kind of behaviour; avere caldo, freddo, to feel hot, cold ∙ In questo significato è spesso reso in ingl. col v. to be: avere fame, to be hungry; avere sete, to be thirsty; avere paura, to be afraid; avere vergogna, to be ashamed; avere interesse per qlco., to be interested in sthg.; avere sonno, to be sleepy // avere sentore di qlco., to get wind of sthg.

6 avere da, ( dovere) to have to (do sthg.): ho da lavorare tutto il giorno, I have (got) to work all day; non avete che da rispondere 'sì' o 'no', you have only (got) to say 'yes' or 'no' // Nella forma interr. o negativa richiede l'ausiliare do o il rafforzamento con got: hai molto da studiare per domani?, have you got (o do you have) much studying to do for tomorrow?; non abbiamo niente da fare stasera, we haven't got (o we don't have) anything to do this evening

7 (con uso impers.) ( verificarsi) to be: si è avuto un calo delle nascite, there has been a drop in the birthrate; i meteorologi prevedono che si avrà un aumento della nuvolosità sull'arco alpino, the weathermen say there will be an increase in cloud over the Alps // non si è avuto l'esito sperato, we didn't get the result we'd hoped for.

◆ FRASEOLOGIA: che hai?, what's the matter with you? // ''Quanti anni hai?'' ''Ho sedici anni'', ''How old are you?'' ''I'm sixteen'' // avere bisogno, to need: non ho bisogno di aiuto, I don't need any help // avere in odio, to hate // avere una mezza intenzione di fare qlco., to have half a mind to do sthg. // avere parte, to take part (in) // avere sembianza, to look like // avere a mente, to remember // avere a cuore, to have at heart // avere ragione, torto, to be right, wrong // non avere niente a che fare con qlcu., qlco., to have nothing to do with s.o., sthg. //avercela con qlcu., to have it in for s.o. // aversela a male, to take offence, to be offended: non avertela a male se non vengo alla festa, don't be offended if I don't come to the party //avere qlcu. dalla propria parte, to have s.o. on one's side // avere molte probabilità di riuscire, to stand a good chance (of succeeding) // avere per regola di fare qlco., to make it a rule to do sthg.

* * *

1. [a'vere]
vb irreg vt
1) (gen) to have, (ricevere, ottenere) to get, (indossare) to wear, have on

avere da bere — to have something to drink

avere da mangiare — to have something to eat

non ha soldi — he has no money, he doesn't have any money, he hasn't got any money

ho le mani sporche — my hands are dirty

aveva le mani che gli tremavano — his hands were shaking

2) (età, forma, colore) to be

quanti anni hai? — how old are you?

ho vent' anni — I am twenty (years old)

ha 2 anni più di me — he's two years older than me

aveva la mia stessa età — he was the same age as me

avere fame — to be hungry

avere paura — to be afraid

3)

(tempo) ne hai ancora per molto? — have you got much longer to go?

ne avremo ancora per due giorni prima di arrivare a Londra — we've got another two days to go before we get to London

quanti ne abbiamo oggi? — what's the date today?

4)

(fraseologia) averne fin sopra i capelli fam — to be fed up to the teeth

ce l'hai con me? — are you angry with me?

cos'hai? — what's wrong o what's the matter (with you)?

avere qc da fare — to have sth to do

ho ancora due lettere da scrivere — I have to o must write another two letters, I've still got two letters to write

non hai che da dirglielo — you only have to tell him

non hai da preoccuparti per me — you don't have to o needn't worry about me

ma cos'hai da lamentarti? — what have you got to complain about?

questo non ha niente a che vedere o fare con me — that's got nothing to do with me

2. vb aus

(con participio passato) lo hai/avevi sentito? — have/had you heard from him?

l'ho incontrata ieri — I met her yesterday

quando l'avrò visto, ti dirò — when I've seen him, I'll let you know

3. vb impers

si è avuto un risultato imprevisto — there was a surprising result

ieri si è avuto un abbassamento di temperatura — there was a drop in temperature yesterday

4. sm

1)

il dare e l'avere Fin — debits and credits pl

2)

(ricchezze) gli averi smpl — wealth sg, fortune sg

* * *
I 1. [a'vere]
verbo transitivo

1) (possedere) to have* (got), to own [macchina, casa, libro]; to hold* [azioni, carta da gioco, diploma]

non ho una, la macchina — I don't own a car, I don't have a car

2) (trovarsi a disposizione)

ho ancora una settimana di vacanze — I still have a week's holiday left

avere tempo — to have (got) time

hai un attimo di tempo per aiutarmi? — can you spare the time to help me?

hai da accendere? — have you got a light?

3) (presentare caratteristiche fisiche o morali) to have*

avere gli occhi azzurri, i capelli corti — to have blue eyes, short hair

avere la barba — to wear a beard

hai la camicia sporca — your shirt is dirty

4) (in rapporti di parentela) to have* [moglie, figli, sorella]

5) (contenere, annoverare) to have* [abitanti, dipendenti, stanze, piani]

6) (con indicazione di età, tempo)

quanti anni hai? — how old are you?

hanno la stessa età — they are the same age

quanti ne abbiamo oggi? — what's the date today?

7) (ottenere, ricevere)

ha avuto il primo premio — he got o won first prize

ho avuto la parte! — I got the part!

avere buone notizie — to receive o get good news

avere notizie di qcn. — to hear from sb

8) (tenere) to have*, to keep*

avere qcs. a portata di mano — to have o keep sth. at hand

che hai in mano? — what have you got in your hand?

9) (indossare) to wear*, to have* on

10) (provare, sentire)

avere caldo, sonno, fame, paura — to be hot, sleepy, hungry, afraid

avere voglia di fare qcs. — to feel like doing sth., to be in the mood for doing sth.

(che) cos'hai? — what's the matter with you? what's wrong?

avere l'impressione che... — to get the impression that

11) (entrare in possesso di, acquistare) to get*

l'ho avuto a poco prezzo — I got it at a low price

12) (mettere al mondo) to have* [ bambino]

13) (soffrire di, essere affetto da) to have*

avere mal di testa, la febbre, il o un cancro — to have (got) a headache, a temperature, cancer

14) (incontrare, trovare) to have* [difficoltà, problemi]

15) (fare, mostrare)

avere uno scatto di rabbia — to have a fit of anger

16) avere da (dovere) to have* to, must*

ho da lavorare — I have to work

17) avercela

avercela con qcn. — to have a grouch against sb., to have it in for sb., to have a down o be down on sb
2.
ausiliare to have*

l'ho appena fatto — I've just done it

l'hai mai visto? — have you ever seen him?

oggi non ho studiato — today I haven't studied

se l'avessi saputo — if I had known
3.
verbo impersonale (aus. essere)

si avranno inondazioni — there will be flooding

••

chi ha avuto ha avuto — prov. let bygones be bygones

chi più ha più vuole — prov. much wants more
II [a'vere]
sostantivo maschile

1) (patrimonio) property U

gli -i — possessions, belongings

2) comm. (credito) credit, assets pl.

il dare e l'avere — debit and credit

* * *

avere¹

/a'vere/ [5]

I verbo transitivo

1 (possedere) to have* (got), to own [macchina, casa, libro]; to hold* [azioni, carta da gioco, diploma]; non ho una, la macchina I don't own a car, I don't have a car

2 (trovarsi a disposizione) ho ancora una settimana di vacanze I still have a week's holiday left; avere tempo to have (got) time; hai un attimo di tempo per aiutarmi? can you spare the time to help me? hai da accendere? have you got a light?

3 (presentare caratteristiche fisiche o morali) to have*; avere gli occhi azzurri, i capelli corti to have blue eyes, short hair; avere la barba to wear a beard; hai la camicia sporca your shirt is dirty

4 (in rapporti di parentela) to have* [moglie, figli, sorella]

5 (contenere, annoverare) to have* [abitanti, dipendenti, stanze, piani]

6 (con indicazione di età, tempo) quanti anni hai? how old are you? hanno la stessa età they are the same age; quanti ne abbiamo oggi? what's the date today?

7 (ottenere, ricevere) ha avuto il primo premio he got o won first prize; ho avuto la parte! I got the part! avere buone notizie to receive o get good news; avere notizie di qcn. to hear from sb.

8 (tenere) to have*, to keep*; avere qcs. a portata di mano to have o keep sth. at hand; che hai in mano? what have you got in your hand?

9 (indossare) to wear*, to have* on

10 (provare, sentire) avere caldo, sonno, fame, paura to be hot, sleepy, hungry, afraid; avere voglia di fare qcs. to feel like doing sth., to be in the mood for doing sth.; (che) cos'hai? what's the matter with you? what's wrong? avere l'impressione che... to get the impression that...

11 (entrare in possesso di, acquistare) to get*; l'ho avuto a poco prezzo I got it at a low price

12 (mettere al mondo) to have* [ bambino]

13 (soffrire di, essere affetto da) to have*; avere mal di testa, la febbre, il o un cancro to have (got) a headache, a temperature, cancer

14 (incontrare, trovare) to have* [difficoltà, problemi]

15 (fare, mostrare) avere uno scatto di rabbia to have a fit of anger

16 avere da (dovere) to have* to, must*; ho da lavorare I have to work

17 avercela avercela con qcn. to have a grouch against sb., to have it in for sb., to have a down o be down on sb.

II ausiliare

to have*; l'ho appena fatto I've just done it; l'hai mai visto? have you ever seen him? oggi non ho studiato today I haven't studied; se l'avessi saputo if I had known

III verbo impersonale

(aus. essere) si avranno inondazioni there will be flooding

IDIOMS

chi ha avuto ha avuto prov. let bygones be bygones; chi più ha più vuole prov. much wants more.

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See also notes... (avere.pdf)

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avere²

/a'vere/

sostantivo m.

1 (patrimonio) property U; gli -i possessions, belongings

2 comm. (credito) credit, assets pl.; il dare e l'avere debit and credit.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > avere

9 EIGA

possess

* * *

I)

(á, átta, áttr), v.

1) to own, possess (Starkaðr átti hest góðan);

2) to have (eiga börn, föður, móður, vin);

eiga konu, to have her for wife;

hann átti Gró, he was married to G.;

hann gekk at eiga Þóru, he took Th. for his wife, he married Th.;

enga vil ek þessa eiga, I will not marry any of these;

eiga heima, to have a home, to live (þeir áttu heima austr í Mörk);

eiga sér e-t = eiga e-t (Höskuldr átti sér dóttur, er Hallgerðr hét);

eiga ván e-s, to have hope of a thing, to reckon upon;

eiga hlut at or í e-u, to have a share in a thing, to be concerned in;

eiga vald á e-u, to have within one’s power;

3) to be under obligation, be obliged, have to do a thing;

tólf menn, þeir er fylgð áttu með konungi, who were bound to attend the king’s person;

á ek þar fyrir at sjá, I am bound (I have) to see to that;

átti Hrútr för í Vestfjorðu, H. had to go to the V.;

4) to have a right (claim) to, be entitled to (eiga högg ok höfn í skóginum);

eiga mál í e-m, to have a charge against one;

eiga rétt á sér, to have a (personal) claim to redress;

5) to keep, hold;

eiga fund, þing, samkvámu, stefnu, to hold a meeting;

eiga kaupstefnu, to hod a market;

eiga orrustu við e-n, to fight a battle with one;

eiga högg við e-n, to exchange blows with one;

eiga illt við e-n, to quarrel with;

eiga tal (or mál) við e-n, to speak, converse with one;

6) as an auxiliary with pp. = hafa (þat er við áttum mælt);

eiga skilit, to have stipulated;

7) to have to (skal Þ. eigi at því eiga at spotta);

eiga hendr sínar it verja, to have to act in self-defence;

eiga um vandræði at halda, to be in a strait;

8) eiga e-m e-t, to owe to one (mun æ, hvat þú átt þeim er veitir);

9) to be the person denoted by a thing;

þat muntu ætla, at ek mun eiga hinn bleika uxann, that the fawn-coloured ox means me;

10) with preps.:

eiga e-t at e-m, to have something due from one, to expect from one (þat vil ek eiga at þér, at þú segir mér frá ferð þinni);

to deserve from one (ok á ek annat at þér);

þeir er mikit þóttust at sér eiga, had much in their power;

eiga e-t eptir, to have to do yet, to have left undone (þat áttu eptir, er erfiðast er, en þat er at deyja);

to leave behind one (andaðist ok átti eptir tvá sonu vaxna);

eiga e-t saman, to own in common;

eiga skap saman, to agree well, be of one mind;

eigi veit ek, hvárt við eigum heill saman, whether we shall live happy together;

eiga saman, to quarrel, = eiga deild saman;

eiga um við e-n, to have to deal with (við brögðótta áttu nú um);

þar sem við vini mína er um at eiga, where my friends are concerned;

eiga e-t undir e-m, to have in another’s hands;

Njáll átti mikit fé undir Starkaði ok í Sandgili, N. had much money out at interest with St. and at Sandgil, er sá eigi vel staddr, er líf sitt á undir þinum trúnaði, whose life depends on thy good faith;

eiga mikit (lítit) undir sér, to have much (little) in one’s power;

far þú við marga menn, svá at þú eigir allt undir þér, that the whole matter rests in thy own hands;

hann sá, at hann átti ekki undir sér, that he had no influence;

eiga við e-n, to have to do with, fight with (brátt fundu þeir, at þeir áttu þar ekki við sinn maka);

ekki á ek þetta við þik, this is no business between thee and me;

eiga gott (illt) við e-n, to be on good (bad) terms with one;

eiga við konu, to have intercourse with, = eiga lag (samræði) við konu;

recipr., eigast við, to deal with one another; fight, quarrel;

eigast við deildir, to be engaged in strife;

áttust þeir höggvaskipti við, they exchanged blows with one another.

II)

f.

1) possession;

kasta sinni eigu, leggja sína eigu, í e-t, to take possession of;

2) property.

* * *

pret. átti; pret. subj. ætti, pres. eigi; pres. ind. á, 2nd pers. átt (irreg. eigr, Dipl. v. 24), pl. eigum, 3rd pers. pl. old form eigu, mod. eiga; imperat. eig and eigðu; sup. átt; with suffixed neg. pres. ind. 1st pers. á’k-at, 2nd pers. átt-attu; pret. subj. ættim-a: [Gr. ἔχω; Goth. aigan; A. S. âgan; Hel. êgan; O. H. G. eigan; Swed. äga; Dan. eje; Engl. to owe and own, of which the former etymologically answers to ‘eiga,’ the latter to ‘eigna’]:—to have, possess.

A. ACT.

I. denoting ownership, to possess:

1. in a proper sense; allt þat góz sem þeir eiga eðr eigandi verða, D. N. i. 80; hann eigr hálfa jörðina, Dipl. v. 24; Björn hljóp þá á skútu er hann átti, Eb. 6; Starkaðr átti hest góðan, Nj. 89; þau áttu gnótt í búi, 257; hón á allan arf eptir mik, 3; átti hón auð fjár, Ld. 20; ef annarr maðr ferr með goðorð en sá er á, Grág. i. 159; annat vápnit, ok á þat Þorbjörn, en Þorgautr á þetta, Ísl. ii. 341; eignir þær er faðir hans hafði átt, Eb. 4; í ríki því er Dana konungar höfðu átt þar lengi, Fms. xi. 301, Rb. 494, Eb. 54, 118, 256, 328, Sturl. ii. 60, Eg. 118; e. saman, to own in common, Grág. i. 199; ef tveir menn eigo bú saman, ii. 44; e. skuld (at e-m), to be in debt, Engl. to owe; en ef hann átti engar skuldir, if he owed no debts, i. 128; þar til átti honum ( owed him) meistari Þorgeirr ok þá mörk, D. N. iv. 288 (Fr.); e. fé undir e-m, to be one’s creditor, Nj. 101; in mod. usage, e. fé hjá e-m, or ellipt., e. hjá e-m.

2. in a special sense;

α. eiga konu, to have her to wife; hann átti Gró, Eb. 16; hann átti Ynghvildi, 3; Þorgerðr er (acc.) átti Vigfúss, … Geirríðr er (acc.) átti Þórólfr, 18; hann gékk at eiga Þóru, he married Thora, id.; Þuríði hafði hann áðr átta, Thorida had been his first wife, 42; enga vil ek þessa e., I will not marry any of these, Nj. 22; Björn átti þá konu er Valgerðr hét, 213, 257; faðir Hróðnýjar er átti Þorsteinn, Landn. 90; Ásdísi átti síðar Skúli, S. was A.’s second husband, 88; Þorgerðr er átti Önundr sjóni, 89; Vigdís er átti Þorbjörn enn digri, 87; Árnþrúðr er átti Þórir hersir, 66; Húngerð er átti Svertingr, 6l, 86, and in numberless passages: old writers hardly ever say that the wife owns her husband—the passages in Edda 109 (vide elja) and Nj. 52 (til lítils kemr mér at eiga hinn vaskasta mann á Íslandi) are extraordinary—owing to the primitive notion of the husband’s ‘jus possessionis’ (cp. brúðkaup); but in mod. usage ‘eiga’ is used indiscriminately of both wife and husband; Icel. even say, in a recipr. sense, eigast, to own one another, to be married: þau áttust, they married; hann vildi ekki at þau ættist, hann bannaði þeim að eigast, he forbade them to marry:—to the ancients such a phrase was almost unknown, and occurs for the first time in K. Á. 114.

β. eiga börn, to have children, of both parents; áttu þau Jófriðr tíu börn, J. and her husband had ten bairns, Eg. 708; hann átti dóttur eina er Unnr hét, Nj. 1; þau Þorsteinn ok Unnr áttu son er Steinn hét, Eb. 10, Nj. 91, 257; áttu þau Þórhildr þrjá sonu, 30; e. móður, föður, to have a mother, father, Eb. 98; vænti ek ok, at þú eigir illan föður, id.

γ. the phrase, e. heima, to have a home; þeir áttu heima austr í Mörk, Nj. 55; því at ek tek eigi heim í kveld, þar sem ek á heima út á Íslandi, 275; in mod. usage = to live, abide, in regard to place, cp. the questions put to a stranger, hvað heitir maðrinn? hvar áttu heima? used in a wider sense than búa.

δ. eiga sér, to have, cp. ‘havde sig’ in Dan. ballads; Höskuldr átti sér dóttur er Hallgerðr hét, Nj. 3; ef hann á sér í vá veru, Hm. 25, (freq. in mod. use.)

3. without strict notion of possession; e. vini, óvini, to have friends, enemies, Nj. 101; hverja liðveizlu skal ek þar e. er þú ert, what help can I reckon upon from thee? 100; e. ván e-s, to have hope of a thing, to reckon upon, 210; e. til, to have left; ekki eigu it annat til ( there is nothing left for you) nema at biðja postulann. Jóh. 623. 22: in mod. usage e. til means to own, to have left; hann á ekkert til, he is void of means, needy; eiga góða kosti fjár, to be in good circumstances, Ísl. ii. 322; e. vald á e-u, to have within one’s power, Nj. 265; the phrase, e. hlut at e-u, or e. hlut í e-u, to have a share, be concerned with; eptir þat átti hann hlut at við mótstöðumenn Gunnars, 101, 120; þar er þú ættir hlut at, where thou wast concerned, 119; mik uggir at hér muni eigi gæfu-menn hlut í e., 179: hence ellipt., e. í e-u, to be engaged in, chiefly of strife, adversity, or the like; thus, e. í stríði, fátaekt, baráttu, to live, be deep in struggle, want, battle, etc.

II. denoting duty, right, due, obligation:

1. to be bound, etc.; þeir menn er fylgð áttu með konungi, the men who owed following to (i. e. were bound to attend) the king’s person, Fms. vii. 240; á ek þar fyrir at sjá, I am bound to see to that, Eg. 318; Tylptar-kviðr átti um at skilja, Eb. 48; þeir spurðu hvárt Njáli þætti nokkut e. at lýsa vígsök Gunnars, Nj. 117; nú áttu, Sigvaldi, now is thy turn, now ought thou, Fms. xi. 109, Fs. 121; menn eigu ( men ought) at spyrja at þingfesti, Grág. i. 19; þá á þann kvið einskis meta, that verdict ought to be void, 59; ef sá maðr á ( owns) fé út hér er ómagann á ( who ought) fram at færa, 270; nú hafa þeir menn jammarga sem þeir eigu, as many as they ought to have, ii. 270; tíunda á maðr fé sitt, … þá á hann þat at tíunda, … þá á hann at gefa sálugjafir, i. 202:—‘eiga’ and ‘skal’ are often in the law used indiscriminately, but properly ‘ought’ states the moral, ‘shall’ the legal obligation,—elska skalt þú föður þinn og móður, þú skalt ekki stela, where ‘átt’ would be misplaced; sometimes it is merely permissive, gefa á maðr vingjafir at sér lifanda, ef hann vill, a man ‘may’ whilst in life bequeath to his friends, if he will, id.; maðr á at gefa barni sínu laungetnu tólf aura, ef hann vill, fyrir ráð skaparfa sinna, en eigi meira nema erfingjar lofi, a man ‘may’ bequeath to the amount of twelve ounces to his illegitimate child without leave of the lawful heir, etc., 203; ef þat á til at vilja, if that is to happen, Fas. i. 11.

2. denoting claim, right, to own, be entitled to, chiefly in law phrases; e. dóm, sakir, to own the case, i. e. be the lawful prosecutor; ok á sá þeirra sakir, er …, Grág. i. 10; eðr eigu þeir eigi at lögum, or if they be not entitled to it, 94; e. mál á e-m, to have a charge against one, Nj. 105; e. rétt á e-u, to own a right; sá sem rétt á á henni, who has a right to her, K. Á. 16; þeir sögðu at þeim þótti slíkr maðr mikinn rétt á sér e., such a man had a strong personal claim to redress, Nj. 105; hence the phrase, eiga öngan rétt á sér, if one cannot claim redress for personal injury; þá eigu þeir eigi rétt á sér, then they have no claim to redress whatever, Grág. i. 261; e. sök, saka-staði á e-u, to have a charge against; þat er hann átti öngva sök á, Nj. 130; saka-staði þá er hann þótti á eiga, 166; kalla Vermund eigi ( not) eiga at selja sik, said V. had no right to sell them, Eb. 116: hence in mod. usage, eiga denotes what is fit and right, þú átt ekki að göra það, you ought not; eg ætti ekki, I ought not: in old writers eiga is seldom strictly used in this sense, but denotes the legal rather than the moral right.

β. eiga fé at e-m (mod. e. hjá e-m), to be one’s creditor, Grág. i. 90, 405, Band. 1 C: metaph. to deserve from one, ok áttu annat at mér, Nj. 113; e. gjafir at e-m, 213; in a bad sense, kváðusk mikit e. at Þráni, they had much against Thrain, 138.

γ. the law phrase, e. útkvæmt, fært, to have the right to return, of a temporary exile, Nj. 251: at hann skyli eigi e. fært út hingat, Grág. i. 119; ok á eigi þingreitt, is not allowed to go to the parliament, ii. 17; e. vígt, Grág., etc.

III. denoting dealings or transactions between men (in a meeting, fight, trade, or the like), to keep, hold; þætti mér ráðliga at vér ættim einn fimtardóm, Nj. 150; e. orrustu við e-n, to fight a battle, Fms. i. 5, Eg. 7; e. högg við e-n, to exchange blows, 297; e. vápna-viðskipti, id., Fms. ii. 17; eiga handsöl at e-u, to shake hands, make a bargain, x. 248; e. ráð við e-n, to consult, hold a conference with, Nj. 127; e. tal við e-n, to speak, converse with one, 129; e. mál við e-n, id., Grág. i. 10; e. fund, to hold a meeting, Nj. 158; e. þing, samkvámu, stefnu, to hold a meeting, Eg. 271; þetta haust áttu menn rétt (a kind of meeting) fjölmenna, Eb. 106; e. kaupstefnu, to hold a market, exchange, 56; e. féránsdóm, Grág. i. 94; e. gott saman, to live well together, in peace and goodwill, Ld. 38; e. illt við e-n, to deal ill with, quarrel with, Nj. 98; e. búisifjar, q. v., of intercourse with neighbours, Njarð. 366; e. drykkju við e-n, to be one’s ‘cup-mate,’ Eg. 253; e. við e-n, to deal with one; ekki á ek þetta við þik, this is no business between thee and me, Nj. 93; gott vilda ek við alla menn e., I would live in goodwill with all, 47; e. við e-n, to fight one; eigum vér ekki við þá elligar (in a hostile sense), else let us not provoke them, 42; eðr hvárt vili it Helgi e. við Lýting einn eðr bræðr hans báða, 154; brátt fundu þeir, at þeir áttu þar eigi við sinn maka, Ld. 64; Glúmr kvað hann ekki þurfa at e. við sik, G. said he had no need to meddle with him, Glúm. 338; e. um að vera, to be concerned; ekki er við menn um at e., Nj. 97; þar sem við vini mína er um at e., where my friends are concerned, 52; við færi er þá um at e., ef Kári er einn, there are fewer to deal with, to fight, if K. be alone, 254; við brögðótta áttu nú um, Fms. v. 263; ætla ek at oss mun léttara falla at e. um við Svein einn, iv. 80; Sveinn svarar, at þeir áttu við ofrefli um at e., that they had to deal with odds, 165.

β. almost as an auxiliary verb; e. skilt (skilit), to have stipulated; hafa gripina svá sem hann átti skill, Fms. vi. 160; þat átta ek skilit við þik, ii. 93; sem Hrani átti skilt, iv. 31; e. mælt, of oral agreement; sem vit áttum mælt með okkr, xi. 40; þá vil ek þat mælt e., 124: in mod. usage e. skilit means to deserve, eg á ekki þetta skilit af hér, etc.

γ. sometimes used much like geta; við því átti Búi eigi gert, B. could not guard against that, Fms. i. 117, cp. xi. 109:—also, e. bágt, to be in a strait, poor, sickly; e. heimilt, to have at one’s disposal, Eb. 254.

IV. to have to do; skal Þorleifr eigi ( not) e. at því at spotta, Eb. 224; e. hendr sínar at verja, to have to defend one’s own hands, to act in self-defence, Nj. 47; e. e-m varlaunað, to stand in debt to one, 181; e. um vandræði at halda, to be in a strait, Eb. 108; e. erindi, to have an errand to run, 250; en er þeir áttu um þetta at tala, when they had to talk, were talking, of this, Stj. 391; e. ríkis at gæta, to have the care of the kingdom, Nj. 126; en þó á ek hverki at telja við þik mægðir né frændsemi, i. e. I am no relation to thee, 213; ok ætti þeir við annan at deila fyrst, 111; e. mikið at vinna, to be much engaged, hard at work, 97; e. e-t eptir, to have left a thing undone, 56; e. för, ferð, to have a journey to take, 11, 12; hann átti þar fé at heimta, 261; e. eptir mikit at mæla, 88.

2. metaph. in the phrases, e. mikit (lítið) ‘at’ ser, or ‘undir’ sér, to have much (or little) in one’s power; margir menn, þeir er mikit þóttusk at sér e., Sturl. i. 64; far þú við marga menn, svá at þú eigir allt undir þér, go with many men, so that thou hast the whole matter in thy hands, Ld. 250; en ávalt átta ek nokkuð undir mér, Vígl. 33; kann vera at hann eigi mikit undir sér, Fas. i. 37; eigum heldr undir oss ( better keep it in our own hands), en ganga í greipar þeim mæðginum, Fs. 37; sem þeir, er ekki eigu undir sér, who are helpless and weak, Þorst. St. 55; e. þykisk hann nokkut undir sér, i. e. he bears himself very proudly, Grett. 122; þetta ráð vil ek undir sonum mínum e., I will leave the matter in my sons’ hands, Valla L. 202; e. líf sitt undir e-m, to have one’s life in another’s hands, Grett. 154; mun ek nú senda eptir mönnum, ok e. eigi undir ójöfnuði hans, and trust him not, 110: hence in mod. usage, e. undir e-u, to risk; eg þori ekki að e. undir því, I dare not risk it: e. saman, to have or own in common; the saying, það á ekki saman nema nafnið, it has nothing but the name in common; rautt gull ok bleikt gull á ekki saman nema nafn eitt, Fms. v. 346: the proverb, þeygi á saman gamalt og ungt, Úlf. 3. 44; e. skap saman, to agree well; kemr þú þér því vel við Hallgerði, at it eigit meir skap saman, you are quite of one mind, Nj. 66; eigi veit ek hvárt við eigum heill saman, I know not whether we shall have luck, i. e. whether we shall live happy, together, 3.

β. to deal with one another (sam-eign); er vér skulum svá miklu úgæfu saman e., that we are to have so much mischief between us, Nj. 201; e. e-t yfir höfði, to have a thing hanging over one’s head, Sks. 742.

V. to agree with, to fit, to suit one:

1. with acc., það á ekki við mig, it suits me not, it agrees not with me.

2. with dat., medic. to agree, heal, the sickness in dat., thus the proverb, margt á við mörgu, cp. ‘similia similibus curantur,’ Vidal. ii. 109.

3. absol. to apply to; at hann skyldi eigi trúa lágum manni rauðskeggjuðum, því at meistarinn átti þetta, the description suited to the master, Fms. xi. 433; þat muntu ætla, at ek muna e. hinn bleika uxann, that the dun ox means me, Vápn. 21.

B. REFLEX., in a reciprocal sense, in the phrase, eigask við, to deal with one another, chiefly to fight; en er þeir höfðu langa hríð við átzk, when they had fought a long time, Eb. 238, 74; eigask við deildir, to be engaged in strife, 246; áttusk þeir höggva-viðskipti við, they came to a close fight, Fms. i. 38; áttusk þeir fá högg við, áðr …, they had a short fight before …, Eg. 297; fátt áttusk þeir við Þjóstólfr ok Þorvaldr, Thostolf and Thorwald had little to do with one another, kept aloof from each other, Nj. 18; var nú kyrt þann dag, svá at þeir áttusk ekki við, tbat day passed quietly, so that they came not to a quarrel, 222.

β. to marry, vide above (A. I. 2).

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > EIGA

10 fremd

Adj.

1. (unbekannt, ungewohnt) strange; fremde Leute strangers; in fremder Umgebung in unfamiliar surroundings; ich bin hier ( selbst) fremd I’m a stranger here (myself); sich fremd fühlen feel like a stranger, feel very strange; er ist mir fremd he’s a stranger to me, I don’t know him (at all); er ist mir nicht fremd he’s no stranger to me, I know him (well); das ist mir ( nicht) fremd that’s (nothing) new to me; das ist mir alles noch sehr fremd it’s all still very new to me; Eifersucht ist ihm fremd jealousy is unknown ( oder alien) to him; sie tat so fremd she was very distant ( scheu: shy); i-e Stimme klang ganz fremd her voice sounded very strange ( oder different); sich oder einander fremd werden grow apart, become strangers; im Lauf der Jahre wurde er mir immer fremder over the years we drifted further and further apart ( oder we had less and less in common); meine Heimatstadt ist mir fremd geworden I no longer know ( oder recognize) my home town

2. (ausländisch) Länder, Sprachen etc.: foreign; bes. Pflanzen, Tiere: exotic

3. (Ggs. eigen) other people’s; fremdes Eigentum other people’s property; fremdes Organ foreign organ; (Transplantat) transplanted organ; fremde Welten other worlds; in fremden Händen in strange hands; unter fremdem Namen under an assumed name, incognito; das ist nicht für fremde Ohren bestimmt this is for your ears only, not a word of this to anyone else; misch dich nicht in fremde Angelegenheiten don’t go poking your nose into other people’s business; sich mit fremden Federn schmücken fig. steal someone else’s thunder

4. (nicht dazugehörig) extraneous; (von außen) outside...; fremde Hilfe outside help; es ohne fremde Hilfe schaffen manage without help, do it unaided

* * *

strange; exotic; foreign; alien; unknown; outlandish

* * *
frẹmd [frɛmt]
adj

1) (= andern gehörig) someone else's; Bank, Bibliothek, Firma different; (COMM, FIN, POL) outside attr

ohne fremde Hilfe — without anyone else's/outside help, without help from anyone else/outside

ich schlafe nicht gern in fremden Betten — I don't like sleeping in strange beds

fremdes Eigentum — someone else's property, property not one's own (form)

das ist nicht für fremde Ohren — that is not for other people to hear

etw geht in fremde Hände über — sth passes into the hands of strangers or into strange hands

sich mit fremden Federn schmücken — to claim all the glory for oneself

2) (= fremdländisch) foreign, alien (ESP ADMIN, POL)

3) (= andersartig) strange; Planeten other; Welt different

4) (= unvertraut) strange

es ist mir fremd, wie... — I don't understand how...

das ist eine mir fremde Seite seines Wesens — that is a side of his character which I haven't seen before

ich bin hier/in London fremd — I'm a stranger here/to London

meine Heimat ist mir fremd geworden — I've become a stranger in my own country, my own country has become quite foreign or alien to me

fremd werden — to grow apart, to become strangers ( to one another)

sich fremd fühlen — to feel alien, to feel like a stranger

fremd tun — to be reserved

* * *

1) (foreign: alien customs.) alien

2) ((with to) not naturally part of: Anger was foreign to her nature.) foreign

3) strangely

4) (not known, seen etc before; unfamiliar or foreign: What would you do if you found a strange man in your house?; Whenever you're in a strange country, you should take the opportunity of learning the language.) strange

* * *

fremd

[frɛmt]

adj

1. (anderen gehörig) somebody else's

ich schlafe nicht gern in \fremden Betten I don't like sleeping in strange beds

\fremdes Eigentum somebody else's property, property of another form; s.a. Ohr

2. (fremdländisch) Gegend, Länder, Sitten foreign; bes ADMIN alien

3. (unbekannt) strange, unfamiliar, alien

ich bin hier \fremd I'm not from round here [or these parts]

* * *

Adjektiv

1) strange; foreign <country, government, customs, language>

2) nicht präd. (nicht eigen) other people's; of others postpos.

ohne fremde Hilfe — without anyone else's help

3) (unbekannt) strange; strange, unknown < surroundings>

sich sehr fremd fühlen — feel very much a stranger

einander fremd werden — become estranged; grow apart

* * *

fremd adj

1. (unbekannt, ungewohnt) strange;

fremde Leute strangers;

in fremder Umgebung in unfamiliar surroundings;

ich bin hier (selbst) fremd I’m a stranger here (myself);

sich fremd fühlen feel like a stranger, feel very strange;

er ist mir fremd he’s a stranger to me, I don’t know him (at all);

er ist mir nicht fremd he’s no stranger to me, I know him (well);

das ist mir (nicht) fremd that’s (nothing) new to me;

das ist mir alles noch sehr fremd it’s all still very new to me;

Eifersucht ist ihm fremd jealousy is unknown ( oder alien) to him;

sie tat so fremd she was very distant ( scheu: shy);

i-e Stimme klang ganz fremd her voice sounded very strange ( oder different);

sich oder

einander fremd werden grow apart, become strangers;

im Lauf der Jahre wurde er mir immer fremder over the years we drifted further and further apart ( oder we had less and less in common);

meine Heimatstadt ist mir fremd geworden I no longer know ( oder recognize) my home town

2. (ausländisch) Länder, Sprachen etc: foreign; besonders Pflanzen, Tiere: exotic

3. (Ggs eigen) other people’s;

fremdes Eigentum other people’s property;

fremdes Organ foreign organ; (Transplantat) transplanted organ;

fremde Welten other worlds;

in fremden Händen in strange hands;

unter fremdem Namen under an assumed name, incognito;

das ist nicht für fremde Ohren bestimmt this is for your ears only, not a word of this to anyone else;

misch dich nicht in fremde Angelegenheiten don’t go poking your nose into other people’s business;

sich mit fremden Federn schmücken fig steal someone else’s thunder

4. (nicht dazugehörig) extraneous; (von außen) outside …;

fremde Hilfe outside help;

es ohne fremde Hilfe schaffen manage without help, do it unaided

…fremd im adj

1. (Ggs …nah) foreign ( oder alien) to …;

kulturfremd foreign to one’s culture;

menschenfremd out of touch with real people;

realitätsfremd out of touch with reality

2. (nicht dazugehörig) unrelated to …;

berufsfremd unrelated to one’s profession;

branchenfremd from another sector (of industry), new to the industry;

vereinsfremd not belonging to the club; (Person) auch who is a non-member;

verlagsfremd not on this publisher’s list, from another publisher

* * *

Adjektiv

1) strange; foreign <country, government, customs, language>

2) nicht präd. (nicht eigen) other people's; of others postpos.

ohne fremde Hilfe — without anyone else's help

3) (unbekannt) strange; strange, unknown < surroundings>

sich sehr fremd fühlen — feel very much a stranger

einander fremd werden — become estranged; grow apart

* * *

adj.

alien adj.

extrinsic adj.

foreign adj.

strange adj.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > fremd

11 seul

seul, e [sœl]

1. adjective

   a. (après le nom) [personne] ( = sans compagnie, non accompagné) alone attrib ; ( = isolé) lonely ; [objet, mot] alone attrib

• être/rester seul to be/remain alone

• laissez-moi seul quelques instants leave me alone for a moment

• seul avec qn/son chagrin alone with sb/one's grief

• ils se retrouvèrent enfin seuls they were alone at last

• un homme seul peut très bien se débrouiller a single man can manage perfectly well

• se sentir (très) seul to feel (very) lonely

• seul au monde alone in the world

• il s'est battu, seul contre tous he fought single-handedly

• mot employé seul word used alone

• la lampe seule ne suffit pas the lamp alone is not enough

• il était tout seul dans un coin he was all by himself in a corner

   b. (avant le nom = unique) un seul homme/livre (et non plusieurs) one man/book ; (à l'exception de tout autre) only one man/book

• le seul homme/livre the only man/book

• un seul livre suffit one book will do

• un seul homme peut vous aider: Paul only one man can help you and that's Paul

• pour cette seule raison for this reason alone

• un seul moment d'inattention a single moment's lapse of concentration

• une seule fois only once

• la seule chose, c'est que ça ferme à 6 heures the only thing is that it shuts at 6

   c. (en apposition) only

• seul le résultat compte only the result counts

• seuls les parents sont admis only parents are admitted

• à eux seuls, ils ont bu dix bouteilles they drank ten bottles between them

   d. (locutions) seul et unique one and only

• d'un seul coup ( = subitement) suddenly ; ( = en une seule fois) in one go

• vous êtes seul juge you alone can judge

• à seule fin de... with the sole purpose of...

• dans la seule intention de... with the sole intention of...

• du seul fait que... by the very fact that...

• à la seule pensée de... at the mere thought of...

• parler à qn seul à seul to speak to sb in private

• se retrouver seul à seul avec qn to find o.s. alone with sb

• comme un seul homme as one man

2. adverb

   a. ( = sans compagnie) parler/rire seul to talk/laugh to oneself

• vivre/travailler seul to live/work alone

   b. ( = sans aide) by oneself

• faire qch (tout) seul to do sth (all) by oneself

• il l'a fait tout seul he did it all by himself

• cette tasse ne s'est pas cassée toute seule ! this cup didn't break all by itself!

• ça va tout seul it's all going smoothly

3. masculine noun, feminine noun

• un seul peut le faire (et non plusieurs) one man can do it ; (à l'exception de tout autre) only one man can do it

• le seul que j'aime the only one I love

• il n'en reste pas un seul there isn't a single one left

* * *

seule sœl adjectif

1) ( sans compagnie) alone, on one's own

elle est venue toute seule — she came alone

elle m'a laissé seul — she left me on my own

vous êtes seul dans la vie? — are you single?

elle veut vous parler seul à seul or seule à seul(e) — she wants to speak to you alone ou in private

parler tout seul — to talk to oneself

2) ( sans aide) by oneself, on one's own

je peux le faire seul — I can do it by myself ou on my own

elle a mené la révolution à elle seule — she single-handedly led the revolution

il a mangé un poulet à lui tout seul — he ate a whole chicken all by himself

ça va tout seul — ( c'est facile) it's really easy; ( c'est sans problèmes) things are running smoothly

3) ( unique) only

une seule femme — only one woman

un seul d'entre eux — only one of them

la seule et unique personne — the one and only person

pas un seul client — not a single customer

l'espion et l'ambassadeur sont une seule et même personne — the spy and the ambassador are one and the same person

d'une seule pièce — in one piece

pour cette seule raison — for this reason alone

dans le seul but de faire — with the sole aim of doing

à la seule idée de faire — at the very idea of doing

seul de son espèce — unique

ils ont parlé d'une seule voix — they were unanimous

4) ( solitaire) lonely

5) ( avec valeur adverbiale) only

elle seule pourrait vous le dire — only she could tell you

l'offre est réservée à nos seuls employés — the offer is open only to our employees

6) ( avec valeur nominale)

le seul, la seule — the only one

j'ai été le seul à aimer le spectacle — I was the only one who enjoyed the show

ils sont les seuls à croire que — they're alone in thinking that

il n'y en a pas un seul qui se soit levé — not a single person stood up

* * *
sœl seul, -e
1. adj

1) (sans compagnie) on one's own, alone

Je suis seul. — I am on my own.

Il est seul. — He is on his own.

un homme seul (non marié) — a single man, (sans compagne) a man on his own, a man alone

une femme seule (non mariée) — a single woman, (non accompagnée) a woman on her own, a woman alone

faire cavalier seul — to go it alone

2) (= esseulé) lonely

se sentir seul — to feel lonely

3) (= unique)

un seul... — only one..., a single...

Vous avez droit à un seul livre. — You're entitled to one book only.

Il reste une seule nectarine. — There's only one nectarine left.

Il ne reste pas une seule pomme. — There isn't a single apple left.

le seul... — the only...

C'est le seul Agatha Christie que je n'aie pas lu. — That's the only Agatha Christie I haven't read.

ce livre seul — this book alone, only this book

le seul et unique... — the sole...

4) (autres locutions)

à lui (tout) seul — single-handed, on his own

d'un seul coup (= soudainement) — at one blow, (= à la fois) all at once

2. adv

1) [vivre, se promener, manger] alone, on one's own

vivre seul — to live alone, to live on one's own

parler tout seul — to talk to oneself

faire qch (tout) seul — to do sth (all) by oneself, to do sth (all) on one's own

Elle a fait ça toute seule? — Did she do it by herself?

Elle est venue seule. — She came by herself.

seul à seul — in private

2) (= seulement) only

Seul ce livre peut résoudre votre problème. — Only this book can solve your problem.

3. nm/f

il en reste un seul — there's only one left

pas un seul — not a single one

Il n'en reste pas une seule. — There isn't a single one left.

le seul; la seule — the only one

C'est la seule que je ne connaisse pas. — She's the only one I don't know.

* * *

seul, seule adj

1 ( sans compagnie) alone, on one's own; toute seule all alone, all on her own; seul au monde alone in the world; vivre seul to live alone ou on one's own; elle n'aime pas rester seule she doesn't like being alone; elle est venue toute seule she came alone; elle m'a laissé seul she left me on my own; je les ai laissés tout seuls I left them all alone ou all on their own; une femme seule dans la rue a woman alone ou on her own in the street; c'est dangereux pour les femmes seules it's dangerous for women on their own; les femmes seules étaient regardées de travers single women used to be frowned upon; vous êtes seul dans la vie? are you single?; j'étais seul avec elle/contre tous/face à eux I was alone with her/against everyone else/in front of them; j'étais seul pour faire tout le travail I did all the work alone ou on my own; je préfère la rencontrer seule I'd rather meet her alone ou in private; elle veut vous parler seul à seul or seule à seul(e) she wants to speak to you alone ou in private; nous nous sommes retrouvés seul à seul we found ourselves alone together; parler/rire/chanter tout seul to talk/laugh/sing to oneself;

2 ( sans aide) gén by oneself, on one's own; ( avec idée de victoire) single-handedly; je peux le faire/y aller seul I can do it/go there by myself ou on my own; elle l'a fait toute seule she did it all by herself ou all on her own; elle a remporté tous les prix/conclu le marché/mené la révolution à elle seule she single-handedly carried off all the prizes/pulled off the deal/led the revolution; le travail ne va pas se faire tout seul! the work won't get done all by itself!; (tout) seuls, les chiffres ne veulent pas dire grand-chose on their own, the figures don't mean very much; seul, je n'aurais jamais pu le faire I could never have done it alone ou by myself ou on my own; il a mangé un poulet à lui tout seul he ate a whole chicken all to himself; le papier se détache tout seul the paper comes off easily; ça va tout seul ( c'est facile) it's really easy, it's a piece of cake○; ( c'est moins pénible) it's much easier; ( c'est sans problèmes) things are running smoothly;

3 ( unique) only; le seul homme/avantage/problème the only man/advantage/problem; une seule femme/façon/chaise only one woman/way/chair; un seul d'entre eux/de tous les participants only one of them/out of all the participants; la seule et unique personne/raison/chaise the one and only person/reason/chair; ils étaient les seuls Français du groupe they were the only French people in the group; les seuls élèves à avoir compris the only pupils who understood; à la seule différence/condition que the only difference/condition being that; pas un seul client/arbre/magasin not a single customer/tree/shop GB ou store US; l'espion et l'ambassadeur sont une seule et même personne the spy and the ambassador are one and the same person; d'une seule pièce in one piece; pour cette seule raison for this reason alone; dans cette seule ville in this town alone; au cours de cette seule rencontre during this meeting alone; dans le seul but de faire with the sole aim of doing; à la seule idée/pensée de faire at the very idea/thought of doing; seul de son espèce unique; seul de sa catégorie the only one in his/her category; ils ont parlé d'une seule voix they were unanimous;

4 ( solitaire) lonely; c'est un homme seul he's a lonely man; elle est très seule she's very lonely; se sentir seul to feel lonely;

5 ( avec valeur adverbiale) only; seules les femmes peuvent comprendre ça only women can understand that; elle seule pourrait vous le dire only she could tell you; seul un miracle pourrait la sauver only a miracle could save her; l'offre est réservée à nos seuls employés the offer is open only to our employees;

6 ( avec valeur nominale) le seul, la seule the only one; les seuls, les seules the only ones; j'étais (le) seul à manger I was the only one eating; j'étais (le) seul à en manger I was the only one who ate any; j'étais le seul à aimer le spectacle I was the only one enjoying the show; j'ai été le seul à avoir aimé le spectacle I was the only one who enjoyed the show; nous étions les seuls à critiquer/rire we were the only ones to criticize/laugh; les seuls à comprendre the only ones who understood; la seule qui n'a or n'ait pas compris the only one who didn't understand; les seuls que je connaisse/en qui je peux avoir confiance the only ones I know/I can trust; c'est le seul qui nous reste it's the only one (that) we've got left; c'est la seule qui puisse t'aider she's the only one who can help you; tu n'es pas la seule! you're not the only one!; tu n'es pas la seule à penser or croire que you're not alone in thinking that; ils sont les seuls à croire que they're alone in thinking that; j'étais le seul en cravate I was the only one wearing a tie; c'est l'œuvre d'un seul it's the work of one man; il n'y en a pas un seul qui se soit levé not a single person stood up; ⇒ malheur.

( féminin seule) [sɶl] adjectif

1. [sans compagnie] alone, on one's own

seul au monde ou sur la terre (all) alone in the world

il n'est bien que seul he prefers his own company

enfin seuls! alone at last!

seul à seul [en privé] in private, privately

je voudrais te parler seul à seul I'd like to talk to you in private

se retrouver seul à seul avec quelqu'un to find oneself alone with somebody

elle vit seule avec sa mère she lives alone with her mother

un homme seul a peu de chances de réussir [sans aucune aide] it's unlikely that anybody could succeed on their own

tu seras seul à défendre le budget you'll be the only one speaking for the budget

tout seul, toute seule: elle parle toute seule she's talking to herself

il a bâti sa maison tout seul he built his house all by himself

leur entrevue ne s'est pas passée toute seule! their meeting didn't go smoothly!

le dîner ne se préparera pas tout seul! dinner isn't going to make itself!

laisse des pommes de terre, t'es pas tout seul! (familier) leave some potatoes, you're not the only one eating!

2. [abandonné, esseulé] lonely, lonesome (US)

3. [sans partenaire, non marié] alone, on one's own

un homme seul

a. [non accompagné] a man on his own

b. [célibataire] a single man, a bachelor

elle est seule avec trois enfants she's bringing up three children on her own

les personnes seules ne toucheront pas l'allocation single ou unmarried people will not be eligible for the allowance

un club pour personnes seules a singles club

4. (avant le nom) [unique] only, single, sole

c'est l'homme d'une seule passion he's a man with one overriding ou ruling passion

c'est l'homme d'une seule femme he's a one-woman man

un seul mot et tu es mort one word and you're dead

il n'a qu'un seul défaut he's only got one fault

je n'ai été en retard qu'une seule fois I was late only once

pas un seul..., pas une seule... not one..., not a single...

un seul et même..., une seule et même... one and the same...

un seul et unique..., une seule et unique... only one (and one only)...

je l'ai vue une seule et unique fois I saw her only once

le seul et unique exemplaire the one and only copy

la seule fois que je l'ai vue the only ou one time I saw her

5. [sans autre chose]

mon salaire seul ou (soutenu) mon seul salaire ne suffit pas à faire vivre ma famille my salary alone is not enough to support my family

le vase seul vaut combien? how much is it for just the vase?

la propriété à elle seule leur donne de quoi vivre the property alone brings in enough for them to live on

6. (comme adverbe) only

seul Pierre a refusé only Pierre refused, Pierre was the only one to refuse

7. (avant le nom) [simple] mere

la seule évocation de la scène lui donnait des frissons the mere mention of ou merely talking about the scene gave him goose pimples

————————

, seule [sɶl] nom masculin, nom féminin

1. [personne] only one (person)

je te crois mais je dois être la seule! I believe you, but thousands wouldn't!

tu voudrais t'arrêter de travailler? t'es pas le seul! (familier) you'd like to stop work? you're not the only one!

pas un seul (de ses camarades) n'était prêt à l'épauler not a single one (of her friends) was prepared to help her

2. [animal, objet] only one

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > seul

12 eiga

possess

* * *

I)

(á, átta, áttr), v.

1) to own, possess (Starkaðr átti hest góðan);

2) to have (eiga börn, föður, móður, vin);

eiga konu, to have her for wife;

hann átti Gró, he was married to G.;

hann gekk at eiga Þóru, he took Th. for his wife, he married Th.;

enga vil ek þessa eiga, I will not marry any of these;

eiga heima, to have a home, to live (þeir áttu heima austr í Mörk);

eiga sér e-t = eiga e-t (Höskuldr átti sér dóttur, er Hallgerðr hét);

eiga ván e-s, to have hope of a thing, to reckon upon;

eiga hlut at or í e-u, to have a share in a thing, to be concerned in;

eiga vald á e-u, to have within one’s power;

3) to be under obligation, be obliged, have to do a thing;

tólf menn, þeir er fylgð áttu með konungi, who were bound to attend the king’s person;

á ek þar fyrir at sjá, I am bound (I have) to see to that;

átti Hrútr för í Vestfjorðu, H. had to go to the V.;

4) to have a right (claim) to, be entitled to (eiga högg ok höfn í skóginum);

eiga mál í e-m, to have a charge against one;

eiga rétt á sér, to have a (personal) claim to redress;

5) to keep, hold;

eiga fund, þing, samkvámu, stefnu, to hold a meeting;

eiga kaupstefnu, to hod a market;

eiga orrustu við e-n, to fight a battle with one;

eiga högg við e-n, to exchange blows with one;

eiga illt við e-n, to quarrel with;

eiga tal (or mál) við e-n, to speak, converse with one;

6) as an auxiliary with pp. = hafa (þat er við áttum mælt);

eiga skilit, to have stipulated;

7) to have to (skal Þ. eigi at því eiga at spotta);

eiga hendr sínar it verja, to have to act in self-defence;

eiga um vandræði at halda, to be in a strait;

8) eiga e-m e-t, to owe to one (mun æ, hvat þú átt þeim er veitir);

9) to be the person denoted by a thing;

þat muntu ætla, at ek mun eiga hinn bleika uxann, that the fawn-coloured ox means me;

10) with preps.:

eiga e-t at e-m, to have something due from one, to expect from one (þat vil ek eiga at þér, at þú segir mér frá ferð þinni);

to deserve from one (ok á ek annat at þér);

þeir er mikit þóttust at sér eiga, had much in their power;

eiga e-t eptir, to have to do yet, to have left undone (þat áttu eptir, er erfiðast er, en þat er at deyja);

to leave behind one (andaðist ok átti eptir tvá sonu vaxna);

eiga e-t saman, to own in common;

eiga skap saman, to agree well, be of one mind;

eigi veit ek, hvárt við eigum heill saman, whether we shall live happy together;

eiga saman, to quarrel, = eiga deild saman;

eiga um við e-n, to have to deal with (við brögðótta áttu nú um);

þar sem við vini mína er um at eiga, where my friends are concerned;

eiga e-t undir e-m, to have in another’s hands;

Njáll átti mikit fé undir Starkaði ok í Sandgili, N. had much money out at interest with St. and at Sandgil, er sá eigi vel staddr, er líf sitt á undir þinum trúnaði, whose life depends on thy good faith;

eiga mikit (lítit) undir sér, to have much (little) in one’s power;

far þú við marga menn, svá at þú eigir allt undir þér, that the whole matter rests in thy own hands;

hann sá, at hann átti ekki undir sér, that he had no influence;

eiga við e-n, to have to do with, fight with (brátt fundu þeir, at þeir áttu þar ekki við sinn maka);

ekki á ek þetta við þik, this is no business between thee and me;

eiga gott (illt) við e-n, to be on good (bad) terms with one;

eiga við konu, to have intercourse with, = eiga lag (samræði) við konu;

recipr., eigast við, to deal with one another; fight, quarrel;

eigast við deildir, to be engaged in strife;

áttust þeir höggvaskipti við, they exchanged blows with one another.

II)

f.

1) possession;

kasta sinni eigu, leggja sína eigu, í e-t, to take possession of;

2) property.

* * *

u, f. ownership, property; þá er af hans e., Grág. ii. 304, Gþl. 312; alla eigu sína (al-eiga), Nj. 11; eiga í eigunni (mod. eigu sinni), to own, possess, Fms. vii. 156, 280; kasta eigu sinni á, to take in possession, Eg. 335.

COMPD: eiguligr.

Íslensk-ensk orðabók > eiga

13 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

14 gehen

I v/i; geht, ging, ist gegangen

1. ( zu Fuß) gehen walk, go (on foot, Am. auch by foot); spazieren gehen go for a walk; aufrecht / gebückt gehen walk upright / with a stoop; am Stock gehen walk with a stick (Am. cane); im Schritt / Trab gehen Pferd: walk / trot; wo ich gehe und stehe sehe ich... wherever I go...

2. mit Richtung: gehen in (+ Akk) go into, enter; auf / über die Straße gehen go out into / cross the street; mit jemandem zum Bahnhof etc. gehen see s.o. ( oder go with s.o.) to the station etc.; er geht nie aus dem Haus he never leaves ( oder goes out of) the house; Licht, Seite, Weg etc.

3. (sich irgendwohin begeben) go; schwimmen etc. gehen go swimming etc.; jemanden suchen gehen (go and) look for s.o.; ins oder zu Bett gehen go to bed; ins Ausland / Kino etc. gehen go abroad / to the cinema (Am. to a movie) etc.; aufs Dach gehen go up on the roof; in Deckung gehen take cover; ins Wasser gehen go into the water; auf Reisen gehen go travel(l)ing; unter Menschen gehen mix with people; an / von Bord gehen go on board / leave the ship, plane etc., embark / disembark; zu jemandem gehen (sich hinzugesellen) join s.o.; mit einer Frage etc.: go up to s.o.; (besuchen) go and see s.o.; seit wann bist du unter die Alkoholiker / Sportler gegangen? umg., hum. since when have you been an alcoholic / a sports enthusiast?

4. beruflich etc.: als Putzfrau etc. gehen work as a cleaner; in die Fabrik etc. gehen (dort anfangen) start at the factory etc.; (dort arbeiten) go (in)to the factory; zur Schule / aufs Gymnasium etc. gehen go to school / grammar (Am. high) school; sie geht noch nicht in die oder zur Schule she doesn’t go to ( oder she’s not at, Am. in) school yet; in die Politik / zum Film etc. gehen go into politics / films (Am. motion pictures); zu den oder unter die Soldaten gehen join the army; ins Kloster gehen become a nun; in oder auf Urlaub gehen go on holiday (Am. vacation); in Rente gehen retire

5. umg. (sich kleiden): als Clown etc. gehen im Karneval: go as a clown etc.; in Zivil gehen Soldat: wear civilian clothes; Polizist: wear plainclothes; ganz in Weiß etc. gehen wear white etc., be all in white etc.; sie geht heute im Kleid / mit Hut she’s wearing a dress / hat today; so kannst du nicht gehen! you can’t go (looking) like that!

6. (beginnen): an die Arbeit etc. gehen get down to work etc.; auch unpers.: wenn’s ans Aufräumen / Trinken geht when it comes to clearing up / drinking

7. fig.: an etw. (Akk) gehen umg. ohne Erlaubnis: touch s.th.; Geldbeutel, Handtasche go into s.th.; (nehmen) take s.th.; die Kinder waren mir an das Geld / den Kuchen gegangen the kids had been at (Am. into) my money / cake; geh mir ja nicht an meine Sachen umg. don’t you (dare) touch ( oder interfere with) my things; sie sind auseinander gegangen (haben sich getrennt) they’ve split up; in sich gehen do a bit of soul-searching; mit jemandem gehen umg. (fest befreundet sein) go steady with s.o.

8. (weggehen, auch aus Stellung etc.) go, leave; gehst du schon? are you going already?; jetzt geh schon! ermunternd: go on then; antreibend: get going then; jemanden lieber gehen als kommen sehen be glad to see the back of s.o.; er ist von uns gegangen euph. (ist tot) he has passed away; jemanden gehen lassen let s.o. go; ungestraft: let s.o. off; gehen lassen umg., fig. (Seil etc.) (loslassen) let go; (jemanden, etw.) (in Ruhe lassen) leave alone; sich gehen lassen fig. unmanierlich: let o.s. go; (die Beherrschung verlieren) lose one’s temper; er ist gegangen worden umg., hum. he was sacked (bes. Am. fired); geh! bes. südd., österr., erstaunt: really?; ach, geh oder geh, geh! umg. come on!, go on!; geh mir doch mit deinen faulen Ausreden / dem blöden Kerl ( vom Leib)! umg., fig. I don’t want to hear any of your excuses / see the stupid man; geh mir ( bloß) mit Mallorca! you can keep ( oder I’ve had enough of) your wretched Majorca!

9. Zug etc.: (abfahren) go ( nach to), leave ( oder depart) (for); (verkehren) go, run; wann geht der nächste Zug nach Rom? when does the next train for Rome leave ( oder depart)?; der nächste Bus geht erst in zwei Stunden there isn’t another bus for two hours; hier geht alle zehn Minuten ein Bus there’s a bus every ten minutes here; siehe auch 13

10. allg. Bewegung: ging da nicht gerade eine Tür? wasn’t that a door I heard (going)?; die Schublade geht so schwer the drawer is so difficult to open ( oder shut), the drawer sticks; draußen geht ein kalter Wind there’s a cold wind blowing outside

11. mit Ziel: der Ball ging ins Tor the ball went in; sie ging als Erste durchs Ziel she was the first to cross the finishing line; der Schuss ging mitten ins Herz the shot went clean through the heart; das Foto ging von Hand zu Hand the photo was passed from hand to hand

12. fig.: es geht das Gerücht, dass... there’s a rumo(u)r going around that...; das Erbe ging an ihn the inheritance went to him; das geht auf mich (zahle ich) that’s on me; das geht auf die Leber etc. it’s bad for your liver etc., it takes its toll on your liver etc.; es geht auf oder gegen Mitternacht it’s nearly midnight; sie geht auf die 60 she’s nearly 60; seine Kritik ging dahin, dass... his criticism was to the effect that..., what his criticism boiled down to was that...; ein Aufschrei ging durch die Menge a cry went up from the crowd; der Skandal ging durch die Presse the scandal was in all the papers; das geht gegen mein Gewissen it goes against my conscience; was ich jetzt sage, geht nicht gegen dich is not aimed at you; gehen nach (sich richten nach) go by; nach dem Aussehen kann man nicht gehen you can’t go ( oder judge) by appearances; wenn es nach mir ginge if I had my way; es kann nicht immer alles nach deinem Kopf gehen you can’t get your own way all of the time; was geht hier vor sich? what’s going on here?; wie ist das vor sich gegangen? what happened?

13. Mauer, Weg etc.: go, lead to; Treppe: lead (down / up) to; Leitung etc.: lead; Fenster: face, look out on; Tür: open; gehen durch go ( oder pass) through; wohin geht dieser Weg? where does this path go ( oder lead to)?; wohin geht die Reise? where are you etc. off to?; der Zaun geht bis zum Fluss / um das ganze Grundstück goes as far as the river / around the whole property; das Fenster geht auf die Straße / nach Norden looks out onto the street / faces ( oder looks) north; die Brücke geht über eine Schlucht spans ( oder goes over) a ravine; der Zug, die Strecke geht über Ulm nach Stuttgart goes to Stuttgart via Ulm; zum Zoo geht es die nächste Straße rechts for the zoo, take the next (street on the) right; an der Ampel geht es ( nach) links go left at the lights

14. zur Angabe von Mengen, Grenzen: das Wasser / er geht mir bis ans oder zum Kinn the water / he comes up to my chin; der Rock geht über die Knie the skirt comes to below the knee; eine tief gehende Wunde a deep wound; tief gehender Schmerz deep grief; es gehen 200 Personen in den Saal the hall holds ( oder seats) two hundred people; wie oft geht fünf in neunzig? how many times does five go into ninety?; der Schrank geht nicht durch die Tür the cupboard won’t go through the door; auf einen Zentner gehen 50 Kilogramm 50 kilogram(me)s make a (metric) hundredweight

15. (erreichen) der Schaden geht in die Millionen runs into millions; die Kämpfe gehen in den vierten Tag fighting has entered its fourth day; das Spiel geht in die Verlängerung the game is going into extra time (Am. overtime)

16. (dauern) last; wie lange geht die Sitzung schon / noch? how long has the meeting been going on ( oder been under way) / how much longer is the meeting going to take?; die Ferien gehen vom 10. bis 24. Mai the holidays are ( oder run) from the 10th to the 24th of May (Am. May 10th to 24th); das geht nun schon seit Jahren so that’s been going on for years

17. (übertreffen, übersteigen): das geht über meinen Verstand / meine Kräfte / meine finanziellen Möglichkeiten it’s beyond my understanding / strength / financial capabilities, it’s more than I can grasp / manage / afford; es geht doch nichts über... there’s nothing like...; das / sie geht ihm über alles it / she means everything to him

18. fig.: wie hoch kannst / willst du gehen? beim Kaufen: how much can you afford? / do you want to spend?; beim Wetten, Pokern etc.: how high can you / do you want to go?; das geht zu weit! that’s going too far!; jetzt bist du zu weit gegangen now you’ve gone too far; er ging so weit zu sagen... he went so far as to say...; das ging so weit, dass... it got to the point where..., things went so far that...

19.

a) (in Betrieb sein) Staubsauger, Radio etc.: be on;

b) (klingeln) Klingel, Telefon: ring, go; um 6 Uhr ging mein Wecker my alarm went off at 6 o’clock; das Telefon geht schon den ganzen Tag the phone has been ringing all day;

c) Puls: beat; ihr Puls geht zu schnell / nicht mehr her pulse is too rapid / has stopped

20. (funktionieren) go, work; die Uhr geht nicht has stopped; (ist kaputt) is broken; meine Uhr geht falsch / richtig my watch is wrong / right; keine Angst, das geht ganz leicht don’t worry, it’s quite easy; das Gedicht, Lied geht so goes like this; wie geht das Lied gleich wieder? umg. how does the song go again?; wie soll denn das gehen? (verstehe ich nicht) how do you do it?; (glaube ich nicht) how do you say you do it?

21. (möglich sein) be possible; (gut sein) be all right; geht (es) Mittwoch? is Wednesday OK ( oder all right)?; Mittwoch geht gut Wednesday is fine

22. unpers.; (erlaubt sein) be allowed; ich hätte morgen gern das Auto, geht das? is that OK?; so geht das ( aber) nicht! that won’t do at all!

23. umg. (ausreichen, akzeptabel sein) do; der Mantel muss den Winter noch gehen the coat will have to do for ( oder last) this winter; geht das jetzt so? will it do?, is it all right like that?; der Hunger ging ja noch, aber der Durst ( war nicht auszuhalten)! the hunger we could take, but the thirst (was unbearable)!

24. Entwicklung, Verlauf: gut gehen go well, turn out all right; Geschäfte: do well, go well; schief gehen go wrong; wie gehen die Geschäfte? how’s business?; gut / schlecht gehend Geschäft etc.: flourishing ( oder thriving) / ailing; das konnte nicht gut gehen it was bound to go wrong; das kann ja nicht gut gehen! umg. there’s no way it’s going to work; wenn das nur gut geht! well, let’s just hope for the best; das ist noch einmal gut gegangen that was close ( oder a close thing, Am. a close call), talk about lucky umg.; so geht es, wenn man nicht aufpasst etc.: that’s what comes of (+ Ger.) abwärts, aufwärts, vorwärts

25. Ware: sell ( gut well), go (well); die Stiefel gehen überhaupt nicht nobody’s buying ( oder interested in) the boots, the boots aren’t selling at all

26. unpers.; Befinden: wie geht es Ihnen oder dir? how are you?; zu einem Kranken: how are you feeling?; wie geht’s(, wie steht’s)? umg. how are things?, how’s life (with you)?, how’s life treating you?; mir geht’s gut / schlecht I’m fine / not well; geschäftlich etc.: I’m doing fine / badly; es geht (so) umg. not too bad(ly), (it) could be worse; es sich (Dat) gut gehen lassen have a good time, enjoy o.s.; sonst geht’s dir ( aber schon) gut? iro. are you sure you’re feeling all right?; ihm ist es ( auch) nicht besser gegangen he didn’t do ( oder fare) any better; mir ist es genauso gegangen it was the same for me, same here umg.; wie geht es dir mit diesem Film? what do you think ( oder how do you feel) about this film (Am. auch movie)?; mir geht es genauso I feel exactly the same way, same here umg.; jetzt geht es ihm ans Leben oder an den Kragen etc. umg. he’s really in for it now

27. unpers.; (möglich sein): es geht nicht it can’t be done, it’s impossible, nothing doing umg., no way umg.; es wird schon gehen it’ll be all right; es geht auch so / allein (ohne das/dich) we etc. can manage without it/you; es geht ( eben) nicht anders it can’t be helped(, I’m afraid)

28. unpers.; fig.: es geht um Thema: it’s about; worum geht es in dem Film / bei dem Streit? what’s the film (Am. auch movie)/ quarrel about?; es geht hier um... we’re talking about ( oder looking at)...; worum geht es? (was willst du von mir) what’s the problem?; es geht um den Frieden etc.: peace etc. is at stake; es geht darum zu (+ Inf.) it’s a question ( oder matter) of (+ Ger.) darum geht es hier ( gar) nicht that’s not the point;

d) persönliches Interesse: worum geht es dir eigentlich? what are you really after?; es geht ihm nur ums Geld he’s just interested in the money; mir geht es nicht ums Geld, sondern um... I’m not interested in the money, but...; um das Geld geht’s mir ja gar nicht I’m not the least bit interested in ( oder don’t care about) the money

29. Teig: rise; den Teig gehen lassen let the dough rise

30. als Funktionsverb: zu Bruch oder in die Brüche gehen break, get broken; in Druck gehen go to press; in Erfüllung gehen be fulfilled ( oder realized); in Produktion gehen go into production; offline, online, verloren, vonstatten etc.

II v/t: einen Umweg gehen make a detour; wir gingen die Strecke Altdorf - Neustadt in drei Stunden we walked from Altdorf to Neustadt in three hours; Gang1 3, Weg

III v/refl unpers.: in diesen Schuhen geht es sich gut these shoes are good for walking, these are good walking shoes; auf dem steinigen Boden ging es sich etwas mühsam the going was fairly laborious over the stony ground

* * *

to march; to step; to go; to walk

* * *
Ge|hen
nt -s, no pl
(= Zu-Fuß-Gehen) walking; (= Abschied) leaving; (SPORT) (= Disziplin) walking; (= Wettbewerb) walk
* * *

1) (to walk, travel, move etc: He is going across the field; Go straight ahead; When did he go out?) go

2) (to be sent, passed on etc: Complaints have to go through the proper channels.) go

3) (to visit, to attend: He goes to school every day; I decided not to go to the movie.) go

4) (to move away: I think it is time you were going.) go

5) (to be working etc: I don't think that clock is going.) go

6) (to be acceptable etc: Anything goes in this office.) go

7) (to have a particular tune etc: How does that song go?) go

8) (an act of leaving, moving away etc: the comings and goings of the people in the street.) going

9) (to go: I think I'll go along to that meeting.) go along

10) ((of people or animals) to (cause to) move on foot at a pace slower than running, never having both or all the feet off the ground at once: He walked across the room and sat down; How long will it take to walk to the station?; She walks her dog in the park every morning.) walk

* * *

Ge·hen

<-s>

[ˈge:ən]

nt kein pl

1. (Zu-Fuß-Gehen) walking

2. (das Weggehen) going, leaving

schon im \Gehen, wandte sie sich noch einmal um she turned round once more as she left

sein frühes/vorzeitiges \Gehen his early departure

3. SPORT race walking

* * *

das; Gehens

1) walking

er hat Schmerzen beim Gehen — it hurts him to walk

2) (Leichtathletik) walking

der Sieger im 50-km-Gehen — the winner of the 50 km walk

* * *

gehen

A. v/i; geht, ging, ist gegangen

1.

(zu Fuß) gehen walk, go (on foot, US auch by foot);

spazieren gehen go for a walk;

aufrecht/gebückt gehen walk upright/with a stoop;

am Stock gehen walk with a stick (US cane);

im Schritt/Trab gehen Pferd: walk/trot;

wo ich gehe und stehe sehe ich … wherever I go …

2. mit Richtung:

gehen in (+akk) go into, enter;

auf/über die Straße gehen go out into/cross the street;

mit jemandem zum Bahnhof etc

gehen see sb ( oder go with sb) to the station etc;

er geht nie aus dem Haus he never leaves ( oder goes out of) the house; → Licht, Seite, Weg etc

3. (sich irgendwohin begeben) go;

schwimmen etc

gehen go swimming etc;

jemanden suchen gehen (go and) look for sb;

ins oder

zu Bett gehen go to bed;

ins Ausland/Kino etc

gehen go abroad/to the cinema (US to a movie) etc;

aufs Dach gehen go up on the roof;

in Deckung gehen take cover;

ins Wasser gehen go into the water;

auf Reisen gehen go travel(l)ing;

unter Menschen gehen mix with people;

an/von Bord gehen go on board/leave the ship, plane etc, embark/disembark;

zu jemandem gehen (sich hinzugesellen) join sb; mit einer Frage etc: go up to sb; (besuchen) go and see sb;

seit wann bist du unter die Alkoholiker/Sportler gegangen? umg, hum since when have you been an alcoholic/a sports enthusiast?

4. beruflich etc:

als Putzfrau etc

gehen work as a cleaner;

in die Fabrik etc

gehen (dort anfangen) start at the factory etc; (dort arbeiten) go (in)to the factory;

zur Schule/aufs Gymnasium etc

gehen go to school/grammar (US high) school;

sie geht noch nicht in die oder

zur Schule she doesn’t go to ( oder she’s not at, US in) school yet;

in die Politik/zum Film etc

gehen go into politics/films (US motion pictures);

zu den oder

unter die Soldaten gehen join the army;

ins Kloster gehen become a nun;

in oder

auf Urlaub gehen go on holiday (US vacation);

in Rente gehen retire

5. umg (sich kleiden):

als Clown etc

gehen im Karneval: go as a clown etc;

in Zivil gehen Soldat: wear civilian clothes; Polizist: wear plainclothes;

ganz in Weiß etc

gehen wear white etc, be all in white etc;

sie geht heute im Kleid/mit Hut she’s wearing a dress/hat today;

so kannst du nicht gehen! you can’t go (looking) like that!

6. (beginnen):

an die Arbeit etc

gehen get down to work etc; auch unpers:

wenn’s ans Aufräumen/Trinken geht when it comes to clearing up/drinking

7. fig:

an etwas (akk)

gehen umg ohne Erlaubnis: touch sth; Geldbeutel, Handtasche go into sth; (nehmen) take sth;

die Kinder waren mir an das Geld/den Kuchen gegangen the kids had been at (US into) my money/cake;

geh mir ja nicht an meine Sachen umg don’t you (dare) touch ( oder interfere with) my things;

sie sind auseinandergegangen (haben sich getrennt) they’ve split up;

in sich gehen do a bit of soul-searching;

mit jemandem gehen umg (fest befreundet sein) go steady with sb

8. (weggehen, auch aus Stellung etc) go, leave;

gehst du schon? are you going already?;

jetzt geh schon! ermunternd: go on then; antreibend: get going then;

jemanden lieber gehen als kommen sehen be glad to see the back of sb;

er ist von uns gegangen euph (ist tot) he has passed away;

jemanden gehen lassen let sb go; ungestraft: let sb off;

gehen lassen umg, fig (Seil etc) (loslassen) let go; (jemanden, etwas) (in Ruhe lassen) leave alone;

sich gehen lassen fig unmanierlich: let o.s. go; (die Beherrschung verlieren) lose one’s temper;

er ist gegangen worden umg, hum he was sacked (besonders US fired);

geh! besonders südd, österr, erstaunt: really?;

ach, geh oder

geh, geh! umg come on!, go on!;

geh mir doch mit deinen faulen Ausreden/dem blöden Kerl (vom Leib)! umg, fig I don’t want to hear any of your excuses/see the stupid man;

geh mir (bloß) mit Mallorca! you can keep ( oder I’ve had enough of) your wretched Majorca!

9. Zug etc: (abfahren) go (

nach to), leave ( oder depart) (for); (verkehren) go, run;

wann geht der nächste Zug nach Rom? when does the next train for Rome leave ( oder depart)?;

der nächste Bus geht erst in zwei Stunden there isn’t another bus for two hours;

hier geht alle zehn Minuten ein Bus there’s a bus every ten minutes here; → auch 13

10. allg Bewegung:

ging da nicht gerade eine Tür? wasn’t that a door I heard (going)?;

die Schublade geht so schwer the drawer is so difficult to open ( oder shut), the drawer sticks;

draußen geht ein kalter Wind there’s a cold wind blowing outside

11. mit Ziel:

der Ball ging ins Tor the ball went in;

sie ging als Erste durchs Ziel she was the first to cross the finishing line;

der Schuss ging mitten ins Herz the shot went clean through the heart;

das Foto ging von Hand zu Hand the photo was passed from hand to hand

12. fig:

es geht das Gerücht, dass … there’s a rumo(u)r going around that …;

das Erbe ging an ihn the inheritance went to him;

das geht auf mich (zahle ich) that’s on me;

das geht auf die Leber etc it’s bad for your liver etc, it takes its toll on your liver etc;

es geht auf oder

gegen Mitternacht it’s nearly midnight;

sie geht auf die 60 she’s nearly 60;

seine Kritik ging dahin, dass … his criticism was to the effect that …, what his criticism boiled down to was that …;

ein Aufschrei ging durch die Menge a cry went up from the crowd;

der Skandal ging durch die Presse the scandal was in all the papers;

das geht gegen mein Gewissen it goes against my conscience; was ich jetzt sage,

geht nicht gegen dich is not aimed at you;

gehen nach (sich richten nach) go by;

nach dem Aussehen kann man nicht gehen you can’t go ( oder judge) by appearances;

wenn es nach mir ginge if I had my way;

es kann nicht immer alles nach deinem Kopf gehen you can’t get your own way all of the time;

was geht hier vor sich? what’s going on here?;

wie ist das vor sich gegangen? what happened?

13. Mauer, Weg etc: go, lead to; Treppe: lead (down/up) to; Leitung etc: lead; Fenster: face, look out on; Tür: open;

gehen durch go ( oder pass) through;

wohin geht dieser Weg? where does this path go ( oder lead to)?;

wohin geht die Reise? where are you etc off to?;

der Zaun

geht bis zum Fluss/um das ganze Grundstück goes as far as the river/around the whole property;

das Fenster

geht auf die Straße/nach Norden looks out onto the street/faces ( oder looks) north;

die Brücke

geht über eine Schlucht spans ( oder goes over) a ravine;

der Zug, die Strecke

geht über Ulm nach Stuttgart goes to Stuttgart via Ulm;

zum Zoo geht es die nächste Straße rechts for the zoo, take the next (street on the) right;

an der Ampel geht es (nach) links go left at the lights

14. zur Angabe von Mengen, Grenzen:

das Wasser/er geht mir bis ans oder

zum Kinn the water/he comes up to my chin;

der Rock geht über die Knie the skirt comes to below the knee;

eine tief gehende Wunde a deep wound;

tief gehender Schmerz deep grief;

es gehen 200 Personen in den Saal the hall holds ( oder seats) two hundred people;

wie oft geht fünf in neunzig? how many times does five go into ninety?;

der Schrank geht nicht durch die Tür the cupboard won’t go through the door;

auf einen Zentner gehen 50 Kilogramm 50 kilogram(me)s make a (metric) hundredweight

15. (erreichen) der Schaden

geht in die Millionen runs into millions;

die Kämpfe gehen in den vierten Tag fighting has entered its fourth day;

das Spiel geht in die Verlängerung the game is going into extra time (US overtime)

16. (dauern) last;

wie lange geht die Sitzung schon/noch? how long has the meeting been going on ( oder been under way)/how much longer is the meeting going to take?;

die Ferien gehen vom 10. bis 24. Mai the holidays are ( oder run) from the 10^th to the 24^th of May (US May 10^th to 24^th);

das geht nun schon seit Jahren so that’s been going on for years

17. (übertreffen, übersteigen):

das geht über meinen Verstand/meine Kräfte/meine finanziellen Möglichkeiten it’s beyond my understanding/strength/financial capabilities, it’s more than I can grasp/manage/afford;

es geht doch nichts über … there’s nothing like …;

das/sie geht ihm über alles it/she means everything to him

18. fig:

wie hoch kannst/willst du gehen? beim Kaufen: how much can you afford?/do you want to spend?; beim Wetten, Pokern etc: how high can you/do you want to go?;

das geht zu weit! that’s going too far!;

jetzt bist du zu weit gegangen now you’ve gone too far;

er ging so weit zu sagen … he went so far as to say …;

das ging so weit, dass … it got to the point where …, things went so far that …

19. (in Betrieb sein) Staubsauger, Radio etc: be on; (klingeln) Klingel, Telefon: ring, go;

um 6 Uhr ging mein Wecker my alarm went off at 6 o’clock;

das Telefon geht schon den ganzen Tag the phone has been ringing all day; Puls: beat;

ihr Puls geht zu schnell/nicht mehr her pulse is too rapid/has stopped

20. (funktionieren) go, work;

die Uhr

geht nicht has stopped; (ist kaputt) is broken;

meine Uhr geht falsch/richtig my watch is wrong/right;

keine Angst, das geht ganz leicht don’t worry, it’s quite easy;

das Gedicht, Lied

geht so goes like this;

wie geht das Lied gleich wieder? umg how does the song go again?;

wie soll denn das gehen? (verstehe ich nicht) how do you do it?; (glaube ich nicht) how do you say you do it?

21. (möglich sein) be possible; (gut sein) be all right;

geht (es) Mittwoch? is Wednesday OK ( oder all right)?;

Mittwoch geht gut Wednesday is fine

22. unpers; (erlaubt sein) be allowed; ich hätte morgen gern das Auto,

geht das? is that OK?;

so geht das (aber) nicht! that won’t do at all!

23. umg (ausreichen, akzeptabel sein) do;

der Mantel muss den Winter noch gehen the coat will have to do for ( oder last) this winter;

geht das jetzt so? will it do?, is it all right like that?;

der Hunger ging ja noch, aber der Durst (war nicht auszuhalten)! the hunger we could take, but the thirst (was unbearable)!

24. Entwicklung, Verlauf:

gut gehen go well, turn out all right; Geschäfte: do well, go well;

wie gehen die Geschäfte? how’s business?;

gut/schlecht gehend Geschäft etc: flourishing ( oder thriving)/ailing;

das konnte nicht gut gehen it was bound to go wrong;

das kann ja nicht gut gehen! umg there’s no way it’s going to work;

wenn das nur gut geht! well, let’s just hope for the best;

das ist noch einmal gut gegangen that was close ( oder a close thing, US a close call), talk about lucky umg;

so geht es, wenn man nicht aufpasst etc: that’s what comes of (+ger); → schiefgehen

25. Ware: sell (

gut well), go (well);

die Stiefel gehen überhaupt nicht nobody’s buying ( oder interested in) the boots, the boots aren’t selling at all

26. unpers; Befinden:

wie geht es Ihnen oder

dir? how are you?; zu einem Kranken: how are you feeling?;

wie geht’s(, wie steht’s)? umg how are things?, how’s life (with you)?, how’s life treating you?;

mir geht’s gut/schlecht I’m fine/not well; geschäftlich etc: I’m doing fine/badly;

es geht (so) umg not too bad(ly), (it) could be worse;

es sich (dat)

gut gehen lassen have a good time, enjoy o.s.;

sonst geht’s dir( aber schon) gut? iron are you sure you’re feeling all right?;

ihm ist es (auch) nicht besser gegangen he didn’t do ( oder fare) any better;

mir ist es genauso gegangen it was the same for me, same here umg;

wie geht es dir mit diesem Film? what do you think ( oder how do you feel) about this film (US auch movie)?;

mir geht es genauso I feel exactly the same way, same here umg;

jetzt geht es ihm ans Leben oder

an den Kragen etc umg he’s really in for it now

27. unpers; (möglich sein):

es geht nicht it can’t be done, it’s impossible, nothing doing umg, no way umg;

es wird schon gehen it’ll be all right;

es geht auch so/allein (ohne das/dich) we etc can manage without it/you;

es geht (eben) nicht anders it can’t be helped(, I’m afraid)

28. unpers; fig:

es geht um Thema: it’s about;

worum geht es in dem Film/bei dem Streit? what’s the film (US auch movie)/quarrel about?;

es geht hier um … we’re talking about ( oder looking at) …;

worum geht es? (was willst du von mir) what’s the problem?;

es geht um den Frieden etc: peace etc is at stake;

es geht darum zu (+inf) it’s a question ( oder matter) of (+ger)

darum geht es hier (gar) nicht that’s not the point; persönliches Interesse:

worum geht es dir eigentlich? what are you really after?;

es geht ihm nur ums Geld he’s just interested in the money;

mir geht es nicht ums Geld, sondern um … I’m not interested in the money, but …;

um das Geld geht’s mir ja gar nicht I’m not the least bit interested in ( oder don’t care about) the money

29. Teig: rise;

den Teig gehen lassen let the dough rise

30. als Funktionsverb:

zu Bruch oder

in die Brüche gehen break, get broken;

in Druck gehen go to press;

in Erfüllung gehen be fulfilled ( oder realized);

in Produktion gehen go into production; → offline, online, verloren, vonstattengehen etc

B. v/t:

einen Umweg gehen make a detour;

wir gingen die Strecke Altdorf - Neustadt in drei Stunden we walked from Altdorf to Neustadt in three hours; → Gang¹ 3, Weg

C. v/r unpers:

in diesen Schuhen geht es sich gut these shoes are good for walking, these are good walking shoes;

auf dem steinigen Boden ging es sich etwas mühsam the going was fairly laborious over the stony ground

* * *

das; Gehens

1) walking

er hat Schmerzen beim Gehen — it hurts him to walk

2) (Leichtathletik) walking

der Sieger im 50-km-Gehen — the winner of the 50 km walk

* * *

nur sing. n.

going n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > gehen

15 derecho

adj.

1 right-hand, right.

2 straight, upright, erect, standing.

3 uncurved, unbowed.

4 dextral.

5 according to law, uncrooked.

adv.

straight on, straight, straightly.

m.

1 right, legitimate faculty, individual right, just claim.

2 law.

3 prerogative.

* * *

derecho

► adjetivo

1 right

■ la mano derecha the right hand

2 (recto) straight, upright

■ el cuadro no está derecho the picture isn't straight

► adverbio derecho

1 straight

■ se fue derecho a la cama he went straight to bed

■ siga derecho go straight on

► nombre masculino derecho

1 (leyes) law

■ ha estudiado derecho she studied law

2 (privilegio) right

■ los derechos de las minorías the rights of minority groups

3 (de una tela, calcetín, etc) right side

► nombre masculino plural derechos

1 (impuestos) duties, taxes; (tarifa) fees

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

con derecho a with the right to

¿con qué derecho...? what right...?

■ ¿con qué derecho te marchaste? what right did you have to leave?

dar derecho to entitle to

■ el billete te da derecho a jugar media hora the ticket entitles you to play for half an hour

de derecho by right

estar en su derecho to be within one's rights

no hacer nada a derechas figurado to do nothing right

¡no hay derecho! it's not fair!

'Reservados todos los derechos' "All rights reserved"

'Se reserva el derecho de admisión' "The management reserves the right to refuse admission"

ser un hombre hecho y derecho figurado to be a real man

tener derecho a to be entitled to, have the right to

■ nadie tiene derecho a quejarse nobody is entitled to complain

derecho civil civil law

derecho de admisión right sing to refuse admission

derecho mercantil commercial law, mercantile law

derecho penal criminal law

derecho político constitutional law

derechos civiles civil rights

derechos de aduana customs duties

derechos de autor royalties

derechos de matrícula registration fees

derechos de sucesión death duties

derechos humanos human rights

el derecho al voto the right to vote

————————

derecho

► adverbio

1 straight

■ se fue derecho a la cama he went straight to bed

■ siga derecho go straight on

► nombre masculino

* * *
1. noun m.
1) law

2) right

•

- derechos civiles
- derechos de autor 2. (f. - derecha)
adj.

1) right

2) straight

3) upright

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [línea, dirección] (=recto) straight; (=vertical) upright, straight

traza las líneas derechas — draw the lines straight

siéntate derecho — sit upright o straight

anda derecha — walk upright, stand straight when you walk

• poner algo derecho — (=no torcido) to put sth straight, straighten sth; (=no caído) to stand sth upright

- tener a algn más derecho que una vela

2) (=del lado derecho) [brazo, pierna, oreja] right; [lado, cajón] right-hand

tiene toda la parte derecha del cuerpo paralizada — he's paralysed down the right side of his body

entre por la puerta derecha — go through the right-hand door
brazo 1), ojo 1)
3) (=honrado) honest, straight

4) CAm (=afortunado) lucky

2. ADV

1) (=en línea recta)

seguir derecho — to carry o go straight on

siga todo derecho — carry o go straight on

2) (=directamente) straight

después del cine, derechito para casa — after the cinema, straight home

fui derecho a Londres — I went straight to London

3. SM

1) (Jur) (=estudios, legislación) law; (=justicia) justice

estudiante de Derecho — law student

Facultad de Derecho — Faculty of Law

lo que manda el derecho en este caso — what justice demands in this case

• conforme a derecho — in accordance with the law

no actuó conforme a derecho — he acted unlawfully

• propietario en derecho — legal owner

• por derecho — in law, legally

lo que me corresponde por derecho — what is legally mine, what is mine by law

• por derecho propio — in one's own right

derecho administrativo — administrative law

derecho canónico — canon law

derecho civil — civil law

derecho comunitario — Community law

derecho consuetudinario — common law

derecho de compañías — company law

derecho de familia — family law

derecho del trabajo — labour o (EEUU) labor law

derecho de sociedades — company law

derecho escrito — statute law

derecho fiscal — tax law

derecho foral — legislation pertaining to those Spanish regions which have charters called "fueros"

derecho internacional — international law

derecho laboral — labour law, labor law (EEUU)

derecho marítimo — maritime law

derecho mercantil — commercial law

derecho penal — criminal law

derecho político — constitutional law

derecho positivo — statute law

derecho privado — private law

derecho procesal — procedural law

derecho público — public law

derecho romano — Roman law

derecho tributario — tax law

2) [de persona, entidad] right

se reserva el derecho de admisión — the management reserve(s) the right to refuse admission

¿con qué derecho me hablas así? — what right have you to talk to me that way?

es miembro de pleno derecho — he's a full member

¡no hay derecho! — it's not fair!

• derecho a la educación — right to education

el derecho a la libertad — the right to be free

derecho a la intimidad — right to o of privacy

lo único que nos queda es el derecho al pataleo — hum the only thing we can do is kick up a fuss *

derecho al voto, derecho a votar — [gen] right to vote; [como derecho civil] franchise, right to vote

• con derecho a algo — entitled to sth

declaraciones de la renta con derecho a devolución — tax returns entitled to a rebate

entrada con derecho a consumición — entrance ticket including one free drink

• dar derecho a hacer algo — to give the right to do sth

eso no te da derecho a hablarme así — that doesn't give you the right to talk to me that way

• estar en su derecho — to be within one's rights

claro, estás en tu derecho de decir lo que quieras — of course, you are perfectly entitled to say whatever you like

• tener derecho a algo — to be entitled to sth

no tenemos derecho a vacaciones — we are not entitled to holidays

tener derecho a hacer algo — to have a o the right to do sth

no tienes ningún derecho a insultarme — you have no right to insult me

derecho de asilo — right of asylum

derecho de huelga — right to strike

derecho de paso — right of way, easement (EEUU)

derecho de pernada — ( Hist) droit du seigneur

derecho de réplica — right of reply

derecho de retención — (Com) lien

derecho de reunión — right of assembly

derecho de tránsito — right of passage

derecho de veto — right of veto

derecho de visita — right of access

derecho divino — divine right

derecho preferente — preferential right

derechos civiles — civil rights

derechos de la mujer — women's rights

3) pl derechos (Com) rights

"reservados todos los derechos" — "all rights reserved"

tienen los derechos exclusivos para la venta del disco — they have the exclusive rights to sales of the record

derechos cinematográficos — film rights

derechos de antena — broadcasting rights

derechos de autor — copyright sing

derechos de edición — publishing rights

derechos de emisión — (TV, Radio) broadcasting rights

derechos de patente — patent rights

derechos editoriales — publishing rights

derechos humanos — human rights

Declaración de los Derechos Humanos — Declaration of Human Rights

4) pl derechos (=honorarios) [de arquitecto, notario] fee(s); (=impuestos) duty sing

franco de derechos — duty-free

sujeto a derechos — subject to duty, dutiable

derechos aduaneros, derechos arancelarios, derechos de aduana — customs duty

derechos de asesoría, derechos de consulta — consulting fees, consultancy fees

derechos de autor — royalties

derechos de enganche — (Telec) connection charges

derechos de entrada — import duties

derechos de exportación — export duties

derechos de importación — import duties

derechos de matrícula — registration fee sing

derechos de muelle — dock dues, docking fees (EEUU)

derechos de peaje — (Aut) toll sing

derechos portuarios — harbour dues, harbor dues (EEUU)

derechos reales — tax paid after the completion of an official transaction

5) (tb: lado derecho) [de tela, papel] right side; [de calcetín, chaqueta] outside

¿cuál es el derecho de esta tela? — which is the right side of this fabric?

puedes planchar la falda por el derecho — you can iron the skirt on the outside

• poner algo al o del derecho — to put sth the right side o way up

pon el mantel del derecho — put the tablecloth the right side o way up

ponte la camiseta al derecho — put your T-shirt on the right way round

* * *
I
- cha adjetivo

1) <mano/ojo/zapato> right; < lado> right, right-hand

el ángulo superior derecho — the top right-hand corner

queda a mano derecha — it's on the right-hand side o on the right

2)

a) ( recto) straight

ese cuadro no está derecho — that picture isn't straight

pon la espalda derecha! — straighten your back!

siéntate derecho — sit up straight

b) (fam) (justo, honesto) honest, straight
II
adverbio

a) ( en línea recta) straight

siga todo derecho — go o keep straight on

b) (fam) ( directamente) straight

fue derecho al tema — he got straight o right to the point
III
masculino

1)

a) (facultad, privilegio) right

haz valer tus derechos — stand up for your rights

derechos fundamentales — basic rights

estás en tu derecho — you're within your rights

reservado el derecho de admisión — the management reserves the right to refuse admission

miembro de pleno derecho — full member

derecho a algo — right to sth

el derecho a la vida/al voto — the right to life/to vote

derecho a + inf: tengo derecho a saber I have a o the right to know; da derecho a participar en el sorteo it entitles you to participate in the draw; tiene perfecto derecho a protestar she's perfectly within her rights to protest; tengo derecho a que se me escuche I have the right to be heard; no hay derecho! (fam) it's not fair!; no hay derecho a que la traten así a una — they've no right to treat a person like that

b) (Com, Fin) tax

- derecho de asilo

- derecho de matrícula

- derecho de paso or servidumbre

- derecho de reunión

- derechos arancelarios or de aduana

- derechos cinematográficos

- derechos de autor

- derechos humanos

2) (Der) law

estudio derecho — I'm studying law

no se ajusta a derecho — it is legally flawed

- derecho administrativo/canónico/civil

- derecho empresarial/fiscal/mercantil

- derecho laboral/penal

- derecho privado/público

3) ( de prenda) right side, outside; ( de tela) right side, face

póntelo al derecho — put it on properly o right side out

* * *
I
- cha adjetivo

1) <mano/ojo/zapato> right; < lado> right, right-hand

el ángulo superior derecho — the top right-hand corner

queda a mano derecha — it's on the right-hand side o on the right

2)

a) ( recto) straight

ese cuadro no está derecho — that picture isn't straight

pon la espalda derecha! — straighten your back!

siéntate derecho — sit up straight

b) (fam) (justo, honesto) honest, straight
II
adverbio

a) ( en línea recta) straight

siga todo derecho — go o keep straight on

b) (fam) ( directamente) straight

fue derecho al tema — he got straight o right to the point
III
masculino

1)

a) (facultad, privilegio) right

haz valer tus derechos — stand up for your rights

derechos fundamentales — basic rights

estás en tu derecho — you're within your rights

reservado el derecho de admisión — the management reserves the right to refuse admission

miembro de pleno derecho — full member

derecho a algo — right to sth

el derecho a la vida/al voto — the right to life/to vote

derecho a + inf: tengo derecho a saber I have a o the right to know; da derecho a participar en el sorteo it entitles you to participate in the draw; tiene perfecto derecho a protestar she's perfectly within her rights to protest; tengo derecho a que se me escuche I have the right to be heard; no hay derecho! (fam) it's not fair!; no hay derecho a que la traten así a una — they've no right to treat a person like that

b) (Com, Fin) tax

- derecho de asilo

- derecho de matrícula

- derecho de paso or servidumbre

- derecho de reunión

- derechos arancelarios or de aduana

- derechos cinematográficos

- derechos de autor

- derechos humanos

2) (Der) law

estudio derecho — I'm studying law

no se ajusta a derecho — it is legally flawed

- derecho administrativo/canónico/civil

- derecho empresarial/fiscal/mercantil

- derecho laboral/penal

- derecho privado/público

3) ( de prenda) right side, outside; ( de tela) right side, face

póntelo al derecho — put it on properly o right side out

* * *

derecho¹

¹ = upright, straight [straighter -comp., straightest -sup.], standing.

Ex: The letters are upright, narrow, and angular, standing on crooked feet, and the ascenders are usually decorated with barbs or thorns; f and p do not normally descend below the base line.

Ex: The right tail of the Bradford distribution has been considered to be straight or drooping.

Ex: Although this painting depicts a single standing man, his generalised features suggest that this was not meant as a portrait.

* derecho hacia al norte = due north.

* derecho hacia al sur = due south.

* derecho hacia el este = due east.

* derecho hacia el oeste = due west.

* dos entuertos no hacen un derecho = two wrongs do not make a right.

* hecho y derecho = full-bodied, full-scale, full-service, fully-fledged.

* irse derecho a = make + a beeline for.

derecho²

² = entitlement, law, right.

Ex: Community education is another form of outreach that aims to educate the public about the availability of services that can help them, about their entitlement to benefits, or about their rights under the law.

Ex: The social sciences class, 300, subsumes Economics, Politics, Law and Education.

Ex: Access to information is a fundamental right of citizenship, in fact, the fourth right, following in the footsteps of civil rights, political rights and social rights.

* bibliografía de derecho = legal bibliography.

* biblioteca de derecho = law library.

* bibliotecario de biblioteca de derecho = law librarian.

* biblioteconomía para las bibliotecas de derecho = law librarianship.

* carta de derechos = charter of rights.

* carta de derechos humanos = charter of human rights.

* colección de derecho = law collection.

* colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.

* conceder el derecho al voto = enfranchise.

* con derecho a voto = eligible to vote.

* con derecho de autor = copyright-protected.

* con derechos de autor = copyrightable, royalty-paid.

* con pleno derecho = with full rights.

* conseguir el derecho para = win + the right to.

* dar derecho a = entitle to.

* Declaración de Derechos = Bill of Rights.

* Declaración de los Derechos del Usuario = Library Bill of Rights.

* de derecho = de jure [iure].

* de derecho pero no de hecho = in name only.

* defender los derechos de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + rights.

* defensor de los derechos de los animales = animal rights campaigner.

* defensor de los derechos de los animales = animal rights activist.

* defensor de los derechos de los ciudadanos = citizen activist.

* defensor de los derechos humanos = human rights activist, human rights campaigner.

* de pleno derecho = in + Posesivo + own right, rightful.

* derecho administrativo = administrative law.

* derecho a independizarse, el = right to secede, the.

* derecho a la lectura = right to read.

* derecho a la libertad de expresión = right to free speech, right of free speech.

* derecho a la muerte = right to die.

* derecho a la privacidad = privacy right.

* derecho a la vida = right to live.

* derecho a leer = right to read.

* derecho al veto = veto power.

* derecho al voto = suffrage, voting rights, right to vote, the.

* derecho a vivir = right to live.

* derecho a votar = suffrage, voting rights, right to vote, the.

* derecho a voto = voting rights, suffrage, right to vote, the.

* derecho básico = natural right, basic right.

* derecho canónico = canon law.

* derecho civil = civil law.

* derecho comunitario = Community law.

* derecho constitucional = constitutional right, constitutional law.

* derecho consuetudinario = common law.

* derecho de acceso = access right.

* derecho de acceso a la información = right of access to information.

* derecho de alquiler = rental right.

* derecho de autor de la Corona = Crown copyright.

* derecho de grabación de ondas sonoras o televisivas = off-air recording right.

* derecho de la comunidad = community right.

* derecho del consumidor = consumer law.

* derecho del individuo = individual's right.

* derecho del trabajo = employment law.

* derecho de nacimiento = birthright.

* derecho de paso = the right of way, right of entry.

* derecho de patentes = patent law.

* derecho de préstamo = lending right.

* derecho de reproducción = reprographic right.

* derecho de retención = lien.

* derecho de servidumbre = easement.

* derecho de sucesión = inheritance law.

* derecho de voto = suffrage, voting rights, right to vote, the.

* derecho divino = divine right, divine law.

* derecho eclesiástico = ecclesiastical law.

* derecho eterno = eternal right.

* derecho exclusivo = exclusive right.

* derecho humano = human right.

* derecho inalienable = inalienable right, birthright, unalienable right.

* derecho internacional = international law.

* derecho laboral = employment law.

* derecho legal = legal right.

* derecho medioambiental = environmental law.

* derecho natural = natural right, natural law.

* derecho penal = criminal law, penal law.

* derecho preferente de compra = preemption [pre-emption].

* derecho público = civic right, public law.

* derechos = rights.

* derechos afines = neighbouring rights.

* derechos cívicos = civil rights.

* derechos civiles = civil rights, civil liberties.

* derechos de aduana = customs duties.

* derechos de amarre = moorage.

* derechos de atraque = moorage.

* derechos de autor = copyright, royalty [royalties, -pl.].

* derechos de la mujer = women's rights.

* derechos de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property rights.

* derechos del ciudadano = civil liberties.

* derechos del consumidor = consumer rights [consumers' rights].

* derechos de licencia = licensing rights.

* derechos de los animales = animal rights.

* derechos democráticos = democratic rights.

* derechos de patente = patent rights.

* derechos de propiedad = property rights.

* derechos de reproducción = reproduction rights.

* derechos en materia de procreación = reproductive rights.

* derechos humanos específicos de la mujer = human rights of women.

* derechos individuales = individual rights.

* derecho soberano = sovereign right.

* derecho sobre el préstamo al público (PLR) = public lending right (PLR).

* derechos políticos = political rights.

* derechos reproductivos = reproductive rights.

* derechos sociales = social rights.

* ejercer un derecho = exercise + right.

* estado de derecho = rule of law.

* facultad de derecho = law school.

* hacer valer sus derechos = assert + Posesivo + rights.

* igualdad de derechos = equal rights, equality of rights.

* individualización de los derechos = individualisation of rights.

* infracción del derecho de autor = copyright infringement.

* infringir un derecho = infringe + right, violate + right.

* instrucción sobre los derechos de los ciudadanos = community education.

* ley de derechos de autor = copyright law.

* Ley del Derecho a la Privacidad = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act.

* libre de derechos de autor = royalty-free.

* libro de derecho = law book.

* luchar por los derechos = campaign for + rights.

* material protegido por el derecho de autor = copyright material, copyrighted material.

* mención de derecho de autor = statement of copyright.

* movimiento en defensa de los derechos de la mujer = women's rights movement.

* movimiento en defensa de los derechos de los animales = animal rights movement.

* movimiento por los derechos civiles = civil rights movement.

* obra amparada por el derecho de autor = copyright work.

* obtener el derecho para = win + the right to.

* oficina de derechos de autor = copyright office.

* pagar derechos reales = pay + royalty.

* propietario de los derechos de autor = rightholder.

* protegido por el derecho de autor = copyrighted, copyright-protected.

* reclamar el derecho a Algo = stake + Posesivo + claim.

* reivindicar el derecho de Uno = stake + Posesivo + claim.

* reservados todos los derechos = all rights reserved.

* reservarse el derecho de = reserve + the right to.

* respetar un derecho = respect + right.

* sociedad de gestión de derechos de autor = copyright collective, copyright collecting society, copyright collecting agency.

* tarifa de derechos de autor = royalty charge.

* tener derecho a = be entitled to, have + a right to, entitle to, have + the right to, have + a say in.

* tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.

* tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.

* tener el derecho de = have + the right to.

* titular del derecho = payee entitled.

* titular del derecho de autor = rights-holder [rightsholder], copyright holder.

* titular de los derechos de autor = rights-owner.

* todos los derechos reservados = all rights reserved.

* violación del derecho de la gente a + Nombre = invasion of people's right to + Nombre.

* violación de los derechos humanos = violation of human rights, human rights abuse.

* violar los derechos = invade + rights.

* violar un derecho = infringe + right, violate + right.

* * *

derecho¹ - cha

adjective

A ‹mano/ojo/zapato› right; ‹lado› right, right-hand

el ángulo superior derecho the top right-hand angle

queda a mano derecha it's on the right-hand side o on the right

tiene el lado derecho paralizado he's paralyzed down his right side

B

1 (recto) straight

ese cuadro no está derecho that picture isn't straight

¿tengo el sombrero derecho? is my hat (on) straight?

¡pon la espalda derecha! straighten your back!

siéntate derecho sit up straight

cortar por lo derecho ( Chi); to take drastic measures

2 ( fam) (justo, honesto) honest, straight

derecho²

adverb

1 (en línea recta) straight

siga todo derecho por esta calle go o keep straight on down this street

corta derecho cut it straight

2 ( fam) (directamente) straight

fue derecho al tema he got straight o right to the point

y de aquí derechito a casa and from here you go straight home

derecho viejo ( RPl fam); straight

si no te gusta, se lo dices derecho viejo if you don't like it, tell him straight

derecho³

masculine

A

1 (facultad, privilegio) right

tienes que hacer valer tus derechos you have to stand up for your rights

derechos fundamentales basic rights

estás en tu derecho you're within your rights

el derecho que me asiste ( frml); my right

[ S ] reservado el derecho de admisión right of admission reserved, the management reserves the right to refuse admission

¿con qué derecho te apropias de lo que es mío? what right do you have to take something that belongs to me?

miembro de pleno derecho full member

derecho A algo right TO sth

el derecho a la vida/libertad the right to life/freedom

el derecho al voto the right to vote

derecho A + INF:

tengo derecho a saber I have a o the right to know

eso no te da derecho a insultarme that doesn't give you the right to insult me

da derecho a participar en el sorteo it entitles you to participate in the draw

no tienes ningún derecho a hacerme esto you have no right to do this to me

tiene perfecto derecho a protestar she's perfectly within her rights to protest

derecho A QUE + SUBJ:

tengo tanto derecho como tú a que se me escuche I have as much right as you to be heard

derecho al pataleo ( fam hum): después no hay derecho al pataleo you can't start kicking up a fuss later ( colloq)

déjame que por lo menos haga uso de mi derecho al pataleo at least let me have my say ( colloq)

¡no hay derecho! ( fam); it's not fair!, it's just not on! ( colloq)

no hay derecho a que la traten así a una they've no right to treat a person like that

pagar el derecho de piso (CS fam); to pay one's dues

2 ( Com, Fin) tax

Compuestos:

● derecho a la intimidad

right to privacy

● derecho de acceso

right of access

● derecho de adquisición

acquisition rights (pl), rights of acquisition (pl)

● derecho de agrupación

derecho de asociación

● derecho de asilo

right of asylum

● derecho de asociación

freedom of association o assembly

● derecho de autodefensa

right of self-defense*

● derecho de autodeterminación

right to self-determination

● derecho de defensa propia

right of self-defense*

● derecho de gracia

prerogative of mercy

● derecho de huelga

right to strike

● derecho de llave

(de una propiedad) premium; (de un negocio) goodwill

● derecho de matrícula

registration fee

● derecho de nacimiento

birthright

● derecho de paso or servidumbre

right of way

● derecho de patente

patent right

● derecho de pernada

droit de seigneur

● derecho de propiedad

right of ownership

● derecho de propiedad intelectual or literaria

(literary) copyright

● derecho de publicación

publishing rights (pl)

● derecho de reproducción

copyright

● derecho de residencia

right of abode

● derecho de retención

lien

● derecho de retracto

right of repurchase

● derecho de reunión

right of assembly

● derecho de sufragio activo

right to vote

● derecho de sufragio pasivo

right to run for election ( AmE), right to stand for election ( BrE)

● derecho de tanteo

right of first refusal

● derecho de tránsito

passage

● derecho de or al veto

right o power of veto

● derecho de visita

right of access ( to children)

● derecho divino

divine right

● derecho preferente de compra

pre-emption right

● derechos adquiridos

mpl vested or acquired rights (pl)

● derechos arancelarios or de aduana

mpl customs duties (pl)

● derechos cinematográficos

mpl film rights (pl)

● derechos civiles

mpl civil rights (pl), civil liberties (pl)

● derechos conyugales

mpl conjugal rights (pl)

● derechos de adaptación cinematográfica or al cine

mpl film rights (pl), movie rights (pl) ( AmE), screen rights (pl)

● derechos de antena

mpl broadcasting rights (pl)

● derechos de autor

mpl royalties (pl)

● derechos de examen

mpl examination fees (pl)

● derechos de exportación/importación

mpl export/import duties (pl)

● derechos de interpretación or representación

mpl performing rights (pl)

● derechos de la mujer

mpl women's rights (pl)

● derechos del consumidor

mpl consumer rights (pl)

● derechos del individuo

mpl rights of the individual (pl)

● derechos de los trabajadores

mpl workers' rights (pl)

● derechos de pasto

mpl grazing rights (pl)

● derechos de peaje

mpl ( Auto) tolls (pl)

● derechos de puerto

mpl port o anchorage dues (pl)

● derechos de reedición en rústica

mpl paperback rights (pl)

● derechos de reproducción

mpl copyright (pl)

● derechos editoriales

mpl publishing rights (pl)

● derechos humanos

mpl human rights (pl)

● derechos portuarios

mpl harbor* dues (pl)

B ( Der) law

estudio derecho I'm studying law

según el derecho inglés according to o under English law

no se ajusta a derechoor no es conforme a derecho it is not lawful

Compuestos:

● derecho administrativo

administrative law

● derecho aeronáutico

aviation law

● derecho canónico

canon law

● derecho civil

civil law

● derecho comercial

commercial law

● derecho comunitario

community law

● derecho comparado

comparative law

● derecho consuetudinario

common law

● derecho contractual

contract law

● derecho de familia

family law

● derecho de patentes

patent law

● derecho empresarial

business law

● derecho escrito

statute law

● derecho fiscal

tax law

● derecho internacional

international law

● derecho laboral

labor* law

● derecho marítimo

maritime law

● derecho mercantil

commercial law

● derecho penal

criminal law

● derecho positivo

statute law

● derecho privado

private law

● derecho procesal

procedural law

● derecho público

public law

C (de una prenda) right side, outside; (de una tela) right side, face

es de doble faz, no tiene derecho ni revés it's reversible, it doesn't have a right and a wrong side

no lo planches por el derecho don't iron it on the right side, iron it inside out

póntelo al derecho put it on properly o right side out

* * *

derecho 1
◊ - cha adjetivo

1 ‹mano/ojo/zapato› right;
‹ lado› right, right-hand;
◊ el ángulo superior derecho the top right-hand corner;

queda a mano derecha it's on the right-hand side o on the right
2
a) ( recto) straight;

◊ ese cuadro no está derecho that picture isn't straight;

siéntate derecho sit up straight
b) (fam) (justo, honesto) honest, straight

derecho 2 adverbio
straight;
◊ siga todo derecho go o keep straight on

derecho 3 sustantivo masculino
1
a) (facultad, privilegio) right;

◊ derechos humanos human rights (pl);

estás en tu derecho you're within your rights;
derecho a algo right to sth;
el derecho al voto the right to vote;
tengo derecho a saber I have a o the right to know;
esto da derecho a participar this entitles you to participate;
¡no hay derecho! (fam) it's not fair!
b) (Com, Fin) tax;

◊ derechos de aduana customs duties (pl);

derechos de autor royalties;
derecho de matrícula registration fee;
derecho de reproducción copyright
2 (Der) law
3 ( de prenda) right side, outside;
( de tela) right side, face;
◊ póntelo al derecho put it on properly o right side out

derecho,-a
I adjetivo
1 (lado, acera, etc) right
2 (recto, erguido) upright, straight
3 (parte del cuerpo) right: le dolía el brazo derecho, her right arm was hurting
II sustantivo masculino
1 (petición o exigencia legítima) right: está usted en su derecho, you are within your rights
no tienes derecho a decirme eso, you have no the right to tell me that
derecho de admisión, right to refuse admission
los derechos del niño, children's rights
2 Jur (conjunto de leyes) law
derecho laboral/procesal, labour/procedural law
derecho penal, criminal law
3 (justicia) no hay derecho a que nos traten así, it's not fair to treat people like that
4 Com derechos, duties
derechos de autor, royalties
III adv (en línea recta) sigue todo derecho, go straight ahead
' derecho' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
admisión
- brazo
- constitucional
- derecha
- digna
- digno
- disputarse
- ejercer
- enchufada
- enchufado
- foral
- jurisprudencia
- mercantil
- obstáculo
- opción
- otorgar
- pataleo
- plena
- pleno
- poder
- proteger
- reclamar
- reconocer
- renunciar
- rescate
- reservarse
- restringir
- segundón
- segundona
- sostener
- suprimir
- unirse
- voto
- arancelario
- carrera
- ceder
- cojo
- cuestión
- cursar
- desistir
- directamente
- discutir
- disfrutar
- disputar
- doctor
- en
- enderezar
- extremo
- fuero
- goce
English:
bar
- basic
- check up on
- claim
- clause
- commercial law
- common law
- criminal law
- entitle
- entitlement
- entry
- exercise
- fair
- forehand
- forfeit
- franchise
- fully-fledged
- grant
- grown
- ineligible
- law
- LLB
- LLD
- nineteenth
- pension
- prerogative
- privacy
- qualify
- relinquish
- right
- right brain
- right-hand
- right-hand man
- Roman law
- sign away
- standing
- statutory
- straight
- straighten
- straighten up
- surrender
- title
- upright
- common
- county
- criminal
- crown
- disenfranchise
- due
- eligible

* * *

derecho, -a

♦ adj

1. [vertical] upright;
[recto] straight;
este cuadro no está derecho this picture isn't straight;

recogió la lámpara del suelo y la puso derecha she picked the lamp up off the floor and stood it upright;

siéntate o [m5] ponte derecho o te dolerá la espalda sit straight or you'll get backache;

siempre anda muy derecha she always walks with a very straight back

2. [de la derecha] right;

mano/pierna derecha right hand/leg;

el margen derecho the right-hand margin;

a mano derecha on the right, on the right-hand side

♦ nm

1. [leyes, estudio] law;

un estudiante de derecho a law student;

estudiar derecho to study o read law;

una licenciada en derecho a law graduate;

la Facultad de Derecho the Faculty of Law;

voy a Derecho a una conferencia I'm going to a lecture in the Faculty of Law;

el derecho me asiste the law is on my side;

conforme o [m5] según derecho according to the law

Comp
derecho administrativo administrative law;
derecho canónico canon law;

derecho civil civil law;

derecho constitucional constitutional law;

derecho consuetudinario common law;

derecho financiero financial law;

derecho fiscal tax law;

derecho foral = ancient regional laws still existing in some parts of Spain;

derecho internacional international law;

derecho internacional público public international law;

derecho laboral labour law, employment law;

derecho marítimo maritime law;

derecho mercantil commercial law, mercantile law;

derecho natural natural law;

derecho de patentes patent law;

derecho penal criminal law;

derecho privado private law;

derecho procesal procedural law;

derecho público public law;

derecho romano Roman law;

derecho de sociedades Br company law, US corporation law;

derecho del trabajo labour law

2. [prerrogativa] right;

el derecho al voto the right to vote;

los derechos de la mujer women's rights;

los derechos y obligaciones del consumidor the rights and responsibilities of the consumer;
Fam
me queda el derecho al pataleo all I can do now is complain;

¿con qué derecho entras en mi casa sin llamar? what gives you the right to come into my house without knocking?;

con derecho a dos consumiciones [en entrada] this ticket entitles the holder to two free drinks;

esta tarjeta me da derecho a un 5 por ciento de descuento this card entitles me to a 5 percent discount;

el que sea el jefe no le da derecho a tratarnos así just because he's the boss doesn't mean he can o doesn't give him the right to treat us like this;

si quiere abstenerse, está en su derecho if she wants to abstain, she's perfectly within her rights to do so;

hizo valer sus derechos he exercised his rights;

¡no hay derecho! it's not fair!;

¡no hay derecho a que unos tengan tanto y otros tan poco! it's not fair that some people should have so much and others so little!;

es de derecho que consiga la indemnización que reclama it is only right that she should receive the compensation she is claiming;

miembro de pleno derecho full member;

ha entrado, por derecho propio o [m5]por propio derecho, en la historia de la literatura she's gone down in literary history in her own right;

reservado el derecho de admisión [en letrero] the management reserves the right of admission;

reservados todos los derechos all rights reserved;

tener derecho a algo to have a right to sth, to be entitled to sth;

tener derecho a hacer algo to have the right to do sth, to be entitled to do sth;

tengo derecho a descansar, ¿no? I'm entitled to be able to rest now and then, aren't I?;

no tienes ningún derecho a insultarme you have no right to insult me

Comp
derechos de antena broadcasting rights;
derecho de apelación right of appeal;

derecho de asilo right of asylum;

derechos de autor [potestad] copyright;

derechos civiles civil rights;

derecho de distribución distribution rights;

derechos especiales de giro special drawing rights;

derecho de gracia right to show clemency;

derechos humanos human rights;

derecho de paso right of way;
Hist derecho de pernada droit du seigneur;
derechos de propiedad proprietary rights;

derecho de réplica right to reply;

derecho de respuesta right to reply;
Econ derecho de retención right of retention;
derecho de reunión right of assembly;

derecho de visita (a los hijos) [de divorciado] visiting rights, right of access

3. [contrario de revés] right side;

me puse el jersey del derecho I put my jumper on the right way round o properly;

cose los botones del derecho sew the buttons on the right side

♦ derechos nmpl
[tasas] duties, taxes; [profesionales] fees
Comp
derechos de aduana customs duty;
derechos de autor [dinero] royalties;

derechos de entrada import duties;

derechos de examen examination fees;

derechos de importación import duty;

derechos de inscripción membership fee;

derechos de matrícula matriculation fee;

derechos de puerto harbour dues;

derechos reales death duty

♦ adv

1. [en línea recta] straight;

fue derecho a su despacho she went straight to her office;

se fue derecho a casa she went straight home;

todo derecho straight ahead;

siga todo derecho para llegar al museo carry on straight ahead and you'll come to the museum

2. [sin rodeos] straight;

iré derecho al asunto I'll get straight to the point;
RP
decir o [m5] hacer algo derecho viejo to say sth straight out, to come right out with sth

* * *

derecho

I adj

1 lado right

2 ( recto) straight

3 C.Am. fig

straight, honest

II adv straight;

siga derecho carry straight on;

tenerse derecho stand up/sit up straight;

poner derecho algo straighten sth; vertical right sth, set sth upright;

vamos derecho a casa we’re going straight home

III m

1 ( privilegio) right;

con derecho a with a right to;

dar derecho a alguien a algo entitle s.o. to sth;

la tarjeta da derecho a entrar gratuitamente the card entitles you to free entry;

tener derecho a have a right to, be entitled to;

tener el derecho de have the right to, be entitled to;

estar en su derecho be within one’s rights;

no hay derecho it’s not fair, it’s not right;

miembro de pleno derecho full member

2 JUR law;

estudiar derecho study law

3

:

del derecho vestido, jersey on the right side

IV mpl

:

derechos fees;

derechos de almacenaje storage charges

* * *

derecho adv

1) : straight

2) : upright

3) : directly

derecho, - cha adj

1) : right

2) : right-hand

3) recto: straight, upright, erect

derecho nm

1) : right

derechos humanos: human rights

2) : law

derecho civil: civil law

3) : right side (of cloth or clothing)

* * *

derecho¹ adj

1. (diestro) right

tengo algo en el ojo derecho I've got something in my right eye

2. (recto) straight

ponte derecho stand up straight

derecho² adv straight

se fue derecho a casa she went straight home

derecho³ n

1. (facultad, posibilidad) right

todos los niños tienen derecho a la enseñanza gratuita all children have a right to free education

2. (leyes, ciencia) law

el derecho criminal criminal law

ha estudiado derecho he's studied law

3. (anverso) right side

vuélvelo al derecho turn it round the right way

no hay derecho it's not fair

derechos humanos human rights

Spanish-English dictionary > derecho

16 добре

well

по- добре better

най- добре best

(съгласен съм, прието) (all) right, very well, good, righto, okay, Ok

много добре very well

добре (тогава) (нямам нищо против) welt and good; very well

(в добро състояние) in good shape

(материално) well off

добре откъм well off for

(за болен) well, in a good way, comfortable

добре възпитан well-brought up

добре вързан securely tied

добре гледан/поддържан well kept

добре гледан от прен. in good odour with

добре дошъл welcome

за добре дошъл by way of welcome

добреси дошъл you are welcome (в to)

добре запазен in a good state of preservation

добре известен (very) well known

добре казано well said

добре омъжена comfortably married

добре осведомен well-informed, rightly informed

добре сготвен properly cooked

добре съм (по отношение на здравето си) be/keep well, be/keep in good health

как си? благодаря, добре съм how are you? (I'm) (very) well, thank you; I'm fine. thank you

прен. I'm getting on well/nicely

не съм добре (със здравето) be in poor/bad/ill health, suffer from ill health

добре (в добри отношения) съм с stand well with, be on good terms with

и би било добре да it might be as well to

вървя добре прен. go well

(за часовник и) keep good time

работите не вървят добре things are going wrong/are not going well

изглеждам добре look well, have a healthy look

намирам за добре think fit, find it advisable (да to)

прави каквото намериш за добре do as you think fit/best, do as you please

отивам на добре take a turn for the better, improve

помня добре remember well/right

постъпвам добре act rightly

прекарвам добре have a good time, enjoy o.s.

разбирам добре understand clearly/perfectly, realize

справям се добре с cope with, deal efficiently/successfully with

той се справя добре с работата си he is doing well (in his work)

стои ми добре it fits/suits me well, it is a good fit

много по- добре much better, ( материално) much/far better off

още по- добре still better

толкова по- добре so much the better

колкото по-скоро, толкова по- добре the sooner, the better

по- добре да го вземете you had better take it

добре (е),че is good that, it is a good thing that

и добре, че е така and a good thing/job too

правиш добре, че you do well/you are right to (c inf.)

добре, че се видяхме it's lucky we met

добре, че стана така it's all to the good, that's just as well

добре, че се сетих that reminds me

това е добре that's a good job

от това по- добре няма никъде things couldn't be better; prospects couldn't be brighter

дотук всичко е добре so far so good

добрее, както си е it's all right as it is

добре ми е (чувствувам се добре) I'm all right. I feel well

добре съм се наредил ирон. be in a fine pickle/mess, be in a fix

добре го наредих I've fixed him all right

добре я свърши ирон. a nice piece of work you have done, you certainly made a mess of it; now you've done it

трябва да не съм чул добре I must have heard wrongly

добре де all right, agreed; have it your (own) way

по- добре смърт, отколкото... rather/sooner death than...

добре ми дойде това кафе this cup of coffee was just what I needed

добре ще ми дойдат 500 лева I could do with 500 levs

* * *

добрѐ,

нареч. well; вървя \добре прен. go well; (за часовник) keep good time; \добре възпитан well-brought up; \добре вързан securely tied; \добре гледан от прен. in good odour with; \добре гледан/поддържан well kept; \добре го наредих I’ve fixed him all right; \добре де all right, agreed; have it your (own) way; \добре дошъл welcome; \добре е, както си е it’s all right as it is; \добре казано well said; \добре ми дойде това кафе this cup of coffee was just what I needed; \добре направи да почакаш you did right to wait; \добре омъжена comfortably married; \добре откъм well off for; (за болен) well, in a good way, comfortable; \добре сготвен property cooked; \добре си дошъл you are welcome (в to); \добре съм (по отношение на здравето си) be/keep well, be/keep in good health; \добре (в добри отношения) съм с stand well with, be on good terms with; \добре съм се наредил ирон. be in a fine pickle/mess, be in a fix; \добре (тогава) ( нямам нищо против) well and good; very well; (в добро състояние) in good shape; ( материално) well off; \добре, че се видяхме it’s lucky we met; \добре, че се сетих that reminds me; \добре, че стана така it’s all to the good, that’s just as well; \добре ще ми дойдат 50 долара I could do with 50 dollars; \добре я свърши ирон. a nice piece of work you have done, you certainly made a mess of it; now you’ve done it; дотук всичко е \добре so far so good; за \добре дошъл by way of welcome; и би било \добре да it might be as well to; и \добре, че е така and a good thing/ job too; изглеждам \добре look well, have a healthy look; как си? благодаря, \добре съм how are you? (I’m) (very) well, thank you; I’m fine, thank you; прен. I’m getting on well/nicely; колкото по-скоро, толкова по-\добре the sooner, the better; най-\добре best; ( съгласен съм, прието) (all) right, very well, good, righto, okay, OK; намирам за \добре think fit, find it advisable (да to); не съм \добре ( със здравето) be in poor/bad/ill health, suffer from ill health; отивам на \добре take a turn for the better, improve; от това по-\добре няма никъде things couldn’t be better; prospects couldn’t be brighter; още по-\добре still better; по-\добре better; постъпвам \добре act rightly; прави каквото намериш за \добре do as you think fit/best, do as you please; правиш \добре, че you do well/you are right to (с inf.); прекарвам \добре have a good time, enjoy o.s.; работите не вървят \добре things are going wrong/are not going well; разбирам \добре understand clearly/perfectly, realize; справям се \добре с cope with, deal efficiently/successfully with; стои ми \добре it fits/suits me well, it is a good fit; толкова по-\добре so much the better.

* * *

all right ; right {rait}; well:well-informed - добре осведомен

* * *
1. (в добро състояние) in good shape 2. (за болен) well, in a good way, comfortable 3. (за часовник и) keep good time 4. (материално) well off 5. (съгласен съм, прието) (all) right, very well, good, righto, okay, ОК 6. 2 levs 7. well 8. ДОБРЕ (e),че is good that, it is a good thing that 9. ДОБРЕ (в добри отношения) съм с stand well with, be on good terms with 10. ДОБРЕ (тогава) (нямам нищо против) welt and good;very well 11. ДОБРЕ възпитан well-brought up 12. ДОБРЕ вързан securely tied 13. ДОБРЕ гледан от прен. in good odour with 14. ДОБРЕ гледан/поддържан well kept 15. ДОБРЕ го наредих I've fixed him all right 16. ДОБРЕ де all right, agreed;have it your (own) way 17. ДОБРЕ дошъл welcome 18. ДОБРЕ запазен in a good state of preservation 19. ДОБРЕ известен (very) well known: ДОБРЕ казано well said 20. ДОБРЕ ми дойде това кафе this cup of coffee was just what I needed 21. ДОБРЕ ми е (чувствувам се добре) I'm all right. I feel well 22. ДОБРЕ омъжена comfortably married 23. ДОБРЕ осведомен well-informed, rightly informed 24. ДОБРЕ откъм well off for 25. ДОБРЕ сготвен properly cooked 26. ДОБРЕ съм (по отношение на здравето си) be/keep well, be/keep in good health 27. ДОБРЕ съм се наредил ирон. be in a fine pickle/mess, be in a fix 28. ДОБРЕ ще ми дойдат 1 лева I could do with 29. ДОБРЕ я свърши upoн. a nice piece of work you have done, you certainly made a mess of it;now you've done it 30. ДОБРЕ, че се видяхме it's lucky we met 31. ДОБРЕ, че се сетих that reminds me 32. ДОБРЕ, че стана така it's all to the good, that's just as well 33. ДОБРЕе, както си е it's all right as it is 34. ДОБРЕси дошъл you are welcome (в to) 35. вървя ДОБРЕ прен. go well 36. дотук всичко е ДОБРЕ so far so good 37. за ДОБРЕ дошъл by way of welcome 38. и ДОБРЕ, че е така and a good thing/ job too 39. и би било ДОБРЕ да it might be as well to 40. изглеждам ДОБРЕ look well, have a healthy look 41. как си? благодаря, ДОБРЕ съм how are you?(I'm) (very) well, thank you;I'm fine. thank you 42. колкото по-скоро, толкова по- ДОБРЕ the sooner, the better 43. много ДОБРЕ very well 44. много по-ДОБРЕ much better, (материално) much/far better off 45. най-ДОБРЕ best 46. намирам за ДОБРЕ think fit, find it advisable (да to) 47. не съм ДОБРЕ (със здравето) be in poor/bad/ill health, suffer from ill health 48. от това по- ДОБРЕ няма никъде things couldn't be better;prospects couldn't be brighter 49. отивам на ДОБРЕ take a turn for the better, improve 50. още по-ДОБРЕ still better: толкова по-ДОБРЕ so much the better 51. пo-ДОБРЕ better 52. по-ДОБРЕ да го вземете you had better take it 53. по-ДОБРЕ смърт, отколкото... rather/ sooner death than... 54. помня ДОБРЕ remember well/right: постъпвам ДОБРЕ act rightly 55. прави каквото намериш за ДОБРЕ do as you think fit/best, do as you please 56. правиш ДОБРЕ, че you do well/you are right to (c inf.) 57. прекарвам ДОБРЕ have a good time, enjoy o.s. 58. прен. I'm getting on well/nicely 59. работите не вървят ДОБРЕ things are going wrong/ are not going well 60. разбирам ДОБРЕ understand clearly/perfectly, realize 61. справям се ДОБРЕ с cope with, deal efficiently/ successfully with: той се справя ДОБРЕ с работата си he is doing well (in his work) 62. стои ми ДОБРЕ it fits/suits me well, it is a good fit 63. това е ДОБРЕ that's a good job 64. трябва да не съм чул ДОБРЕ I must have heard wrongly

Български-английски речник > добре

17 terreno

adj.

earthly, worldly.

m.

1 lot, terrain, land, patch.

2 soil, ground.

3 terrain, ground.

* * *

terreno

► adjetivo

1 worldly, earthly

► nombre masculino terreno

1 (tierra) land, piece of land, ground; (solar) plot, site

2 GEOGRAFÍA terrain

3 AGRICULTURA (de cultivo) soil; (campo) field

4 DEPORTE field, ground

5 figurado (esfera de acción) field, sphere

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

ceder terreno figurado to give way

conocer el terreno figurado to be familiar with something

estar en su propio terreno figurado to be on home ground

ganar terreno / perder terreno to gain ground / lose ground

hacer algo sobre el terreno to do something on the spot 2 figurado to improvise something

saber uno el terreno que pisa figurado to know what one's doing

preparar el terreno figurado to pave the way, prepare the ground

ser terreno abonado (para algo) figurado to be receptive (to something)

terreno conocido figurado familiar ground

————————

terreno

► nombre masculino

1 (tierra) land, piece of land, ground; (solar) plot, site

2 GEOGRAFÍA terrain

3 AGRICULTURA (de cultivo) soil; (campo) field

4 DEPORTE field, ground

5 figurado (esfera de acción) field, sphere

* * *

noun m.

1) terrain

2) ground, land

3) plot

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (Rel) [bienes] earthly

esta vida terrena — this earthly life liter

2) (Bio, Geol) terrestrial

2. SM

1) (=extensión de tierra) [gen] land; (=parcela) piece of land, plot of land

30 hectáreas de terreno — 30 hectares of land

es terreno municipal — it is council land

los terrenos pertenecientes al museo — the land belonging to the museum

vender unos terrenos — to sell some land

nos hemos comprado un terreno en las afueras — we've bought a piece of land o plot of land o some land on the outskirts of the city

el terreno que antes ocupaba la fábrica — the site the factory used to be on

2) [explicando sus características] (=relieve) ground, terrain; (=composición) soil, land

los accidentes del terreno — the unevenness of the ground o terrain

un terreno pedregoso — stony ground o terrain

estamos sobre un terreno arenoso — we're on sandy soil o land

vehículos todo terreno — all-terrain vehicles

3) (=campo)

a) [de estudio] field

en el terreno de la química — in the field of chemistry

ese no es mi terreno — that's not my field

b) [de actividad] sphere, field

el gobierno debe tomar medidas urgentes en el terreno económico — the government must take urgent measures in the economic sphere o field

la competencia de las empresas extranjeras en todos los terrenos — competition from foreign companies in all areas

en cuanto a las pensiones, se ha avanzado poco en este terreno — as for pensions, little progress has been made in this area

este caso entra en el terreno militar — this case is a military matter

4)

- ceder terreno

- pisar terreno firme

- ganar terreno

- perder terreno

- saber o conocer el terreno que se pisa

- preparar el terreno

- vencer a algn en su propio terreno

- recuperar terreno

- sobre el terreno

analizarán la situación sobre el terreno — they will analyse the situation on the ground

resolveremos el problema sobre el terreno — we will solve the problem as we go along

terreno abonado —

es terreno abonado para el vicio — it is a breeding ground for vice

dichas tendencias han encontrado el terreno abonado entre la juventud — these trends have found a fertile breeding ground amongst the young

este país es terreno abonado para las inversiones extranjeras — this country provides rich pickings for foreign investment

- llamar a algn a terreno

terreno de pruebas — testing-ground

5) (Dep)

empataron en su terreno — they drew at home

perdieron en su propio terreno — they lost on their home ground

el equipo tuvo una nueva derrota fuera de su terreno — the team suffered a fresh defeat away (from home)

terreno de juego — pitch, field

* * *
I
- na adjetivo

a) (Relig) earthly

b) ( no marino o aéreo) terrestrial (frml), land (before n)
II
masculino

1) (lote, parcela) plot of land, lot (AmE)

heredó unos terrenos en Sonora — she inherited some land in Sonora

un terreno plantado de viñas — a field planted with vines

el terreno cuesta tanto como la casa — the land costs as much as the house

el terreno llega hasta el río — the land o plot o lot extends as far as the river

- terreno de juego

2) ( extensión de tierra) land

una casa con mucho terreno — a house with a lot of land

3)

a) (Geog) ( refiriéndose al relieve) terrain; ( refiriéndose a la composición) land, soil

allanarle el terreno a alguien — to smooth the way o path for somebody

ceder/ganar/perder terreno — to give/gain/lose ground

estar en su (propio) terreno — to be on one's own ground

minarle or socavarle el terreno a alguien — to cut the ground from under somebody's feet

pisar terreno firme/peligroso — to tread on safe/dangerous ground

prepararle el terreno a alguien/algo — to pave the way for somebody/something

recuperar terreno — to recover lost ground

sobre el terreno: estudiar sobre el terreno una situación to make an on-the-spot assessment of a situation; haremos planes sobre el terreno we'll plan things as we go along; tantear el terreno — to see how the land lies

b) (Geol) terrane, terrain

- terreno abonado or propicio

- terreno conocido

4) (esfera, campo de acción) sphere, field

en el terreno laboral — at work

en el terreno de las artes — in the arts

* * *

(n.) = arena, land, turf, terrain, land area, ground, plot of land, piece of land

Ex. This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.

Ex. Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.

Ex. Librarians are losing the war for electronic professional turf.

Ex. These surveyors reported on terrain character and presence of wood, water and forage, and studied Indian tribal customs and languages.

Ex. Over 17% of Botswana's land area has been set-aside as national parks and game reserves.

Ex. A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.

Ex. The core of readers and borrowers of agricultural literature are pensioners wanting to improving cultivation of their small private plots of land.

Ex. So it is important that every piece of land is divided by a boundary to show the demarcation.

* * *
I
- na adjetivo

a) (Relig) earthly

b) ( no marino o aéreo) terrestrial (frml), land (before n)
II
masculino

1) (lote, parcela) plot of land, lot (AmE)

heredó unos terrenos en Sonora — she inherited some land in Sonora

un terreno plantado de viñas — a field planted with vines

el terreno cuesta tanto como la casa — the land costs as much as the house

el terreno llega hasta el río — the land o plot o lot extends as far as the river

- terreno de juego

2) ( extensión de tierra) land

una casa con mucho terreno — a house with a lot of land

3)

a) (Geog) ( refiriéndose al relieve) terrain; ( refiriéndose a la composición) land, soil

allanarle el terreno a alguien — to smooth the way o path for somebody

ceder/ganar/perder terreno — to give/gain/lose ground

estar en su (propio) terreno — to be on one's own ground

minarle or socavarle el terreno a alguien — to cut the ground from under somebody's feet

pisar terreno firme/peligroso — to tread on safe/dangerous ground

prepararle el terreno a alguien/algo — to pave the way for somebody/something

recuperar terreno — to recover lost ground

sobre el terreno: estudiar sobre el terreno una situación to make an on-the-spot assessment of a situation; haremos planes sobre el terreno we'll plan things as we go along; tantear el terreno — to see how the land lies

b) (Geol) terrane, terrain

- terreno abonado or propicio

- terreno conocido

4) (esfera, campo de acción) sphere, field

en el terreno laboral — at work

en el terreno de las artes — in the arts

* * *

terreno¹

¹ = arena, land, turf, terrain, land area, ground, plot of land, piece of land.

Ex: This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.

Ex: Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.

Ex: Librarians are losing the war for electronic professional turf.

Ex: These surveyors reported on terrain character and presence of wood, water and forage, and studied Indian tribal customs and languages.

Ex: A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.

Ex: The core of readers and borrowers of agricultural literature are pensioners wanting to improving cultivation of their small private plots of land.

Ex: So it is important that every piece of land is divided by a boundary to show the demarcation.

* andar por terreno peligroso = skate + on thin ice, tread on + dangerous ground.

* andar por terreno resbaladizo = skate + on thin ice, tread on + dangerous ground.

* caer en terreno baldío = fall on + barren ground, fall on + fallow ground.

* caer en terreno pedregoso = fall on + stony ground.

* ceder terreno = yield + ground, lose + ground.

* con terrenos cedidos por el gobierno = land grant [land-grant].

* en terreno conocido = on familiar grounds.

* en terreno peligroso = on shaky grounds.

* estar moviéndose en terreno seguro = be on secure ground.

* ganar terreno = gain + ground, make + headway.

* gestión de terrenos = land management.

* invadir el terreno (de Alguien) = encroach on/upon + Posesivo + domain.

* limpiar el terreno de árboles = clear + land.

* motocicleta todo terreno = dirt bike.

* moverse en terreno desconocido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head.

* no ceder terreno = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* parcela de terreno = plot of land, piece of land.

* perder terreno = lose + ground.

* pisar terreno desconocido = be out of + Posesivo + depth, be in over + Posesivo + head.

* preparación del terreno eliminando todo tipo de obstáculos = land-clearing.

* preparar el terreno = pave + the way (for/towards/to), set + the scene, clear + the path, smooth + the way, set + the stage, pave + the path (for/towards/to), lay + the groundwork for, pave + the road (for/towards/to), clear + the way.

* preparar el terreno para = lead up to, smooth + the path of, clear + the ground for, fertilise + the ground for.

* prueba sobre el terreno = field test, field trial.

* sobre el terreno = on the ground.

* tantear el terreno = put + feeler out, test + the water.

* terreno conocido = familiar grounds.

* terreno cultivable pequeño = croft.

* terreno de deportes = sport arena.

* terreno de juego = playing field, pitch.

* terreno de pruebas = testing ground.

* terreno desconocido = uncharted territory, uncharted waters, unchartered territory, unchartered waters.

* terreno elevado = high ground.

* terreno en construcción = building site.

* terreno firme = firm ground, safe ground, solid ground.

* terreno inhóspito = inhospitable terrain.

* terreno maderero = timberland.

* terreno nada fértil = stony ground.

* terreno neutral = neutral ground.

* terreno para construir = building site.

* terreno pedegroso = stony ground.

* terreno peligroso = on thin ice, slippery ground, on dangerous ground.

* terreno poco definido = grey area [gray area].

* terreno resbaladizo = on thin ice, slippery ground, on dangerous ground.

* terrenos = site, landed estate, grounds.

* terrenos de la finca = estate grounds.

* terreno seguro = safe ground, solid ground.

* terreno sin construir = vacant lot.

* terrenos sin construir = vacant land.

* vehículo todoterreno = all-terrain vehicle.

* vencer a Alguien en su propio terreno = beat + Nombre + at + Posesivo + own game.

terreno²

² = earthly [earthlier -comp., earthliest -sup.], worldly [worldlier -comp., worldliest -sup.].

Ex: After that I could never pass a dead man without stopping to gaze on his face, stripped by death of that earthly patina which masks the living soul.

Ex: There exist sets of duality in this philosophy; body versus soul, worldly versus unworldly and life versus salvation.

(n.) = arena, land, turf, terrain, land area, ground, plot of land, piece of land

Ex: This shifts the responsibility for headings and their arrangement into the arena of cataloguers and indexers.

Ex: Until recently all libraries and some architects have maintained that an academic library should be capable of extension and that land should be reserved for future expansion.

Ex: Librarians are losing the war for electronic professional turf.

Ex: These surveyors reported on terrain character and presence of wood, water and forage, and studied Indian tribal customs and languages.

Ex: Over 17% of Botswana's land area has been set-aside as national parks and game reserves.

Ex: A profile is a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface with the surface of the ground.

Ex: The core of readers and borrowers of agricultural literature are pensioners wanting to improving cultivation of their small private plots of land.

Ex: So it is important that every piece of land is divided by a boundary to show the demarcation.

* * *

terreno¹ -na

adjective

1 ( Relig) earthly

nuestra vida terrena our earthly life, our life on earth

2 (no marino o aéreo) terrestrial ( frml), land ( before n)

terreno²

masculine

A (lote, parcela) plot of land, lot ( AmE)

heredó unos terrenos en Sonora she inherited some land in Sonora

un terreno plantado de viñas a field o an area of land planted with vines

el terreno cuesta tanto como la casa the land costs as much as the house

quieren construir en esos terrenos they want to build on that land o site

el terreno llega hasta el río the land o plot o lot extends as far as the river

Compuesto:

terreno de juego

field, pitch ( BrE)

Escocia perdió frente a Gales en su propio terreno (de juego) Scotland lost at home to Wales, Scotland lost to Wales despite having home-field advantage ( AmE), Scotland lost to Wales on their home ground ( BrE)

B (extensión de tierra) land

compraron una casa con mucho terreno they bought a house with a lot of land

C

1 ( Geog) (refiriéndose al relieve) terrain; (refiriéndose a la composición) land, soil

un terreno montañoso mountainous terrain

los accidentes del terreno the features of the landscape o terrain

un terreno pantanoso marshy land, a marshy terrain

un terreno bueno para el cultivo del trigo good land o soil for growing wheat

allanarle el terreno a algn to smooth the way o path for sb

ceder/ganar/perder terreno to give/gain/lose ground

estar en su (propio) terreno to be on one's own ground

llamar a algn a terreno ( Chi fam); to pull sb up ( colloq)

minarle or socavarle el terreno a algn to cut the ground from under sb's feet

pisar terreno firme/peligroso to tread on safe/dangerous ground

prepararle el terreno a algn/algo to pave the way for sb/sth

recuperar terreno to recover lost ground

sobre el terreno: para estudiar sobre el terreno la situación to make an on-the-spot o an in situ assessment of the situation

iremos haciendo planes sobre el terreno we'll plan things as we go along

tantear el terreno to see how the land lies

2 ( Geol) terrane, terrain

Compuestos:

● terreno abonado or propicio

es terreno abonado or propicio para la delincuencia it is a breeding ground for crime

es un terreno abonado or propicio para la especulación it gives rise to a great deal of speculation

● terreno conocido

familiar ground

para él ya es terreno conocido he's on familiar ground, it's familiar ground to him

D (esfera, campo de acción) sphere, field

en el terreno laboral at work

ejerció una gran influencia en el terreno de las artes he was a major influence in the arts

* * *

terreno 1
◊ -na adjetivo (Relig) earthly

terreno 2 sustantivo masculino
1
a) (lote, parcela) plot of land, lot (AmE);

◊ heredó unos terrenos en Sonora she inherited some land in Sonora;

un terreno plantado de viñas a field planted with vines;
terreno de juego field, pitch
b) ( extensión de tierra) land;

◊ una casa con mucho terreno a house with a lot of land

2 (Geog) ( refiriéndose al relieve) terrain;
( refiriéndose a la composición) land, soil;
◊ un terreno fértil fertile land

3 (esfera, campo de acción) sphere, field;
◊ en el terreno político within the field of politics

terreno,-a
I adjetivo ➣ terrenal
II sustantivo masculino
1 Geol terrain
2 (extensión de tierra) (piece of) land, ground: quiere cultivar su terreno, he wants to cultivate his land
tiene un terreno en Valencia, he has land in Valencia
un terreno arenoso, a sandy soil
3 fig (campo de acción, investigación) field, sphere
4 Dep terreno (de juego), field, ground
♦ Locuciones: le gusta saber qué terreno pisa, he likes to know where he stands
ganar/perder terreno, to gain/lose ground
preparar el terreno, to prepare the ground
sobre el terreno, as one goes along
' terreno' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acotar
- adyacente
- allanar
- alta
- alto
- badén
- depresión
- elevación
- escabrosa
- escabroso
- finca
- grieta
- inclinación
- juego
- margen
- monte
- movediza
- movedizo
- nacional
- ondulada
- ondulado
- orientar
- parque
- pelada
- pelado
- pendiente
- polígono
- regar
- reseca
- reseco
- revalorizar
- salar
- salvaje
- sanear
- solar
- terrena
- terruño
- tierra
- triangular
- abrupto
- accidentado
- accidente
- adaptar
- agreste
- alameda
- altibajos
- anegar
- arbolado
- arenoso
- asentar
English:
dirt bike
- estate
- extend
- feeler
- flatten
- foresight
- gain
- gain on
- ground
- gulley
- gully
- ice
- jeep
- level
- lose
- lot
- out-of-bounds
- parcel
- patch
- pitch
- plot
- recreation ground
- rent
- rugged
- ruggedness
- scout
- spread
- stretch
- survey
- tenure
- terrain
- testing ground
- tract
- uneven
- unfold
- way
- area
- common
- country
- ease
- green
- mostly
- piece
- preserve
- property
- province
- reclaim
- site

* * *

terreno, -a

♦ adj
Formal [vida] earthly; [bienes, preocupaciones] worldly
♦ nm

1. [suelo] land;
[por su relieve] terrain; [por su composición, utilidad agrícola] soil;
grandes extensiones de terreno large tracts of land;

terreno montañoso/abrupto mountainous/rugged terrain;

terreno arenoso/volcánico sandy/volcanic soil;

el terreno era irregular the ground was uneven;

Comp

ser terreno abonado (para algo) to be fertile ground (for sth)

Comp
terreno agrícola farmland;
terreno cultivable arable land;

terreno edificable land suitable for development;

terreno rústico land unsuitable for development;

terreno urbanizable land suitable for development;

terreno no urbanizable land unsuitable for development

2. [parcela, solar] plot (of land);

tenemos unos terrenos en el pueblo we have some land in the village

3. [en deportes]
terreno (de juego) field, Br pitch;

los jugadores saltaron al terreno de juego the players came out onto the field o Br pitch

4. [ámbito] field;

en el terreno de la música/medicina in the field of music/medicine;

tiene muchos problemas en el terreno personal she has a lot of problems in her private life;

ha habido muchos avances en este terreno there have been considerable advances in this field

5. [territorio] ground;

estar o [m5] encontrarse en su propio terreno to be on home ground;

estar en o [m5]pisar terreno conocido/desconocido/firme to be on familiar/unfamiliar/solid ground;

llevar algo/a alguien a su terreno: sabe llevar las conversaciones a su terreno he knows how to steer conversations round to what interests him;

la campeona supo llevar a su terreno a la tenista holandesa the champion was able to impose her own terms on the Dutch player;

sabe llevar cualquier canción a su terreno he is capable of making any song his own;

Comp

ceder terreno to give ground;

Comp

ganar terreno to gain ground;

le está ganando terreno a su rival he's gaining ground on his rival;

Comp

perder terreno (ante alguien) to lose ground (to sb);

Comp

preparar el terreno (para algo/a alguien) to pave the way (for sth/sb);

Comp

reconocer o [m5] tantear el terreno to see how the land lies;

Comp

sabe el terreno que pisa she knows what she is about;

Comp

sobre el terreno: estudiar algo sobre el terreno to study something in the field;

resolveremos los problemas sobre el terreno we'll solve the problems as we go along

* * *

terreno

I adj earthly, worldly

II m land; fig

field;

un terreno a lot, Br a plot o

piece of land;

sobre el terreno in the field;

ganar/perder terreno fig gain/lose ground;

tantear el terreno fig see how the land lies;

llevar a alguien a su terreno get s.o. on one’s home ground;

pisar terreno resbaladizo fig be on slippery ground

* * *

terreno nm

1) : terrain

2) suelo: earth, ground

3) : plot, tract of land

4)

perder terreno : to lose ground

5)

preparar el terreno : to pave the way

* * *

terreno n

1. (tierra) land

van a construir en ese terreno they going to build on that land

Carlos se ha comprado un terreno Carlos has bought a piece of land

2. (de una actividad) field

el terreno de la literatura the field of literature

terreno de juego pitch

Spanish-English dictionary > terreno

18 volo

1.
vŏlo (2 d pers. sing. vis, orig. veis, Prisc. 9, 1, 6, p. 847 P.; 1 st pers. plur. volumus, but volimus, Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 89 Speng.; 3 d pers. sing. volt, and 2 d pers. plur. voltis always in ante-class. writers;
also volt,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 17, § 42; 2, 5, 49, § 128; id. Sest. 42, 90; id. Phil. 8, 9, 26; id. Par. 5, 1, 34; id. Rep. 3, 33, 45:
voltis,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 53, § 122; 2, 3, 94, § 219; 2, 5, 5, § 11; 2, 3, 89, § 208; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 33; id. Sest. 30, 64; id. Par. 1, 2, 11 et saep. — Pres. subj. velim, but sometimes volim, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 44 Ritschl; cf. Prisc. 9, 1, 8, p. 848 P.;
so volint,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 65 Ritschl), velle, volui ( part. fut. voliturus, Serv. ad Verg. A. 5, 712; contr. forms, vin for visne, freq. in Plaut. and Ter., also Hor. S. 1, 9, 69; Pers. 6, 63:
sis for si vis,
Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 70; id. Merc. 4, 4, 37; id. Pers. 3, 3, 8; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 20; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 38; Cic. Tusc. 2, 18, 42; id. Rosc. Am. 16, 48; id. Mil. 22, 60; Liv. 34, 32, 20:
sultis for si voltis, only ante-class.,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. As. prol. 1; id. Capt. 2, 3, 96; 3, 5, 9; 4, 4, 11), v. irreg. a. [Sanscr. var-; Gr. bol-, boulomai; cf. the strengthened root Wel- in eeldomai, elpomai; Germ. wollen; Engl. will], expressing any exercise of volition, and corresponding, in most cases, to the Germ. wollen; in Engl. mostly rendered, to wish, want, intend, purpose, propose, be willing, consent, mean, will, and, impersonally, it is my will, purpose, intention, plan, policy (syn.: cupio, opto; but volo properly implies a purpose).
I.
In gen.
A.
With object-infinitive.
1.
With pres. inf.
a.
To wish.
(α).
Exire ex urbe priusquam luciscat volo, Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 35:
potare ego hodie tecum volo,
id. Aul. 3, 6, 33:
ego quoque volo esse liber: nequiquam volo,
id. Trin. 2, 4, 39; so id. ib. 2, 4, 164:
ait rem seriam agere velle mecum,
Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 8:
natus enim debet quicunque est velle manere In vita,
Lucr. 5, 177:
video te alte spectare et velle in caelum migrare,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 34, 82:
quid poetae? Nonne post mortem nobilitari volunt?
id. ib. 1, 15, 34:
si innocentes existimari volumus,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 28:
quoniam opinionis meae voluistis esse participes,
id. de Or. 1, 37, 172:
quod eas quoque nationes adire et regiones cognoscere volebat,
Caes. B. G. 3, 7:
si velit suos recipere, obsides sibi remittat,
id. ib. 3, 8 fin.:
dominari illi volunt, vos liberi esse,
Sall. J. 31, 23:
si haec relinquere voltis,
id. C. 58, 15:
priusquam liberi estis, dominari jam in adversarios vultis,
Liv. 3, 53, 7:
si quis vestrum suos invisere volt, commeatum do,
id. 21, 21, 5:
non enim vincere tantum noluit, sed vinci voluit,
id. 2, 59, 2:
suspitionem Caesar quibusdam reliquit, neque voluisse se diutius vivere, neque curasse,
Suet. Caes. 85:
Eutrapelus cuicunque nocere volebat, Vestimenta dabat pretiosa,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 31.—
(β).
Idiomatically: quid arbitramini Rheginos merere velle ut ab iis marmorea illa Venus auferatur? what do you think the Rhegini would take for, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 60, § 135.—
(γ).
Transf., of things: fabula quae posci vult et spectata reponi, a comedy which wishes (i. e. is meant) to be in demand, etc., Hor. A. P. 190:
neque enim aut hiare semper vocalibus aut destitui temporibus volunt sermo atque epistula,
Quint. 9, 4, 20; cf. id. 8, prooem. 23.—
b.
Of the wishes of those that have a right to command, the gods, masters, parents, commanders, etc., I want, wish, will, am resolved, it is my will:
in acdibus quid tibi meis erat negoti...? Volo scire,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 14; 3, 2, 17; 3, 2, 18; 3, 6, 27; id. Curc. 4, 3, 11; id. Ep. 3, 4, 74; id. Mil. 2, 3, 74; 3, 1, 17; id. Stich. 1, 2, 56; Ter. And. 1, 2, 9; 4, 2, 17:
maxima voce clamat populus, neque se uni, nec paucis velle parere,
Cic. Rep. 1, 35, 55:
consuesse deos immortalis, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 13:
hic experiri vim virtutemque volo,
Liv. 23, 45, 9.—
c.
= in animo habere, to intend, purpose, mean, design:
ac volui inicere tragulam in nostrum senem,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 4, 14:
eadem quae illis voluisti facere tu, faciunt tibi,
id. Mil. 3, 1, 11; so id. Most. 2, 2, 5:
puerumque clam voluit exstinguere,
Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 23:
necare candem voluit,
Cic. Cael. 13, 31: quid enim ad illum qui te captare vult, utrum [p. 2005] tacentem te irretiat an loquentem? id. Ac. 2, 29, 94:
hostis hostem occidere volui,
Liv. 2, 12, 9; 7, 34, 11: volui interdiu eum... occidere; volui, cum ad cenam invitavi, veneno scilicet tollere;
volui... ferro interficere (ironically),
id. 40, 13, 2:
tuum crimen erit, hospitem occidere voluisse,
the intention to kill your guest-friend, Val. Max. 5, 1, 3 fin.; 6, 1, 8:
non enim vult mori, sed invidiam filio facere,
Quint. 9, 2, 85.—
Pregn., opp. optare: non vult mori qui optat,
Sen. Ep. 117, 24:
sed eo die is, cui dare volueram (epistulam), non est profectus,
Cic. Att. 9, 7, 1:
cum de senectute vellem aliquid scribere,
id. Sen. 1, 2:
ego te volui castigare, tu mihi accussatrix ades,
Plaut. As. 3, 1, 10:
bonus volo jam ex hoc die esse,
id. Pers. 4, 3, 10:
ego jam a principio amici filiam, Ita ut aequom fuerat, volui uxorem ducere,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 46:
at etiam eo negotio M. Catonis splendorem maculare voluerunt,
it was their purpose, Cic. Sest. 28, 60:
eum (tumulum) non tam capere sine certamine volebat, quam causam certaminis cum Minucio contrahere,
his plan was, Liv. 22, 28, 4.—Of things:
cum lex venditionibus occurrere voluit,
when it was the purpose of the law, Dig. 46, 1, 46: sed quid ea drachuma facere vis? Ca. Restim volo Mihi emere... qui me faciam pensilem, Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 87: Ch. Revorsionem ad terram faciunt vesperi. Ni. Aurum hercle auferre voluere, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 63:
si iis qui haec omnia flamma ac ferro delere voluerunt... bellum indixi, etc.,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 10, 24:
(plebem) per caedem senatus vacuam rem publicam tradere Hannibali velle,
Liv. 23, 2, 7:
rem Nolanam in jus dicionemque dare voluerat Poeno,
id. 23, 15, 9: qui (majores nostri) tanta cura Siculos tueri ac retinere voluerunt ut, etc., whose policy it was to protect, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 6, § 14:
ut qui a principio mitis omnibus Italicis praeter Romanos videri vellet, etc.,
Liv. 23, 15, 4: idem istuc, si in vilitate largiri voluisses, derisum tuum beneficium esset, if you had offered to grant the same thing during low prices, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 92, § 215.—
d.
= studere, conari, to try, endeavor, attempt:
quas (i. e. magnas res) qui impedire vult, is et infirmus est mobilisque natura, et, etc.,
Cic. Lael. 20, 75:
nam si quando id (exordium) primum invenire volui, nullum mihi occurrit, nisi aut exile, aut, etc.,
id. Or. 2, 77, 315:
de Antonio dico, numquam illum... nonnullorum de ipso suspitionem infitiando tollere voluisse,
that he never attempted to remove, id. Sest. 3, 8; id. Div. 1, 18, 35:
audes Fatidicum fallere velle deum?
do you dare attempt? Ov. F. 2, 262.—
e.
To mean, of actions and expressions:
hic respondere voluit, non lacessere,
the latter meant to answer, not to provoke, Ter. Phorm. prol. 19:
non te judices urbi sed carceri reservarunt, neque to retinere in civitate, sed exilio privare voluerunt,
Cic. Att. 1, 16, 9.—So, volo dicere, I mean (lit. I intend to say):
quid aliud volui dicere?
Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 51:
volo autem dicere, illud homini longe optimum esse quod ipsum sit optandum per se,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 20, 46.—Often with the acc. illud or id, as a correction: Tr. Specta quam arcte dormiunt. Th. Dormiunt? Tr. Illut quidem ut conivent volui dicere, I mean how they nod, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 145: Py. Quid? bracchium? Ar. Illud dicere volui femur, id. Mil. 1, 1, 27:
adduxi volui dicere,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 21; id. Am. 1, 1, 233; 1, 1, 235; id. Cas. 2, 6, 14; id. Mil. 3, 2, 7; id. Ps. 3, 2, 54; id. Rud. 2, 4, 9.—
f.
To be going to: haec argumenta ego aedificiis dixi; nunc etiam volo docere ut homines aedium esse similes arbitremini, now I am going to show how, etc., Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 37: quando bene gessi rem, volo hic in fano supplicare, I am going to worship here, etc., id. Curc. 4, 2, 41:
nunc quod relicuom restat volo persolvere,
id. Cist. 1, 3, 40:
sustine hoc, Penicule, exuvias facere quas vovi volo,
id. Men. 1, 3, 13:
sinite me prospectare ne uspiam insidiae sint, consilium quod habere volumus,
id. Mil. 3, 1, 3; id. As. 2, 2, 113; id. Cas. 4, 2, 3; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 61:
si Prometheus, cum mortalibus ignem dividere vellet, ipse a vicinis carbunculos conrogaret, ridiculus videretur,
Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9:
ait se velle de illis HS. LXXX. cognoscere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 56:
hinc se recipere cum vellent, rursus illi ex loco superiore nostros premebant,
Caes. B. C. 1, 45. —
g.
To be about to, on the point of: quom mittere signum Volt, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 88 Vahl.):
quotiens ire volo foras, retines me, rogitas quo ego eam,
Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 5:
quae sese in ignem inicere voluit, prohibui,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 113:
si scires aspidem latere uspiam, et velle aliquem imprudentem super eam adsidere,
Cic. Fin. 2, 18, 59; id. Div. 1, 52, 118:
quod cum facere vellent, intervenit M. Manilius,
id. Rep. 1, 12, 18:
qui cum opem ferre vellet, nuntiatum sibi esse aliam classem ad Aegates insulas stare,
Liv. 22, 56, 7:
at Libys obstantes dum vult obvertere remos, In spatium resilire manus breve vidit,
Ov. M. 3, 676; 1, 635:
P. Claudius cum proelium navale committere vellet,
Val. Max. 1, 4, 3.—
h.
Will, and in oblique discourse and questions would, the auxiliaries of the future and potential: animum advortite: Comediai nomen dari vobis volo, I will give you, etc., Plaut. Cas. prol. 30:
sed, nisi molestum est, nomen dare vobis volo comediai,
id. Poen. prol. 50:
vos ite intro. Interea ego ex hac statua verberea volo erogitare... quid sit factum,
id. Capt. 5, 1, 30:
i tu atque arcessi illam: ego intus quod facto est opus volo adcurare,
id. Cas. 3, 3, 35; id. Cist. 1, 1, 113; id. Most. 1, 1, 63; id. Poen. 2, 44; id. Pers. 1, 3, 85; id. Rud. 1, 2, 33: cum vero (gemitus) nihil imminuat doloris, cur frustra turpes esse volumus? why will ( would) we be disgraceful to no purpose? Cic. Tusc. 2, 24, 57:
illa enim (ars) te, verum si loqui volumus, ornaverat,
id. ib. 1, 47, 112:
ergo, si vere aestimare volumus, etc.,
Val. Max. 7, 5, 6:
si vere aestimare Macedonas, qui tunc erant, volumus,
Curt. 4, 16, 33:
ejus me compotem facere potestis, si meminisse vultis, etc.,
Liv. 7, 40, 5:
visne igitur, dum dies ista venit... interea tu ipse congredi mecum ut, etc....?
id. 8, 7, 7:
volo tibi Chrysippi quoque distinctionem indicare,
Sen. Ep. 9, 14: vis tu homines urbemque feris praeponere silvis? will you prefer, etc., Hor. S. 2, 6, 92; cf. velim and vellem, would, II. A. 2.—
k.
Sometimes volui = mihi placuit, I resolved, concluded (generally, in this meaning, followed by an infinitive clause, v. I. B. 4.):
uti tamen tuo consilio volui,
still I concluded to follow your advice, Cic. Att. 8, 3, 1.—
1.
To be willing, ready, to consent, like to do something: si sine bello velint rapta... tradere... se exercitum domum reducturum, if they were willing, would consent to, would deliver, etc., Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 52:
is dare volt, is se aliquid posci,
likes to give, id. As. 1, 3, 29:
hoc dixit, si hoc de cella concederetur, velle Siculos senatui polliceri frumentum in cellam gratis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 87, § 200:
ei laxiorem daturos, si venire ad causam dicendam vellet,
Liv. 39, 17, 2; 5, 36, 4: nemo invenitur qui pecuniam suam dividere velit. Sen. Brev. Vit. 3, 1:
plerique concessam sibi sub condicione vitam si militare adversus eum vellent, recusarunt,
Suet. Caes. 68:
dedere etiam se volebant, si toleranda viris imperarentur,
Flor. 1, 33 (2, 18), 12.—So with negatives, to be not willing, not to suffer, not to like, not to allow, refuse:
heri nemo voluit Sostratam intro admittere,
Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 49:
cum alter verum audire non vult,
Cic. Lael. 26, 98: a proximis quisque minime anteiri vult, likes least to be surpassed, etc., Liv. 6, 34, 7:
nihil ex his praeter... accipere voluit,
refused to accept, Val. Max. 4, 3, 4.—
m.
To do something voluntarily or intentionally: volo facere = mea voluntate or sponte facio: si voluit accusare, pietati tribuo;
si jussus est, necessitati,
if he accused of his own free will, I ascribe it to his filial love, Cic. Cael. 1, 2:
utrum statuas voluerint tibi statuere, an coacti sint,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 65, § 157:
de risu quinque sunt quae quaerantur... sitne oratoris risum velle permovere,
on purpose, id. Or. 2, 58, 235:
laedere numquam velimus,
Quint. 6, 3, 28.—So, non velle with inf., to do something unwillingly, with reluctance:
vivere noluit qui mori non vult,
who dies with reluctance, Sen. Ep. 30, 10.—
n.
To be of opinion, think, mean, pretend (rare with inf.; usu. with acc. and inf.; v. B. 8.):
haec tibi scripsi ut isto ipso in genere in quo aliquid posse vis, te nihil esse cognosceres,
in which you imagine you have some influence, Cic. Fam. 7, 27, 2:
in hoc homo luteus etiam callidus ac veterator esse vult, quod ita scribit, etc.,
pretends, means to be, id. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 35: sed idem Aelius Stoicus esse voluit, orator autem nec studuit um quam, nec fuit, id. Brut. 56, 206:
Pythago. ras, qui etiam ipse augur esse vellet,
id. Div. 1, 3, 5.—
o.
To like, have no objection to, approve of (cf. E. 1. sq.):
magis eum delectat qui se ait philosophari velle sed paucis: nam omnino haud placere,
that he liked, had no objection to philosophizing, Cic. Rep. 1, 18, 30; v. also II. A.—
2.
With pres. inf. understood.
a.
Supplied from a preceding or subsequent clause.
(α).
To wish, it is his will, etc. (cf. 1. a. and b. supra):
nunc bene vivo et fortunate atque ut volo, i. e. vivere,
as I wish, Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 111: quod diu vivendo multa quae non volt (i. e. videre) videt, Caecil. ap. Cic. Sen. 8, 25:
proinde licet quotvis vivendo condere saecla,
Lucr. 3, 1090:
nec tantum proficiebam quantum volebam,
Cic. Att. 1, 17, 1:
tot autem rationes attulit, ut velle (i. e. persuadere) ceteris, sibi certe persuasisse videatur,
id. Tusc. 1, 21, 49:
sed liceret, si velint, in Ubiorum finibus considere,
Caes. B. G. 4, 81:
quo praesidio senatus libere quae vellet decernere auderet,
id. B. C. 1, 2.—Of things:
neque chorda sonum reddit quem vult manus et mens,
Hor. A. P. 348.—
(β).
To choose, be pleased (freq.):
tum mihi faciat quod volt magnus Juppiter,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 50:
id repetundi copia est, quando velis,
id. Trin. 5, 2, 7:
habuit aurum quamdiu voluit,
Cic. Cael. 13, 31:
rapiebat et asportabat quantum a quoque volebat Apronius,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 29:
provincias quas vellet, quibus vellet, venderet?
id. Sest. 39, 84:
quotiens ille tibi potestatem facturus sit ut eligas utrum velis,
id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:
daret utrum vellet subclamatum est,
Liv. 21, 18, 14:
senatus consultum factum est ut plebes praeficeret quaestioni quem vellet,
id. 4, 51, 2:
saxi materiaeque caedendae unde quisque vellet jus factum,
id. 5, 55, 3; cf. id. 2, 13, 9; 5, 46, 10; 6, 25, 5; 22, 10, 23; 23, 6, 2; 23, 15, 15; 23, 45, 10; 23, 47, 2;
26, 21, 11: vicem suam conquestus, quod sibi soli non liceret amicis, quatenus vellet, irasci,
Suet. Aug. 66:
at tu quantum vis tolle,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 16.—
(γ).
To intend, it is my purpose, etc. (v. 1. c. supra):
sine me pervenire quo volo,
let me come to my point, Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 44:
scripsi igitur Aristotelio more, quemadmodum quidem volui, tres libros... de Oratore,
as I intended, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 23:
ut meliore condicione quam qua ipse vult imitetur homines eos qui, etc.,
id. Div. in Caecil. 8, 25:
ego istos posse vincere scio, velle ne scirem ipsi fecerunt,
Liv. 2, 45, 12. —
(δ).
To be willing, to consent, I will (v. 1. h. and l. supra): tu eum orato... St. Sane volo, yes, I will, Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 57:
jube me vinciri. Volo, dum istic itidem vinciatur,
id. Capt. 3, 4, 75:
patri dic velle (i. e. uxorem ducere),
that you consent, are willing, Ter. And. 2, 3, 20 (cf.: si vis, II. A. 2, and sis, supra init.).—
(ε).
To do something voluntarily (v. 1. m. supra):
tu selige tantum, Me quoque velle velis, anne coactus amem,
Ov. Am. 3, 11, 50.—
b.
With ellipsis of inf.
(α).
Volo, with a designation of place, = ire volo:
nos in Formiano morabamur, quo citius audiremus: deinde Arpinum volebamus,
I intended to go to Arpinum, Cic. Att. 9, 1, 3:
volo mensi Quinctili in Graeciam,
id. ib. 14, 7, 2:
hactenus Vitellius voluerat (i. e. procedere),
Tac. A. 12, 42 fin. —
(β).
With other omissions, supplied from context: volo Dolabellae valde desideranti, non reperio quid (i. e. to dedicate some writing to him), Cic. Att. 13, 13, 2.—
(γ).
In mal. part., Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 7; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 16; 2. 19, 2; Prop. 1, 13, 36.—
3.
With perfect infinitive active (rare).
a.
In negative imperative sentences dependent on ne velis, ne velit (in oblique discourse also ne vellet), where ne velis has the force of noli. The perfect infinitive emphatically represents the action as completed (ante-class. and poet.).
(α).
In ancient ordinances of the Senate and of the higher officers (not in laws proper): NEIQVIS EORVM BACANAL HABVISE VELET... BACAS VIR NEQVIS ADIESE VELET CEIVIS ROMANVS... NEVE PECVNIAM QVISQVAM EORVM COMOINEM HABVISE VELET... NEVE... QVIQVAM FECISE VELET. NEVE INTER SED CONIOVRASE, NEVE COMVOVISE NEVE CONSPONDISE, etc., S. C. de Bacch. 4-13 ap. Wordsworth, Fragm. and Spec. p. 172.—So, in quoting such ordinances: per totam Italiam edicta mitti ne quis qui Bacchis initiatus esset, coisse aut convenisse causa sacrorum velit. [p. 2006] neu quid talis rei divinae fecisse, Liv. 39, 14, 8:
edixerunt ne quis quid fugae causa vendidisse neve emisse vellet,
id. 39, 17, 3. —
(β).
In imitation of official edicts: (vilicus) ne quid emisse velit insciente domino, neu quid domino celasse velit, the overseer must not buy any thing, etc., Cato, R. R. 5, 4:
interdico, ne extulisse extra aedis puerum usquam velis,
Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 48:
oscula praecipue nulla dedisse velis (= noli dare),
Ov. Am. 1, 4, 38:
ne quis humasse velit Ajacem, Atride, vetas? Cur?
Hor. S. 2, 3, 187.—
b.
In affirmative sentences, implying command (in any mood or tense; mostly poet.): neminem nota strenui aut ignavi militis notasse volui, I have decided to mark no one, etc., Liv. 24, 16, 11: quia pepercisse vobis volunt, committere vos cur pereatis non patiuntur, because they have decided to spare you, etc., id. 32, 21, 33:
sunt delicta tamen quibus ignovisse velimus (= volumus),
which should be pardoned, Hor. A. P. 347.—
c.
To represent the will as referring to a completed action.
(α).
In optative sentences with vellem or velim, v. II. B. 5. b. a, and II. C. 1. b.—
(β).
In other sentences ( poet. and post-class.): ex omnibus praediis ex quibus non hac mente recedimus ut omisisse possessionem velimus, with the will to abandon (omittere would denote the purpose to give up at some future time), Dig. 43, 16, 1, § 25; so,
an erit qui velle recuset Os populi meruisse?
Pers. 1, 41:
qui me volet incurvasse querela,
id. 1, 91.
B.
With acc. and inf.
1.
To wish (v. A. 1. a.).
a.
With a different subject: hoc volo scire te: Perditus sum miser, I wish you to know, etc., Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 46:
deos volo consilia vostra vobis recte vortere,
id. Trin. 5, 2, 31:
emere oportet quem tibi oboedire velis,
id. Pers. 2, 4, 2:
scin' quid nunc te facere volo?
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 85:
si perpetuam vis esse adfinitatem hanc,
id. Hec. 2, 2, 10:
consul ille egit eas res quarum me participem esse voluit,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 17, 41:
vim volumus exstingui: jus valeat necesse est,
id. Sest. 42, 92:
nec mihi hunc errorem extorqueri volo,
id. Sen. 23, 85:
hoc te scire volui,
id. Att. 7, 18, 4:
harum causarum fuit justissima quod Germanos suis quoque rebus timere voluit,
Caes. B. G. 4, 16:
ut equites qui salvam esse rempublicam vellent ex equis desilirent,
Liv. 4, 38, 2:
si me vivere vis recteque videre valentem,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 3:
si vis me flere, dolendum est Primum ipsi tibi,
id. A. P. 102.—With pass. inf. impers.:
regnari tamen omnes volebant,
that there should be a king, Liv. 1, 17, 3:
mihi volo ignosci,
I wish to be pardoned, Cic. Or. 1, 28, 130:
volt sibi quisque credi,
Liv. 22, 22, 14. —
b.
With the same subject.
(α).
With inf. act.:
quae mihi est spes qua me vivere velim,
what hope have I, that I should wish to live? Plaut. Rud. 1, 3, 33:
volo me placere Philolachi,
id. Most. 1, 3, 11; cf. id. Trin. 2, 2, 47; id. Rud. 2, 6, 1:
judicem esse me, non doctorem volo,
Cic. Or. 33, 117:
vult, credo, se esse carum suis,
id. Sen. 20, 73; so id. Off. 1, 31, 113; id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; 2, 23, 95. —
(β).
With inf. pass.:
quod certiorem te vis fieri quo quisque in me animo sit,
Cic. Att. 11, 13, 1; cf. id. Fam. 1, 9, 18:
qui se ex his minus timidos existimari volebant,
Caes. B. G. 1, 39; cf. id. B. C. 2, 29:
religionis se causa... Bacchis initiari velle,
Liv. 39, 10, 2:
Agrippae se nepotem neque credi neque dici volebat,
Suet. Calig. 22 fin. —
2.
Of the will of superiors, gods, etc. (cf. A. 1. b. supra), I want, it is my will:
me absente neminem volo intromitti,
Plaut. Aul. 1, 3, 21:
viros nostros quibus tu voluisti esse nos matres familias,
id. Stich. 1, 2, 41; id. Most. 1, 4, 2; id. Rud. 4, 5, 9; id. Trin. 1, 2, 1:
pater illum alterum (filium) secum omni tempore volebat esse,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 42:
(deus) quinque reliquis motibus orbem esse voluit expertem,
id. Univ. 10; cf. id. Sest. 69, 147; id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 57; 1, 5, 14:
causa mittendi fuit quod iter per Alpes... patefieri volebat,
Caes. B. G. 3, 1; cf. id. ib. 5, 9; id. B. C. 1, 4:
quippe (senatus) foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat,
Sall. C. 19, 2:
nec (di) patefieri (crimina) ut impunita essent, sed ut vindicarentur voluerunt,
Liv. 39, 16, 11; cf. id. 1, 56, 3; 2, 28, 5; 25, 32, 6:
senatus... Romano sanguini pudicitiam tutam esse voluit,
Val. Max. 6, 1, 9; cf. id. 6, 9, 2.—So in the historians: quid fieri vellet (velit), after a verbum imperandi or declarandi, he gave his orders, explained his will:
quid fieri velit praecipit,
Caes. B. G. 5, 56:
ibi quid fieri vellet imperabat,
id. ib. 7, 16:
quid fieri vellet ostendit,
id. ib. 7, 27:
quae fieri vellet edocuit,
id. B. C. 3, 108; cf. id. B. G. 7, 45; id. B. C. 3, 78; 3, 89:
quid fieri vellet edixit,
Curt. 8, 10, 30; 4, 13, 24; Val. Max. 7, 4, 2.— Frequently majores voluerunt, it was the will of our ancestors, referring to ancient customs and institutions:
sacra Cereris summa majores nostri religione confici caerimoniaque voluerunt,
Cic. Balb. 24, 55: majores vestri ne vos quidem temere coire voluerunt, cf. id. ib. 17, 39; 23, 54; id. Agr. 2, 11, 26; id. Fl. 7, 15; id. Imp. Pomp. 13, 39; id. Div. 1, 45, 103; id. Font. 24, 30 (10, 20); id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70.—Of testamentary dispositions: cum Titius, heres meus, mortuus erit, volo hereditatem meam ad P. Mevium pertinere, Gai Inst. 2, 277. Except in the institution of the first heir: at illa (institutio) non est comprobata: Titum heredem esse volo, Gai Inst. 2, 117. —
3.
Of the intention of a writer, etc., to want, to mean, intend:
Asinariam volt esse (nomen fabulae) si per vos licet,
Plaut. As. prol. 12:
Plautus hanc mihi gnatam esse voluit Inopiam,
has wanted Poverty to be my daughter, made her my daughter, id. Trin. prol. 9:
primumdum huic esse nomen Diphilus Cyrenas voluit,
id. Rud. prol. 33:
quae ipsi qui scripserunt voluerunt vulgo intellegi,
meant to be understood by all, Cic. Or. 2, 14, 60:
si non hoc intellegi volumus,
id. Fat. 18, 41:
quale intellegi vult Cicero cum dicit orationem suam coepisse canescere,
Quint. 11, 1, 31; so id. 9, 4, 82; 9, 3, 9:
quamquam illi (Prometheo) quoque ferreum anulum dedit antiquitas vinculumque id, non gestamen, intellegi voluit,
Plin. 33, 1, 4, § 8.—
4.
To resolve:
Siculi... me defensorem calamitatum suarum... esse voluerunt,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 4, 11:
si a me causam hanc vos (judices) agi volueritis,
if you resolve, id. ib. 8, 25:
senatus te voluit mihi nummos, me tibi frumentum dare,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 85, § 196:
qua (statua) abjecta, basim tamen in foro manere voluerunt,
id. ib. 2, 2, 66, §
160: liberam debere esse Galliam quam (senatus) suis legibus uti voluisset,
Caes. B. G. 1, 45:
tu Macedonas tibi voluisti genua ponere, venerarique te ut deum,
Curt. 8 (7), 13.— Hence,
5.
To order, command: erus meus tibi me salutem multam voluit dicere, has ordered me, etc., Plaut. Ps. 4, 2, 25:
montem quem a Labieno occupari voluerit,
which he had ordered to be occupied, Caes. B. G. 1, 22:
ibi futuros esse Helvetios ubi eos Caesar... esse voluisset,
id. ib. 1, 13 (for velitis jubeatis with inf.-clause, v. II. B. 5. d.).—
6.
To consent, allow (cf. A. 1. I.):
obtinuere ut (tribuni) tribuniciae potestatis vires salubres vellent reipublicae esse,
they prevailed upon them to permit the tribunitian power to be wholesome to the republic, Liv. 2, 44, 5:
Hiero tutores... puero reliquit quos precatus est moriens ut juvenum suis potissimum vestigiis insistere vellent,
id. 24, 4, 5:
petere ut eum... publicae etiam curae ac velut tutelae vellent esse (i. e. senatus),
id. 42, 19, 5:
orare tribunos ut uno animo cum consulibus bellum ab urbe ac moenibus propulsari vellent,
id. 3, 69, 5:
quam superesse causam Romanis cur non... incolumis Syracusas esse velint?
id. 25, 28, 8:
si alter ex heredibus voluerit rem a legatario possideri, alter non, ei qui noluit interdictum competet,
Dig. 43, 3, 1, § 15.—So negatively = not to let, not to suffer:
cum P. Attio agebant ne sua pertinacia omnium fortunas perturbari vellet,
Caes. B. C. 2, 36.—
7.
To be of opinion that something should be, to require, demand:
voluisti enim in suo genere unumquemque... esse Roscium,
Cic. Or. 1, 61, 258: eos exercitus quos contra se multos jam annos aluerint velle dimitti, he demanded the disbanding of, etc., Caes. B. C. 1, 85:
(Cicero) vult esse auctoritatem in verbis,
Quint. 8, 3, 43:
vult esse Celsus aliquam et superiorem compositionem,
id. 9, 4, 137:
si tantum irasci vis sapientem quantum scelerum indignitas exigit,
Sen. Ira, 2, 9, 4. —
8.
To be of opinion that something is or was, = censere, dicere, but implying that the opinion is erroneous or doubtful, usu. in the third pers., sometimes in the second.
(α).
To imagine, consider:
est genus hominum qui esse se primos omnium rerum volunt, Nec sunt,
Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 17:
semper auget adsentator id quod is cujus ad voluntatem dicitur vult esse magnum,
Cic. Lael. 26, 98:
si quis patricius, si quis—quod illi volunt invidiosius esse—Claudius diceret,
Liv. 6, 40, 13.—
(β).
To be of opinion, to hold:
vultis, opinor, nihil esse... in natura praeter ignem,
Cic. N. D. 3, 14, 36:
volunt illi omnes... eadem condicione nasci,
id. Div. 2, 44, 93:
vultis evenire omnia fato,
id. ib. 2, 9, 24:
alteri censent, etc., alteri volunt a rebus fatum omne relegari,
id. Fat. 19, 45:
vultis a dis immortalibus hominibus dispertiri somnia,
id. N. D. 3, 39, 93; id. Tusc. 1, 10, 20; id. Fin. 3, 11, 36; id. Rep. 2, 26, 48:
volunt quidam... iram in pectore moveri effervescente circa cor sanguine,
Sen. Ira, 2, 19, 3.—
(γ).
To say, assert:
si tam familiaris erat Clodiae quam tu esse vis,
as you say he is, Cic. Cael. 21, 53:
sit sane tanta quanta tu illam esse vis,
id. Or. 1, 55, 23:
ad pastum et ad procreandi voluptatem hoc divinum animal procreatum esse voluerunt: quo nihil mihi videtur esse absurdius,
id. Fin. 2, 13, 40; 2, 17, 55; 2, 42, 131; 2, 46, 142; id. Fat. 18, 41.—With perf. inf.:
Rhodi ego non fui: me vult fuisse,
Cic. Planc. 34, 84.—
(δ).
To pretend, with perf. inf., both subjects denoting the same person:
unde homines dum se falso terrore coacti Effugisse volunt, etc.,
Lucr. 3, 69 (cf. A. 1. n. supra).—
(ε).
To mean, with perf. inf.:
utrum scientem vultis contra foedera fecisse, an inscientem?
Cic. Balb. 5, 13.— With pres. inf.:
quam primum istud, quod esse vis?
what do you mean by as soon as possible? Sen. Ep. 117, 24.—
(ζ).
Rarely in the first pers., implying that the opinion is open to discussion:
ut et mihi, quae ego vellem non esse oratoris, concederes,
what according to my opinion is not the orator's province, Cic. Or. 1, 17, 74.—
9.
In partic.
a.
With things as subjects.
(α).
Things personified:
ne res publica quidem haec pro se suscipi volet,
would have such things done for it, Cic. Off. 1, 45, 159:
cui tacere grave sit, quod homini facillimum voluerit esse natura,
which nature willed should be easiest for man, Curt. 4, 6, 6: fortuna Q. Metellum... nasci in urbe terrarum principe voluit, fate ordained that, etc., Val. Max. 7, 1, 1: nihil rerum ipsa natura voluit magnum effici cito, it is the law of nature that, etc., Quint. 10, 3, 4:
quid non ingenio voluit natura licere?
what license did nature refuse to genius? Mart. 8, 68, 9:
me sine, quem semper voluit fortuna jacere,
Prop. 1, 6, 25:
hanc me militiam fata subire volunt,
id. 1, 6, 30.—
(β).
Of laws, to provide:
duodecim tabulae nocturnum furem... interfici impune voluerunt,
Cic. Mil. 3, 9:
lex duodecim tabularum tignum aedibus junctum... solvi prohibuit, pretiumque ejus dari voluit,
Dig. 46, 3, 98, § 8 fin. (cf. Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21, b. a, infra).—
b.
With perf. pass. inf., to represent a state or result wished for.
(α).
The inf. being in full, with esse expressed: si umquam quemquam di immortales voluere esse auxilio adjutum, tum me et Calidorum servatum volunt, if it ever was the will of the gods that any one should be assisted, etc., Plaut. Ps. 4, 1, 1: Corinthum patres vestri, totius Graeciae lumen, exstinctum esse voluerunt, it was their will that Corinth should be ( and remain) destroyed, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 5, 11:
nostri... leges et jura tecta esse voluerunt,
id. Or. 1, 59, 253:
propter eam partem epistulae tuae per quam te et mores tuos purgatos et probatos esse voluisti,
id. Att. 1, 17, 7; id. Fin. 4, 27, 76; id. de Or. 1, 51, 221:
daturum se operam ne cujus suorum popularium mutatam secum fortunam esse vellent,
Liv. 21, 45, 6: for velle redundant in this construction, v. II. A. 2. 3. infra.—With pass. inf. impers.:
sociis maxime lex consultum esse vult,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21.—
(β).
With ellips. of esse (cf. Quint. 9, 3, 9): perdis me tuis dictis. Cu. Imo, servo et servatum volo, and mean that you should remain saved, Plaut. Curc. 2, 3, 56:
aunt qui volum te conventam,
who want to see you, id. Cist. 4, 2, 39:
eidem homini, si quid recte cura tum velis, mandes,
if you want to have anything done well, id. As. 1, 1, 106:
sed etiam est paucis vos quod monitos voluerim,
id. Capt. prol. 53: id nunc res indicium haeo [p. 2007] facit, quo pacto factum volueris, this shows now why you wished this to be done, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 31 (cf. Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 33; id. Aul. 3, 5, 30, II. B. 1, b, and II. B. 3. b. infra): domestica cura te levatum volo, I wish to see you relieved, etc., Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 9, 3:
nulla sedes quo concurrant qui rem publicam defensam velint,
id. Att. 8, 3, 4:
rex celatum voluerat (i. e. donum),
id. Verr. 2, 4, 28, § 64:
Hannibal non Capuam neglectam, neque desertos volebat socios,
Liv. 25, 20, 5; 2, 15, 2; 2, 44, 3; 3, 21, 4; 22, 7, 4;
26, 31, 6: contemptum hominis quem destructum volebat,
Quint. 8, 3, 21:
si te non emptam vellet, emendus erat,
Ov. Am. 1, 8, 34 (so with velle redundant, v. II. A. 1. d., and II. A. 3. infra).—Both subjects denoting the same person:
velle Pompeium se Caesari purgatum,
Caes. B. C. 1, 8.— Esp., with pass. inf. impers.: alicui consultum velle, to take care for or advocate somebody's interests:
liberis consultum volumus propter ipsos,
Cic. Fin. 3, 17, 57:
obliviscere illum aliquando adversario tuo voluisse consultum,
id. Att. 16, 16 C, 10:
quibus tribuni plebis nunc consultum repente volunt,
Liv. 5, 5, 3; so id. 25, 25, 17:
quamquam senatus subventum voluit heredibus,
Dig. 36, 1, 1, § 4; so with dep. part., used passively:
volo amori ejus obsecutum,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 63.—
c.
With predic. adj., without copula.
(α).
The subjects being different (mostly aliquem salvum velle):
si me vivum vis, pater, Ignosce,
if you wish me to live, Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 7:
ille, si me alienus adfinem volet, Tacebit,
id. Phorm. 4, 1, 16:
ut tu illam salvam magis velis quam ego,
id. Hec. 2, 2, 17; 3, 5, 14:
quoniam ex tota provincia soli sunt qui te salvum velint,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 67, § 150:
irent secum extemplo qui rempublicam salvam vellent,
Liv. 22, 53, 7.—
(β).
Both subjects denoting the same person (virtually = object infinitive):
in occulto jacebis quom te maxime clarum voles (= clarus esse voles),
when you will most wish to be famous, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 38:
volo me patris mei similem,
I wish to be like my father, id. As. 1, 1, 54: ut iste qui se vult dicacem et mehercule est, Appius, who means to be witty, etc., Cic. Or. 2, 60, 246:
qui vero se populares volunt,
who mean to be popular, id. Off. 2, 22, 78:
ut integrum se salvumque velit,
id. Fin. 2, 11, 33:
ut (omne animal) se et salvum in suo genere incolumeque vellet,
id. ib. 4, 8, 19. —
d.
With an inf.-clause understood.
(α).
Velle, to wish: utinam hinc abierit in malam crucem! Ad. Ita nos velle aequom est (ita = eum abire, etc.), Plaut. Poen. 4, 1, 5:
stulta es, soror, magis quam volo (i.e. te esse),
id. Pers. 4, 4, 78; id. Trin. 1, 2, 8; 2, 4, 175; id. Stich. 1, 1, 13; id. Ps. 1, 5, 55:
senatum non quod sentiret, sed quod ego vellem decernere,
Cic. Mil. 5, 12:
neque enim facile est ut irascatur cui tu velis judex (= cui tu eum irasci velis),
id. Or. 2, 45, 190; cf. id. Sest. 38, 82.—
(β).
Referring to the will of superiors, etc.:
deos credo voluisse, nam ni vellent, non fieret,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 46: jamne abeo? St. Volo (sc. te abire), so I will, id. Cas. 2, 8, 57; cf. id. Mil. 4, 6, 12; id. Merc. 2, 3, 33.—
(γ).
To mean, intend (v. B. 3.):
acutum etiam illud est cum ex alterius oratione aliud atque ille vult (sc. te excipere),
Cic. Or. 2, 67, 273.—
(δ).
To require, demand (v B. 7.):
veremur quidem vos, Romani, et, si ita vultis, etiam timemus,
Liv. 39, 37, 17;
and of things as subjects: cadentque vocabula, si volet usus (i. e. ea cadere),
Hor. A. P. 71.—
(ε).
To be of opinion, will have (v. B. 8.):
ergo ego, inimicus, si ita vultis, homini, amicus esse rei publicae debeo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 8, 19:
nam illi regi tolerabili, aut, si voltis, etiam amabili, Cyro,
id. Rep. 1, 28, 44; id. Fin. 2, 27, 89; 3, 4, 12; id. Cael. 21, 53; Liv. 21, 10, 7; Quint. 2, 17, 41.—
(ζ).
With ellips. of predic. inf. (v. A. 2. b.): cras de reliquiis nos volo (i. e. cenare), it is my intention that we dine, etc., Plaut. Stich. 3, 2, 40:
volo Varronem (i. e. hos libros habere),
Cic. Att. 13, 25, 3.
C.
With ut, ne, or ut ne.
1.
With ut.
a.
To wish:
volo ut quod jubebo facias,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 65:
quia enim id maxime volo ut illi istac confugiant,
id. Most. 5, 1, 49:
ut mihi aedes aliquas conducat volo,
id. Merc. 3, 2, 17: hoc prius volo meam rem agere. Th. Quid id est? Ph. Ut mihi hanc despondeas, id. Curc. 5, 2, 71: quid vis, nisi ut maneat Phanium? Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 8:
velim ut tibi amicus sit,
Cic. Att. 10, 16, 1:
quare id quoque velim... ut sit qui utamur,
id. ib. 11, 11, 2:
maxime vellem, judices, ut P. Sulla... modestiae fructum aliquem percipere potuisset,
id. Sull. 1, 1:
equidem vellem uti pedes haberent (res tuae),
id. Fam. 7, 33, 2:
his ut sit digna puella volo,
Mart. 11, 27, 14.—Both subjects denoting the same person: volueram, inquit, ut quam plurimum tecum essem, Brut. ap. Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1.—
b.
It is the will of, to want, ordain (v. B. 2.):
at ego deos credo voluisse ut apud te me in nervo enicem,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 17: numquid me vis? Le. Ut valeas, id. Cist. 1, 1, 120: numquid vis? Ps. Dormitum ut abeas, id. Ps. 2, 2, 70:
volo ut mihi respondeas,
Cic. Vatin. 6, 14; 7, 17; 7, 18; 9, 21;
12, 29: nuntia Romanis, caelestes ita velle ut mea Roma caput orbis terrarum sit,
Liv. 1, 16, 7.—
c.
To intend, it is the purpose, aim, etc., the two subjects being the same:
id quaerunt, volunt haec ut infecta faciant,
Plaut. Cas. 4, 4, 9.—
d.
With other verbs:
quod peto et volo parentes meos ut commonstres mihi,
Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 4:
quasi vero aut populus Romanus hoc voluerit, aut senatus tibi hoc mandaverit ut... privares,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19, § 48;
with opto,
id. Imp. Pomp. 16, 48;
with laboro,
Liv. 42, 14, 3;
with aequum censere,
id. 39, 19, 7.—
2.
With ne:
at ne videas velim,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 23:
quid nunc vis? ut opperiare hos sex dies saltem modo, ne illam vendas, neu me perdas, etc.,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 102:
credibile est hoc voluisse legumlatorem, ne auxilia liberorum innocentibus deessent,
intended, Quint. 7, 1, 56.—
3.
With ut ne: quid nunc tibi vis? Mi. Ut quae te cupit, eam ne spernas, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 60.
D.
With subjunct. of dependent verb (mostly ante-class.; class. and freq. with velim and vellem; but in Cic. mostly epistolary and colloquial).
1.
To wish:
ergo animum advortas volo,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 23; 2, 3, 28; 2, 3, 70:
volo amet me patrem,
id. As. 1, 1, 63 dub.:
hoc volo agatis,
id. Cist. 1, 1, 83:
ducas volo hodie uxorem,
Ter. And. 2, 3, 14:
quid vis faciam?
Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 49; Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 24; Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 64; 2, 3, 65; 2, 6, 65; 3, 3, 3; id. Ps. 4, 1, 17; 4, 7, 19; id. Cas. 2, 3, 56; id. Capt. 1, 2, 12; id. Poen. 3, 2, 16; id. Pers. 2, 4, 23; id. Rud. 5, 2, 45; 5, 3, 58; id. Stich. 5, 2, 21; Ter. Heaut. 4, 6, 14:
volo etiam exquiras quam diligentissime poteris quid Lentulus agat?
Cic. Att. 8, 12, 6:
Othonem vincas volo,
id. ib. 13, 29, 2:
eas litteras volo habeas,
id. ib. 13, 32, 3:
visne igitur videamus quidnam sit, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 10, 15: visne igitur descendatur ad Lirim? id. Fragm. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4:
volo, inquis, sciat,
Sen. Ben. 2, 10, 2.—
2.
To be of opinion that something should be, demand, require (v. B. 7.): volo enim se efferat in adulescentia fecunditas, I like to see, etc., Cic. Or. 2, 21, 88:
volo hoc oratori contingat ut, etc.,
id. Brut. 84, 290.—
3.
With subj.-clause understood:
abi atque obsona, propera! sed lepide volo (i. e. obsones),
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 55.
E.
With object nouns, etc.
1.
With acc. of a thing.
a.
With a noun, to want, wish for, like to have:
voltisne olivas, aut pulmentum, aut capparim?
Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 90:
animo male est: aquam velim,
id. Am. 5, 1, 6:
quia videt me suam amicitiam velle,
id. Aul. 2, 3, 68; so,
gratiam tuam,
id. Curc. 2, 3, 52; 2, 3, 56:
aquam,
id. ib. 2, 3, 34:
discidium,
Ter. And. 4, 2, 14: nullam ego rem umquam in vita mea Volui quin tu in ea re mihi advorsatrix fueris, I never had any wish in my life, etc., id. Heaut. 5, 3, 5: (dixit) velle Hispaniam, he wanted Spain, i. e. as a province, Cic. Att. 12, 7, 1:
mihi frumento non opus est: nummos volo,
I want the money, id. Verr. 2, 3, 85, § 196:
non poterat scilicet negare se velle pacem,
id. Att. 15, 1 a, 3; cf. id. ib. 13, 32, 2 (v. II. C. 4. infra):
si amplius obsidum (= plures obsides) vellet, dare pollicentur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 9 fin.:
pacem etiam qui vincere possunt, volunt,
Liv. 7, 40, 18:
ferunt (eum)... honestum finem voluisse,
Tac. A. 6, 26:
cum Scipio veram vellet et sine exceptione victoriam,
Flor. 1, 33 (2, 18), 12:
mensae munera si voles secundae, Marcentes tibi porrigentur uvae,
Mart. 5, 78, 11.—
b.
Neutr. adjj., denoting things, substantively used: utrum vis opta, dum licet. La. Neutrum volo, Plaut. Ps. 3, 6, 16:
quorum isti neutrum volunt,
acknowledge neither, Cic. Fat. 12, 28:
voluimus quaedam, contendimus... Obtenta non sunt,
we aspired to certain things, id. Balb. 27, 61:
restat ut omnes unum velint,
hold one opinion, id. Marcell. 10, 32:
si plura velim,
if I wished for more, Hor. C. 3, 16, 38:
per quod probemus aliud legislatorem voluisse,
that the law-giver intended something different, Quint. 7, 6, 8:
ut putent, aliud quosdam dicere, aliud velle,
that they say one thing and mean another, id. 9, 2, 85:
utrum is qui scripsit... voluerit,
which of the two was meant by the author, id. 7, 9, 15:
ut nemo contra id quod vult dicit, ita potest melius aliquid velle quam dicit,
mean better than he speaks, id. 9, 2, 89:
quis enim pudor omnia velle?
to desire every thing, Mart. 12, 94, 11.—
c.
With neutr. demonstr. expressed or understood, to want, intend, aim at, like, will:
immo faenus: id primum volo,
Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 64:
proximum quod sit bono... id volo,
id. Capt. 2, 2, 22:
nisi ea quae tu vis volo,
unless my purpose is the same as yours, id. Ep. 2, 2, 82:
siquidem id sapere'st, velle te id quod non potest contingere,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 83:
hoc (i. e. otium cum dignitate) qui volunt omnes optimates putantur,
who aim at this, Cic. Sest. 45, 98:
privatum oportet in re publica ea velle quae tranquilla et honesta sint,
id. Off. 1, 34, 124:
quid est sapientia? Semper idem velle atque idem nolle,
Sen. Ep. 20, 5:
pudebit eadem velle quae volueras puer,
id. ib. 27, 2:
nec volo quod cruciat, nec volo quod satiat,
Mart. 1, 57, 4.—With demonstr. in place of inf.-clause:
hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae (sc. poenas in me sumi),
Verg. A. 2, 104:
hoc velit Eurystheus, velit hoc germana Tonantis (sc. verum esse, Herculem, etc.),
Ov. H. 9, 7; Hor. S. 2, 3, 88.—
d.
With neutr. of interrog. pron.: quid nunc vis? Am. Sceleste, at etiam quid velim, id tu me rogas? what do you want now? Plaut. Am. 4, 2, 5:
eloquere quid velis,
id. Cas. 2, 4, 2: heus tu! Si. Quid vis? id. Ps. 4, 7, 21; so Ter. Eun. 2, 1, 11; cf. Hor. S. 2, 3, 152:
sed plane quid velit nescio,
what his intentions are, Cic. Att. 15, 1 a, 5; id. de Or. 2, 20, 84:
mittunt etiam ad dominos qui quaerant quid velint,
to ask for their orders, id. Tusc. 2, 17, 41:
quid? Si haec... ipsius amici judicarunt? Quid amplius vultis?
what more do you require, will you have? id. Verr. 2, 3, 65, § 152:
quid amplius vis?
Hor. Epod. 17, 30:
spectatur quid voluerit scriptor,
we find out the author's intention, Quint. 7, 10, 1.—Sometimes quid vult = quid sibi vult (v. 4. b.), to mean, signify:
capram illam suspicor jam invenisse... quid voluerit,
what it signified, Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 30:
sed tamen intellego quid velit,
Cic. Fin. 2, 31, 101:
quid autem volunt ea di immortales significantes quae sine interpretibus non possimus intellegere? etc.,
id. Div. 2, 25, 54.—Of things as subjects:
hunc ensem mittit tibi... Et jubet ex merito scire quid iste velit,
Ov. H. 11, 96.—
e.
With rel. pron.:
quod volui, ut volui, impetravi... a Philocomasio,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 5, 1:
ut quod frons velit oculi sciant,
that the eyes know what the forehead wants, id. Aul. 4, 1, 13:
illi quae volo concedere,
to yield to him my wishes, id. Cas. 2, 3, 49:
si illud quod volumus dicitur,
what we like, id. Truc. 1, 2, 95:
multa eveniunt homini quae volt, quae nevolt,
id. Trin. 2, 2, 84; id. Ep. 2, 2, 4:
quamquam (litterae tuae) semper aliquid adferunt quod velim,
Cic. Att. 11, 11, 1:
quae vellem quaeque sentirem dicendi,
id. Marcell. 1, 1:
uti ea quae vellent impetrarent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:
satis animi ad id quod tam diu vellent,
to carry out what they had desired so long, Liv. 4, 54, 5:
sed quod volebant non... expediebant,
their purpose, id. 24, 23, 9. —Idiomatically: quod volo = quod demonstrare volo, what I intend to prove:
illud quod volumus expressum est, ut vaticinari furor vera soleat,
Cic. Div. 1, 31, 67:
bis sumpsit quod voluit,
he has twice begged the question, id. ib. 2, 52, 107.—With indef. relations:
cornucopia ubi inest quidquid volo,
whatever I wish for, Plaut. Ps. 2, 3, 5:
Caesar de Bruto solitus est dicere: magni refert hic quid velit, sed quidquid volt, valde volt,
whatever he wills he wills strongly, Cic. Att. 14, 1, 2.—
f.
With indef. pronn.
(α).
Si quid vis, if you want any thing: illo praesente mecum agito si quid voles, [p. 2008] Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 72: Py. Adeat si quid volt. Pa. Si quid vis, adi, mulier, id. Mil. 4, 2, 47:
eumque Alexander cum rogaret, si quid vellet, ut diceret,
id. Or. 2, 66, 266; Caes. B. G. 1, 7 fin. —
(β).
Nisi quid vis, unless you wish to give some order, to make some remark, etc.:
ego eo ad forum nisi quid vis,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 94:
nunc de ratione videamus, nisi quid vis ad haec,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 18, 42.—
(γ).
Numquid vis or ecquid vis? have you any orders to give? a formula used by inferiors before leaving their superiors; cf. Don. ad Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 39:
visunt, quid agam, ecquid velim,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 113:
numquid vis aliud?
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 111; 1, 2, 106; id. Ad. 2, 2, 39; 3, 3, 78; id. Hec. 2, 2, 30:
numquid vellem rogavit,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 6:
frequentia rogantium num quid vellet,
Liv. 6, 34, 7:
rogavit num quid in Sardiniam vellet. Te puto saepe habere qui num quid Romam velis quaerant,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2, 1.—
2.
With acc. of the person: aliquem velle.
(α).
To want somebody, i. e. in order to see him, to speak with him (ante-class. and colloq.):
Demenaetum volebam,
I wanted, wished to see, Demenoetus, Plaut. As. 2, 3, 12:
bona femina et malus masculus volunt te,
id. Cist. 4, 2, 40:
solus te solum volo,
id. Capt. 3, 4, 70:
quia non est intus quem ego volo,
id. Mil. 4, 6, 40:
hae oves volunt vos,
id. Bacch. 5, 2, 24:
quis me volt? Perii, pater est,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 1:
centuriones trium cohortium me velle postridie,
Cic. Att. 10, 16, 4.—With paucis verbis or paucis, for a few words ( moments):
volo te verbis pauculis,
Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 28:
sed paucis verbis te volo, Palaestrio,
id. Mil. 2, 4, 22:
Sosia, Adesdum, paucis te volo,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 2.—
(β).
To love, like somebody, to be fond of somebody (anteclass. and poet.):
hanc volo (= amo),
Plaut. As. 5, 1, 18:
sine me amare unum Argyrippum... quem volo,
id. ib. 3, 2, 38:
quom quae te volt, eamdem tu vis,
id. Mil. 4, 2, 80:
aut quae (vitia) corpori' sunt ejus siquam petis ac vis,
Lucr. 4, 1152:
quam volui nota fit arte mea,
Ov. Am. 1, 10, 60: nolo virum, facili redimit qui sanguine famam: hunc volo, laudari qui sine morte potest, I like the one who, etc., Mart. 1, 8, 6.—
(γ).
To wish to have:
roga, velitne an non uxorem,
whether he wishes to have his wife or not, Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 43:
ut sapiens velit gerere rem publicam, atque... uxorem adjungere, et velle ex ea liberos (anacoluth.),
Cic. Fin. 3, 20, 68.—
With two accusatives: (narrato) illam te amare et velle uxorem,
that you wish to have her as your wife, Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 25; cf. id. Phorm. 1, 2, 65.—
3.
With two accusatives, of the person and the thing: aliquem aliquid velle, to want something of somebody (cf.: aliquem aliquid rogare; mostly ante-class.;
not in Cic.): numquid me vis?
Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 120:
face certiorem me quid meus vir me velit,
id. Cas. 2, 6, 1:
num quidpiam me vis aliud?
id. Truc. 2, 4, 81:
nunc verba in pauca conferam quid te velim,
id. As. 1, 1, 74:
narrabit ultro quid sese velis,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 60:
quid me voluisti?
id. Mil. 4, 2, 35:
numquid aliud me vis?
Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 101:
quin tu uno verbo dic quid est quod me velis,
id. And. 1, 1, 18; Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 85; id. Cist. 2, 3, 49; id. As. 2, 3, 12; id. Merc. 5, 2, 27; id. Pers. 4, 6, 11; Ter. Heaut. 4, 8, 31; id. Phorm. 2, 4, 18; id. Eun. 2, 3, 47; id. Hec. 3, 4, 15:
si quid ille se velit, illum ad se venire oportere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 34:
cum mirabundus quidnam (Taurea) sese vellet, resedisset Flaccus, Me quoque, inquit, etc.,
Liv. 26, 15, 11; also, I want to speak with somebody (v. 2. a. a):
paucis, Euclio, est quod te volo,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 22:
est quod te volo secreto,
id. Bacch. 5, 2, 33.—
4.
With acc. of thing and dat. of the person: aliquid alicui velle, to wish something to somebody (= cupio aliquid alicui; v. cupio;
rare): quamquam vobis volo quae voltis, mulieres,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 1:
si ex me illa liberos vellet sibi,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 33:
praesidium velle se senectuti suae,
id. ib. 1, 2, 44:
nihil est mali quod illa non initio filio voluerit, optaverit,
Cic. Clu. 66, 188:
rem Romanam huc provectam ut externis quoque gentibus quietem velit,
Tac. A. 12, 11:
cui ego omnia meritissimo volo et debeo,
to whom I give and owe my best wishes, Quint. 9, 2, 35.—Esp., in the phrase quid vis (vult) with reflex. dat. of interest, lit. what do you want for yourself?
a.
Quid tibi vis = quid vis, the dat. being redundant (rare):
quid aliud tibi vis?
what else do you want? Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 90.—With quisque:
haud ita vitam agerent ut nunc plerumque videmus Quid sibi quisque velit nescire,
be ignorant as to their own aims and purposes, Lucr. 3, 1058.—
b.
What do you mean? what do you drive at? what is your scope, object, drift (rare in post-Aug. writers; Don. ad Ter. Eun. prol. 45, declares it an archaism).
(α).
In 1 st pers. (rare):
nunc quid processerim huc, et quid mihi voluerim dicam,
and what I meant thereby, what was the purpose of my coming, Plaut. As. prol. 6:
quid mihi volui? quid mihi nunc prodest bona voluntas?
Sen. Ben. 4, 21, 6.—
(β).
In 2 d pers.:
quid nunc tibi vis, mulier, memora,
what is the drift of your talk? Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 60: sed quid nunc tibi vis? what do you want to come at (i.e. by your preamble)? id. Poen. 1, 1, 24: quid tu tibi vis? Ego non tangam meam? what do you mean? i. e. what is your purpose? Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 28:
quid tibi vis? quid cum illa rei tibi est?
id. ib. 4, 7, 34:
quid est quod sic gestis? quid sibi hic vestitus quaerit? Quid est quod laetus sis? quid tibi vis?
what do you mean by all this? id. ib. 3, 5, 11:
quid est, inepta? quid vis tibi? quid rides?
id. ib. 5, 6, 6:
quid vis tibi? Quid quaeris?
id. Heaut. 1, 1, 9: Ph. Fabulae! Ch. Quid vis tibi? id. Phorm. 5, 8, 53:
roganti ut se in Asiam praefectum duceret, Quid tibi vis, inquit, insane,
Cic. Or. 2, 67, 269; so in 2 d pers. plur.:
pro deum fidem, quid vobis vultis?
Liv. 3, 67, 7.—
(γ).
In 3 d pers.:
quid igitur sibi volt pater? cur simulat?
Ter. And. 2, 3, 1:
quid hic volt veterator sibi?
id. ib. 2, 6, 26:
proinde desinant aliquando me isdem inflare verbis: quid sibi iste vult?... Cur ornat eum a quo desertus est?
Cic. Dom. 11, 29:
quid sibi vellet (Caesar)? cur in suas possessiones veniret?
Caes. B. G. 1, 44 med.:
conicere in eum oculos, mirantes quid sibi vellet (i. e. by courting the plebeians),
Liv. 3, 35, 5:
qui quaererent quid sibi vellent qui armati Aventinum obsedissent,
id. 3, 50, 15:
quid sibi voluit providentia quae Aridaeum regno imposuit?
Sen. Ben. 4, 31, 1: volt, non volt dare Galla mihi, nec dicere possum quod volt et non volt, quid sibi Galla velit, Mart: 3, 90, 2.—
(δ).
Transf. of things as subjects, what means, what signifies? quid volt sibi, Syre, haec oratio? Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 2:
ut pernoscatis quid sibi Eunuchus velit,
id. Eun. prol. 45:
quid ergo illae sibi statuae equestres inauratae volunt?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 61, § 150:
quid haec sibi horum civium Romanorum dona voluerunt?
id. ib. 2, 3, 80, §
186: avaritia senilis quid sibi velit, non intellego,
what is the meaning of the phrase, id. Sen. 18, 66:
quid ergo illa sibi vult pars altera orationis qua Romanos a me cultos ait?
Liv. 40, 12, 14:
tacitae quid vult sibi noctis imago?
Ov. M. 9, 473.—
5.
Bene or male alicui velle, to wish one well or ill, to like or dislike one (ante-class. and poet.): Ph. Bene volt tibi. St. Nequam est illud verbum bene volt, nisi qui bene facit, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 37 sq.:
jam diu ego huic bene et hic mihi volumus,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 4:
ut tibi, dum vivam, bene velim plus quam mihi,
id. Cas. 2, 8, 30:
egone illi ut non bene vellem?
id. Truc. 2, 4, 90; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 95; id. Merc. 2, 1, 21; id. Ps. 4, 3, 7; id. Poen. 3, 3, 9:
nisi quod tibi bene ex animo volo,
Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 6:
quo tibi male volt maleque faciet,
Plaut. Pers. 5, 2, 44:
atque isti etiam parum male volo,
id. Truc. 5, 7; cf. id. As. 5, 1, 13:
utinam sic sient qui mihi male volunt,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 13:
non sibi male vult,
he does not dislike himself, Petr. 38; so, melius or optime alicui velle, to like one better or best:
nec est quisquam mihi aeque melius quoi vellem,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 42; id. Merc. 5, 2, 57:
illi ego ex omnibus optime volo,
id. Most. 1, 4, 24.—And bene velle = velle: bene volueris in precatione augurali Messalla augur ait, significare volueris, Fest. s. v. bene sponsis, p. 351.—
6.
With abl.: alicujus causa velle, to like one for his own sake, i. e. personally, a Ciceronian phrase, probably inst. of omnia alicujus causa velle; lit. to wish every thing (i.e. good) in somebody's behalf.
(α).
With omnia expressed: etsi mihi videor intellexisse cum tecum de re M. Annaeii locutus sum, te ipsius causa vehementer omnia velle, tamen, etc.... ut non dubitem quin magnus cumulus accedat commenda tionis meae, Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1:
repente coepit dicere, se omnia Verris causa velle,
that he had the most friendly disposition towards Verres, id. Verr. 2, 2, 26, § 64:
accedit eo quod Varro magnopere ejus causa vult omnia,
id. Fam. 13, 22, 1.—
(β).
Without omnia:
per eos qui nostra causa volunt, valentque apud illum,
Cic. Att. 11, 8, 1:
sed et Phameae causa volebam,
id. ib. 13, 49, 1:
etsi te ipsius Attici causa velle intellexeram,
id. ib. 16, 16, A, 6:
valde enim ejus causa volo,
id. Fam. 16, 17, 2 fin.:
illud non perficis quo minus tua causa velim,
id. ib. 3, 7, 6;
12, 7, 1: si me velle tua causa putas,
id. ib. 7, 17, 2:
regis causa si qui sunt qui velint,
id. ib. 1, 1, 1:
credo tua causa velle Lentulum,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 4, 5; id. Div. in Caecil. 6, 21; cf. id. Imp. Pomp. (v. C. 1. b. supra), where the phrase has its literal meaning; cf. also: alicujus causa (omnia) cupere; v. cupio.—
7.
With acc. and subjunct. per ecthesin (ante-class.): nunc ego illum meum virum veniat velim (by mixture of constructions: meum virum velim; and:
meus vir veniat velim),
Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 29:
nunc ego Simonidem mi obviam veniat velim,
id. Ps. 4, 5, 10:
nimis hercle ego illum corvum ad me veniat velim,
id. Aul. 4, 6, 4:
saltem aliquem velim qui mihi ex his locis viam monstret,
id. Rud. 1, 3, 35:
patrem atque matrem viverent vellem tibi,
id. Poen. 5, 2, 106; cf. id. Merc. 2, 1, 30 (v. E. 1. d. supra).
F.
Velle used absolutely, variously rendered to will, have a will, wish, consent, assent:
quod vos, malum... me sic ludificamini? Nolo volo, volo nolo rursum,
I nill I will, I will I nill again, Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 57: novi ingenium mulierum: Nolunt ubi velis, ubi nolis cupiunt ultro, they will not where you will, etc., id. Eun. 4, 7, 43:
quis est cui velle non liceat?
who is not free to wish? Cic. Att. 7, 11. 2:
in magnis et voluisse sat est,
Prop. 2, 10 (3, 1), 6:
tarde velle nolentis est,
slow ness in consenting betrays the desire to refuse, Sen. Ben. 2, 5, 4:
quae (animalia) nullam injuriam nobis faciunt, quia velle non possunt, id. Ira, 2, 26, 4: ejus est nolle qui potest velle,
the power to assent implies the power to dissent, Dig. 50, 17, 3.—So velle substantively:
sed ego hoc ipsum velle miserius duco quam in crucem tolli,
that very wishing, Cic. Att. 7, 11, 2: inest enim velle in carendo, the word carere implies the notion of a wish, id. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:
velle ac posse in aequo positum erat,
his will and power were balanced, Val. Max. 6, 9, ext. 5:
velle tuum nolo, Didyme, nolle volo,
Mart. 5, 83, 2:
velle suum cuique est,
each has his own likings, Pers. 5, 53.
II.
In partic.
A.
Redundant, when the will to do is identified with the act itself.
1.
In imperative sentences.
a.
In independent sentences introduced by noli velle, where noli has lost the idea of volition:
nolite, judices, hunc velle maturius exstingui vulnere vestro quam suo fato,
do not resolve, Cic. Cael. 32, 79:
nolite igitur id velle quod fieri non potest,
id. Phil. 7, 8, 25: qui timor bonis omnibus injectus sit... nolite a me commoneri velle, do not wish, expect, to be reminded by me, etc., id. Mur. 25, 50: nolite hunc illi acerbum nuntium velle perferri, let it not be your decision that, etc., id. Balb. 28, 64: cujus auspicia pro vobis experti nolite adversus vos velle experiri, do not desire, etc., Liv. 7, 40, 16:
noli adversum eos me velle ducere, etc.,
Nep. Att. 4, 2.—
b.
Ne velis or ne velit fecisse = ne feceris, or ne facito (v. I. A. 3. a. supra).—So ne velis with pres. inf.:
neve, revertendi liber, abesse velis (= neve abfueris),
Ov. H. 1, 80.—
c.
In affirmative imperative sentences (velim esse = esto;
rare): tu tantum fida sorori Esse velis (= fida esto or sis),
Ov. M. 2, 745; and in 3 d pers.:
di procul a cunctis... Hujus notitiam gentis habere velint (= habeant),
id. P. 1, 7, 8:
credere modo qui discet velit (= credat qui discet),
Quint. 8, prooem. 12. —
d.
In clauses dependent on verbs of commanding and wishing:
aut quia significant divam praedicere ut armis Ac virtute velint patriam defendere terram (= ut defendant),
Lucr. 2, 641: precor quaesoque ne ante oculos patris facere et pati omnia infanda velis (= facias et patiaris). Liv. 23, 9, 2:
monentes ne experiri vellet imperium cujus vis, etc.,
id. 2, 59, 4; 39, 13, 2:
et mea... opto Vulnera qui fecit facta levare velit,
Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 18: nos contra (oravimus) [p. 2009]... ne vertere secum Cuncta pater fatoque urguenti incumbere vellet, Verg. A. 2, 653. —With pass. perf. inf. (v. I. B. 9. b. b):
legati Sullam orant ut filii innocentis fortunas conservatas velit (virtually = fortunas conservet),
Cic. Rosc. Am. 9, 25:
a te peto ut utilitatem sociorum per te quam maxime defensam et auctam velis (= defendas et augeas),
id. Fam. 13, 9, 3.—So after utinam or ut:
utinam illi qui prius eum viderint me apud eum velint adjutum tantum quantum ego vellem si quid possem (= utinam illi me adjuvent quantum ego adjuvarem, etc.),
id. Att. 11, 7, 7:
cautius ut saevo velles te credere Marti (= utinam te credidisses),
Verg. A. 11, 153:
edictum praemittit ad quam diem magistratus... sibi esse praesto Cordubae vellet (= sibi praesto essent),
Caes. B. C. 1, 19 (cf. also I. B. 9. b. b, and I. B. 2. fin. supra).—
2.
In conditional clauses, si facere velim = si faciam, often rendered by the potential or future auxiliaries would or will:
non tu scis, Bacchae bacchanti si velis advorsarier, ex insana insaniorem facies? (= si advorseris),
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 80:
si meum Imperium exsequi voluisset, interemptam oportuit (= si executus esset),
Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 22:
si id confiteri velim, tamen istum condemnetis necesse est (= si id confitear),
if I would acknowledge, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 45:
si quis velit ita dicere... nihil dicat (= si quis dicat),
id. Fat. 14, 32:
dies deficiat si velim numerare, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 32, 81;
so,
id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102; id. Verr. 2, 2, 21, § 52:
qua in sententia si constare voluissent, suam auctoritatem... recuperassent,
id. Fam. 1, 9, 14; id. Verr. 2, 1, 11, § 31; id. Lael. 20, 75:
conicere potestis, si recordari volueritis quanta, etc.,
if you will remember, id. Verr. 2, 4, 58, § 129; so id. Or. 1, 44, 197; id. Brut. 1, 2, 5:
quod si audire voletis externa, maximas res publicas ab adulescentibus labefactatas reperietis,
id. Sen. 6, 20; so id. Or. 1, 60, 256; 2, 23, 95:
ejus me compotem voti vos facere potestis, si meminisse vultis, non vos in Samnio, etc.,
Liv. 7, 40, 5; 23, 13, 6; 23, 15, 4: cum olera Diogeni lavanti Aristippus dixisset: si Dionysium adulare velles, ista non esses;
Imo, inquit, si tu ista esse velles, non adulares Dionysium,
Val. Max. 4, 3, ext. 4:
ut si his (legibus) perpetuo uti voluissent, sempiternum habituri fuerint imperium,
id. 5, 3, ext. 3:
quid enim si mirari velit, non in silvestribus dumis poma pendere,
Sen. Ira, 2, 10, 6; cf. Curt. 5, 1, 1; 3, 5, 6; Ov. H. 17 (18), 43.—With perf. inf. pass.:
nisi ea (opera) certi auctores monumentis suis testata esse voluissent,
Val. Max. 3, 2, 24.—
3.
In declarative sentences.
a.
Volo in 1 st pers. with perf. pass. inf. or part. (volo oratum esse or oratum = oro; v. I. B. 9. b. a and b):
vos omnes opere magno esse oratos volo benigne ut operam detis, etc.,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 21:
justam rem et facilem esse oratam a vobis volo,
id. Am. prol. 33:
illud tamen te esse admonitum volo, etc.,
Cic. Cael. 3, 8:
sed etiam est paucis vos quod monitos voluerim,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 53:
illud te, Tulli, monitum velim etc.,
Liv. 1, 23, 8:
quamobrem omnes eos oratos volo Ne, etc.,
Ter. Heaut. prol. 26; so, factum volo = faciam: serva tibi sodalem, et mihi filium. Mne. Factum volo, I will, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 91: pariter nunc opera me adjuves ac, etc. Nau. Factum volo, Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 4; so Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 10.—In 3 d pers.:
esse salutatum vult te mea littera primum,
Ov. P. 2, 7, 1.—
b.
With pres. inf.:
propterea te vocari ad cenam volo (= voco te),
Plaut. Capt. 1, 2, 72:
sed nunc rogare hoc ego vicissim te volo: quid fuit, etc. (= nunc te rogo),
id. Trin. 1, 2, 136.—
c.
With perf. act. inf.:
pace tua dixisse velim (= pace tua dixerim),
Ov. P. 3, 1, 9.—
d.
In other connections, when the will or purpose is made more prominent than the action:
eorum alter, qui Antiochus vocatur, iter per Siciliam facere voluit (= fecit),
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 61:
si suscipere eam (religionem) nolletis, tamen in eo qui violasset sancire vos velle oporteret (= sancire vos oporteret),
id. ib. 2, 4, 51, §
114: ut insequentibus diebus nemo eorum forum aut publicum adspicere vellet (= adspiceret),
Liv. 9, 7, 11:
talentis mille percussorem in me emere voluisti (= emisti),
Curt. 3, 5, 6: quin etiam senatus gratias ei agentem quod redire voluisset ante portas eduxit (= quod redisset), Val. Max. 3, 4, 4:
utri prius gratulemur, qui hoc dicere voluit, an cui audire contigit? (= qui hoc dixit),
id. 4, 7, ext. 2:
sic tua non paucae carpere facta volent (= carpent),
Ov. P. 3, 1, 64.
B.
Velim, as potential subjunctive (mostly in 1 st pers. sing., as subjunctive of modest statement), = volo, I wish, I should like.
1.
With verb in the second person.
a.
With pres. subj., so most frequently in Cic.
(α).
As a modest imperative of the dependent verb: velim facias = fac, I wish you would do it, please do it:
ego quae in rem tuam sint, ea velim facias,
Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 9:
eas (litteras) in eundem fasciculum velim addas,
Cic. Att. 12, 53:
eum salvere jubeas velim,
id. ib. 7, 7, 7:
velim me facias certiorem, etc.,
id. ib. 1, 19, 9:
tu velim saepe ad nos scribas,
id. ib. 1, 12, 4:
velim mihi ignoscas,
id. Fam. 13, 75, 1:
tu velim animum a me parumper avertas,
id. Lael. 1, 5; cf. id. Att. 1, 11, 3; 7, 3, 11; 8, 12, 5; id. Fam. 15, 3, 2 et saep.:
haec pro causa mea dicta accipiatis velim,
Liv. 42, 34, 13: velim, inquit, hoc mihi probes, Aug. ap. Suet. Aug. 51:
Musa velim memores, etc.,
Hor. S. 1, 5, 53.—
(β).
Expressing a wish without a command (v. vellem):
vera dicas velim,
I wish you told the truth, Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 18:
quam velim Bruto persuadeas ut Asturae sit,
Cic. Att. 14, 15, 4:
ipse velim poenas experiare meas,
Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 74;
so in asseverations: ita velim me promerentem ames, dum vivas, mi pater, ut... id mihi vehementer dolet,
Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 47.—
b.
With infinitive clause.
(α).
With the force of a modest imperative:
sed qui istuc credam ita esse, mihi dici velim (i. e. a te),
Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 15:
extremum illud est quod mihi abs te responderi velim,
Cic. Vat. 17, 41 (may be a dependent subjunctive):
itaque vos ego, milites, non eo solum animo.... pugnare velim, etc.,
Liv. 21, 41, 10.—
(β).
As a mere wish:
velim te arbitrari, frater, etc.,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 1:
primum te arbitrari id quod res est velim,
Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 9.—With perf. act.:
hanc te quoque ad ceteras tuas eximias virtutes, Masinissa, adjecisse velim,
Liv. 30, 14, 6.—With perf. pass., Liv. 1, 23, 8 (v. II. A. 3. a. supra).—
c.
With ut (rare):
de tuis velim ut eo sis animo, quo debes esse,
Cic. Fam. 4, 14, 4. —
d.
With ne (rare), Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 23 (v. I. C. 2. supra).—
2.
With dependent verb in the third person, expressing a wish.
a.
With pres. subj.:
ita se defatigent velim Ut, etc.,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 3:
de Cicerone quae mihi scribis, jucunda mihi sunt: velim sint prospera,
Cic. Att. 14, 11, 2:
velim seu Himilco, seu Mago respondeat,
Liv. 23, 12, 15:
sint haec vera velim,
Verg. Cir. 306:
nulla me velim syllaba effugiat,
Quint. 11, 2, 45.—With final clause:
tu velim mihi ad urbem praesto sis, ut tuis consiliis utar,
Cic. Att. 9, 16, 3; cf. id. ib. 11, 11, 2 (v. I. C. 2. supra).—With ellips. of pres. subj.:
velim mehercule Asturae Brutus (i. e. sit),
Cic. Att. 14, 11, 1.—
b.
With perf. subj. (a wish referring to the past):
nimis velim improbissumo homini malas edentaverint,
Plaut. Rud. 3, 2, 48.—
c.
With inf.-clause:
ne ego nunc mihi modium mille esse argenti velim!
Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 9: di me perdant! Me. Quodcunque optes, velim tibi contingere, id. Cist. 2, 1, 30:
velim eum tibi placere quam maxime,
Cic. Brut. 71, 249: idque primum ita esse velim;
deinde etiam, si non sit, mihi persuaderi tamen velim,
id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24:
quod faxitis, deos velim fortunare,
Liv. 6, 41, 12.—With perf. pass. inf. (v. I. B. 9. b. b, supra):
edepol te hodie lapide percussum velim,
Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 33:
moribus praefectum mulierum hunc factum velim,
id. Aul. 3, 5, 30.—With inf.-clause understood:
nimium plus quam velim nostrorum ingenia sunt mobilia,
Liv. 2, 37, 4.—
3.
With verb in the first person.
a.
With inf. pres. (so most freq.):
atque hoc velim probare omnibus, etc.,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47:
velim scire ecquid de te recordere,
id. Tusc. 1, 6, 13:
quare te, ut polliceris, videre plane velim,
id. Att. 11, 9, 3:
nec vero velim... a calce ad carceres revocari,
id. Sen. 23, 83:
sed multitudo ea quid animorum... habeat scire velim,
Liv. 23, 12, 7:
interrogare tamen velim, an Isocrates Attice dixerit,
Quint. 12, 10, 22.—With perf. inf. act., Ov. P. 3, 1, 9 (v. II. A. 3. c.).—
b.
With acc. and inf.:
quod velis, modo id velim me scire,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 8.—So with perf. pass. inf.:
ego praeterquam quod nihil haustum ex vano velim, Fabium... potissimum auctorem habui,
Liv. 22, 7, 4.—
c.
With subj. pres.:
eo velim tam facili uti possim et tam bono in me quam Curione,
Cic. Att. 10, 8, 10 B. and K. ex conj. Mull. (Lachm., Hoffm. posse; al. possem).—
4.
Velim in the principal sentence of conditional clauses, I would, I should be willing:
aetatem velim servire, Libanum ut (= si) conveniam modo,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 8:
velim, si fieri possit,
id. Truc. 2, 4, 12:
si quid tibi compendi facere possim, factum edepol velim (redundant),
id. ib. 2, 4, 26:
si possim, velim,
id. Stich. 4, 2, 9:
nec velim (imitari orationes Thucydidis) si possim,
Cic. Brut. 83, 287:
si liceat, nulli cognitus esse velim,
Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 42.—
5.
The other persons of velim in potential use (rare).
a.
Velis.
(α).
Imperatively = cupito:
quoniam non potest fieri quod vis, Id velis quod possit,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 6:
atque aliquos tamen esse velis tibi, alumna, penates,
Verg. Cir. 331.—
(β).
Declaratively with indef. subj.: quom inopia'st, cupias; quando ejus copia'st, tum non velis, then you (i.e. people, they) do not want it, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 45.—
(γ).
Redundant, as a form of the imperative of the dependent verb, Ov. Am. 1, 4, 38 (v. I. A. 3. a. b); id. H. 1, 80 (v. II. A. 1. b.); id. M. 2, 746 (v. II. A. 1. c.).—
b.
Velit.
(α).
Modestly for vult:
te super aetherias licentius auras Haud pater ille velit, etc.,
Verg. A. 7, 558: nemo enim minui velit id in quo maximus fuit, would like that to be diminished in which, etc., Quint. 12, 11, 6; cf. Verg. A. 2, 104, and Ov. H. 9, 7 (v. I. E. 1. c. supra).— So, poet., instead of vellet with perf. inf.:
ut fiat, quid non illa dedisse velit?
Ov. Am. 2, 17, 30.—
(β).
= imperative of third person:
arma velit, poscatque simul rapiatque juventus,
Verg. A. 7, 340.—Redundantly, giving to the dependent verb the force of an imperative, Quint. 8, prooem. 12 (v. II. A. 1. c. supra; v. also I. A. 3. a. supra).—
c.
Velimus.
(α).
In the optative sense of velim:
sed scire velimus quod tibi nomen siet,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 6, 18.—
(β).
With imperative sense (= let us, we should, etc.), Quint. 6, 3, 28 (v. I. A. 2. d. supra).—
d.
Velitis = velim velitis (i. e. jubeatis, jubete):
novos consules ita cum Samnite gerere bellum velitis ut omnia ante nos bella gesta sunt,
Liv. 9, 8, 10.—So especially in velitis jubeatis, a formula in submitting a law to the votes of the people in the comitia centuriata or tributa, let it be resolved and ordered by you:
rogatus in haec verba populus: velitis jubeatisne haec sic fieri, si respublica populi Romani Quiritium, etc.,
Liv. 22, 10, 2:
velitis jubeatis, Quirites... uti de ea re Ser. Sulpicius praetor urbanus ad senatum referat, etc.,
id. 38, 54, 3.—And parodied by Cic.:
velitis jubeatis ut quod Cicero versum fecerit,
Cic. Pis. 29, 72.—So in oblique discourse, vellent juberent:
rogationem promulgavit, vellent juberent Philippo... bellum indici,
Liv. 31, 6, 1:
vellent juberentne se regnare,
id. 1, 46, 1; cf.
in the resolution of the people: plebis sic jussit: quod senatus... censeat, id volumus jubemusque,
id. 26, 33, 14.—
e.
Velint, optative and redundant, Cic. Att. 11, 7, 7 (v. II. A. 1. d.); Ov. P. 1, 7, 8 (v. II. A. 1. c.).
C.
Vellem, as potential subjunctive, I wish, should like, should have liked, representing the wish as contrary to fact, while velim refers to a wish which may be realized:
de Menedemo vellem verum fuisset, de regina velim verum sit,
Cic. Att. 15, 4, 4. It is not used with imperative force; cf.:
quod scribis, putare te... vellem scriberes, cur ita putares... tu tamen velim scribas,
Cic. Att. 11, 24, 5.—Often quam vellem, how I wish, i. e. I wish very much; and in the same sense: nimium vellem, v. infra.
1.
With verb in first person.
a.
With inf. pres., I wish, would like, referring to present or future actions:
videre equidem vos vellem, cum huic aurum darem,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 68:
vellem equidem idem posse gloriari quod Cyrus,
Cic. Sen. 10, 32:
vellem equidem vobis placere, Quirites, sed, etc.,
Liv. 3, 68, 9:
quam fieri vellem meus libellus!
Mart. 8, 72, 9.—With cuperem and optarem:
nunc ego Triptolemi cuperem conscendere currus... Nunc ego Medeae vellem frenare dracones... Nunc ego jactandas optarem sumere pennas, etc.,
Ov. Tr. 3, 8, 1 sqq.— [p. 2010] Rarely, I should have liked:
tum equidem istuc os tuum inpudens videre nimium vellem!
Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 49.—And in conditional sense:
maerorem minui: dolorem nec potui, nec, si possem, vellem (i. e. minuere),
Cic. Att. 12, 28, 2:
certe ego, si sineres, titulum tibi reddere vellem,
Ov. Tr. 4, 5, 13:
sic nec amari quidem vellem (i. e. if I were in his place),
Sen. Ira, 1, 20, 4.—
b.
With perf. inf., I wish I had:
abiit, vah! Rogasse vellem,
I wish I had asked him, Ter. Heaut. 5, 2, 25:
maxime vellem semper tecum fuisse,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5:
quam vellem petisse ab eo quod audio Philippum impetrasse,
id. ib. 10, 4, 10:
non equidem vellem, quoniam nocitura fuerunt, Pieridum sacris imposuisse manum,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 27:
ante equidem summa de re statuisse, Latini, Et vellem, et fuerat melius,
Verg. A. 11, 303. —
c.
With inf.-clause, the predicate being a perf. part. (v. I. B. 9. b. b, supra):
virum me natam vellem,
would I had been born a man! Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 9.—
d.
With subj. imperf. (rare):
quam vellem, Panaetium nostrum nobiscum haberemus,
Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15.—
2.
The subject of the dependent verb in the second person.
a.
With subj. imperf. (the regular construction):
hodie igitur me videbit, ac vellem tum tu adesses,
I wish you could be present, Cic. Att. 13, 7, 2:
quam vellem de his etiam oratoribus tibi dicere luberet,
I wish you would please, id. Brut. 71, 248.—
b.
With subj. pluperf., I wish you had:
vellem Idibus Martiis me ad cenam invitasses,
Cic. Fam. 12, 4, 1:
quam vellem te ad Stoicos inclinavisses,
id. Fin. 3, 3, 10:
vellem suscepisses juvenem regendum,
id. Att. 10, 6, 2:
quam vellem Bruto studium tuum navare potuisses,
id. ib. 15, 4, 5.—
c.
With ne and pluperf. subj.:
tu vellem ne veritus esses ne parum libenter legerem tuas litteras,
Cic. Fam. 7, 33, 2.—
d.
With ellipsis of verb: vera cantas, vana vellem (i. e. cantares). Plaut. Most. 3, 4, 41.—
3.
With verb in third person.
a.
With imperf. subj. (the regular construction):
patrem atque matrem viverent vellem tibi (per ecthesin, v. I. E. b.),
Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 106:
vellem adesset Antonius, modo sine advocatis,
Cic. Phil. 1, 7, 16:
vellem nobis hoc idem vere dicere liceret,
id. Off. 3, 1, 1:
vellem adesse posset Panaetius,
id. Tusc. 1, 33, 81:
vellem hoc esset laborare,
id. Or. 2, 71, 287.—
b.
With pluperf. subj.:
vellem aliqui ex vobis robustioribus hunc male dicendi locum suscepissent,
Cic. Cael. 3, 7:
vellem dictum esset ab eodem etiam de Dione,
id. ib. 10, 23; so id. ib. 31, 74; id. Brut. 44, 163:
quam vellem Dareus aliquid ex hac indole hausisset!
Curt. 3, 32 (12), 26.—
c.
With inf.-clause.
(α).
With inf. pres., I wish he were:
quam non abesse ab hujus judicio L. Vulsionem vellem!
Cic. Clu. 70, 198:
nunc mihi... Vellem, Maeonide, pectus inesse tuum,
Ov. F. 2, 120.—
(β).
With perf. inf. or part., I wish he had, had been:
quam vellem Menedemum invitatum!
Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 11:
epistulas, quas quidem vellem mihi numquam redditas,
Cic. Att. 11, 22, 1.—
With ellipsis of predicate: illud quoque vellem antea (i. e. factum, or factum esse),
Cic. Att. 11, 23, 3.—
d.
With ut, Cic. Sull. 1, 1; id. Fam. 7, 33, 2 (v. I. C. 1. a. supra).—
4.
With acc. of a neuter pronoun or of a noun:
aliquando sentiam us nihil nobis nisi, id quod minime vellem, spiritum reliquum esse,
Cic. Att. 9, 19, 2: tris eos libros maxime nunc vellem: apti essent ad id quod cogito, I would like to have (cf. I. E. 1. a.), id. ib. 13, 22, 2.—
5.
In the other persons of vellem (mostly poet.).
a.
Velles.
(α).
In optative sentences redundant, Verg. A. 11, 153 (v. II. A. 1. d.).—
(β).
Of an indefinite subject:
velles eum (Senecam) suo ingenio dixisse, alieno judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 130.—
b.
Vellet.
(α).
In the potential sense of vellem: vellet abesse quidem;
sed adest. Velletque videre, Non etiam sentire canum fera facta suorum,
Ov. M. 3, 247.—
(β).
Conditionally:
quis vellet tanti nuntius esse mali (i. e. if in this situation)?
Ov. H. 12, 146.—
c.
Vellent.
(α).
In the potential sense of vellem:
quam vellent aethere in alto Nunc of pauperiem et duros perferre labores!
Verg. A. 6, 436.—
(β).
Conditionally: nec superi vellent hoc licuisse sibi, would wish, i. e. if in this situation, Mart. 4, 44, 8.
D.
Volam and voluero.
1.
In gen.: respiciendus erit sermo stipulationis, utrumne talis sit: quem voluero, an quem volam. Nam si talis fuerit quem voluero, cum semel elegerit, mutare voluntatem non poterit;
si vero... quem volam, donec judicium dictet, mutandi potestatem habebit,
Dig. 45, 1, 112.—
2.
Volam in principal sentences.
(α).
= Engl. future, I shall wish, etc.:
et commeminisse hoc ego volam te,
I shall require you to recollect this, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 7: cum omnia habueris, tunc habere et sapientiam voles? will you also wish to have wisdom when? etc., Sen. Ep. 17, 8.—
(β).
Denoting present probability: et scilicet jam me hoc voles patrem exorare, ut, etc., you doubtless wish me, etc., Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 27.—
3.
In clauses dependent on predicates implying a future, generally rendered by an English present:
quid si sors aliter quam voles evenerit?
otherwise than as you wish, Plaut. Cas. 2, 5, 35:
tum te, si voles, cum patriae quod debes solveris, satis diu vixisse dicito,
then if you choose, if you will, Cic. Marcell. 9, 27:
decedes cum voles,
id. Att. 6, 3, 2:
qui magis effugies eos qui volent fingere?
those who are bent upon inventing, who will invent, falsehoods, id. ib. 8, 2, 2; cf. id. ib. 1, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 4, 25, § 55; id. Prov. Cons. 9, 24:
quod voles gratum esse, rarum effice,
Sen. Ben. 1, 14, 1; cf. id. Brev. Vit. 7, 9: si di volent, the gods permitting, August. ap. Suet. Calig. 8:
invenies, vere si reperire voles,
Ov. P. 3, 1, 34; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 78; Tib. 1, 4, 45.—So, voluero:
quem (locum) si qui vitare voluerit, sex milium circuitu in oppidum pervenit,
who wishes to avoid this spot, Caes. B. C. 2, 24.
E.
Si vis, parenthetically.
1.
If you please (cf. sis, supra init.):
paulum opperirier, Si vis,
Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 52:
audi, si vis, nunc jam,
id. Ad. 2, 1, 30:
dic, si vis, de quo disputari velis,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 5, 13.—
2.
If you wish, choose, insist upon it:
hanc quoque jucunditatem, si vis, transfer in animum,
Cic. Fin. 2, 4, 14:
addam, si vis, animi, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 27, 89:
concedam hoc ipsum, si vis, etc.,
id. Div. 2, 15, 34.
F.
Quam, with any person of the pres. indic. or subj., or imperf. subj. or future, = quamvis, in a concessive sense, virtually, however, however much.
1.
3 d pers. sing.:
quod illa, quam velit sit potens, numquam impetravisset (= quamvis sit potens),
however powerful she may be, Cic. Cael. 26, 63:
C. Gracchus dixit, sibi in somnis Ti. fratrem visum esse dicere, quam vellet cunctaretur, tamen eodem sibi leto... esse pereundum,
id. Div. 1, 26, 56:
quam volet jocetur,
id. N. D. 2, 17, 46.—
2.
1 st pers. plur.:
quam volumus licet ipsi nos amemus, tamen, etc.,
Cic. Har. Resp. 9, 19.—
3.
2 d pers. plur.: exspectate facinus quam vultis improbum, vincam tamen, etc., expect a crime, however wicked ( ever so wicked), etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 5, § 11;
but: hac actione quam voletis multi dicent,
as many as you choose, id. ib. 2, 2, 42, § 102.—
4.
3 d pers. plur.:
quam volent illi cedant, tamen a re publica revocabuntur,
Cic. Phil. 2, 44, 113:
quam volent in conviviis faceti, dicaces, etc., sint, alia fori vis est, alia triclinii,
id. Cael. 28, 67;
but: et ceteri quam volent magnas pecunias capere possint,
as much money as they choose, id. Verr. 2, 2, 58, § 142.
G.
Volo = malo, to prefer, with a comparative clause (rare):
quodsi in ceteris quoque studiis a multis eligere homines commodissimum quodque, quam sese uni alicui certo vellent addicere, = si se eligere mallent quam se uni addicere,
Cic. Inv. 2, 2, 5:
malae rei quam nullius duces esse volunt,
Liv. 3, 68, 11:
famaene credi velis quanta urbs a te capta sit, quam posteris quoque eam spectando esse?
id. 25, 29, 6.
H.
With magis and maxime.
1.
Magis velle: ut tu illam salvam magis velles quam ego, you wish more than I, etc., Ter. Hec. 2, 2, 17.—
2.
With maxime, to wish above all, more than any thing or any one else, to be most agreeable to one, to like best, to prefer (among more than two alternatives):
quia id maxime volo ut illi istoc confugiant,
wish above all, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 49; so id. Trin. 3, 2, 38:
maxime vellem, judices, ut P. Sulla, etc.,
Cic. Sull. 1, 1:
caritate nos capiunt reges, consilio optimates, libertate populi, ut in comparando difficile ad eligendum sit, quid maxime velis,
which you prefer, like best, id. Rep. 1, 35, 55; so, quemadmodum ego maxime vellem, id. Att. 13, 1, 1:
tris eos libros maxime nunc vellem,
above all others, id. ib. 13, 32, 2:
alia excusanti juveni, alia recipienti futura, ita ut maxime vellet senatus responderi placuit,
as it was most agreeable to him, Liv. 39, 47:
si di tibi permisissent quo modo maxime velles experiri animum meum,
in the manner most convenient to yourself, Curt. 3, 6, 12.
K.
In disjunctive co - ordination.
1.
With sive... sive:
tu nunc, sive ego volo, seu nolo, sola me ut vivam facis,
whether I choose or not, Plaut. Cist. 3, 14:
itaque Campanos sive velint, sive nolint, quieturos,
Liv. 8, 2, 13.—
2.
Without connectives.
a.
Vis tu... vis:
congredi cum hoste liceat... vis tu mari, vis terra, vis acie, vis urbibus expugnandis experiri virtutem?
Liv. 25, 6, 22.—
b.
Velim nolim.
(α).
Interrogatively, = utrum velim nec ne:
velit nolit scire, difficile est,
it is difficult to know whether he intends it or not, Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 4.—
(β).
= seu velim seu nolim:
ut mihi, velim nolim, sit certa quaedam tuenda sententia,
whether I will or not, Cic. N. D. 1, 7, 17:
velim nolim, in cognomine Scipionum haeream necesse est,
Val. Max. 3, 7, 3:
mors interim adest, cui velis nolis vacandum est,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 8, 5:
hunc ita fundatum necesse est, velit nolit, sequatur hilaritas continua,
id. Vit. Beat. 4, 4:
velint nolint, respondendum est... beate vivere bonum non esse,
id. Ep. 117, 4:
praeterea futuri principes, velint nolint, sciant, etc.,
Plin. Pan. 20 fin. Part. and P. a.: vŏlens, entis.
A.
As a part. proper, retaining the meaning and construction of velle, with the force of a relative or adverbial clause.
1.
Agreeing with some member of the sentence ( poet. and in post-class. prose;
rare): neque illum... multa volentem Dicere praeterea vidit (= qui multa voluit dicere),
Verg. G. 4, 501; id. A. 2, 790:
nec me vis ulla volentem Avertet (i. e. si adhaerere foederi volo),
id. ib. 12, 203: decemviri, minuere volentes hujuscemodi violentiam... putaverunt, etc., intending ( who intended) to diminish such a violence, etc., Gell. 20, 1, 34:
Milo, experiri etiamtunc volens, an ullae sibi reliquae vires adessent... rescindere quercum conatus est,
id. 15, 16, 3:
scio quosdam testatores, efficere volentes ne servi sui umquam ad libertatem venirent, etc., hactenus scribere solitos,
Dig. 40, 4, 61:
si te volentem ad prohibendum venire, deterruerit aliquis, etc.,
ib. 43, 24, 1, § 10.—
2.
Abl. absol. (not ante-Aug.):
ne cujus militis scripti nomen nisi ipso volente deleretur,
except with his consent, Liv. 7, 41, 4; so,
Teum ex medio cursu classem repente avertit, aut volentibus iis usurus commeatu parato hostibus, aut ipsos pro hostibus habiturus,
with their consent, id. 37, 27, 3:
ponuntque ferocia Poeni Corda, volente deo,
since the god willed it, Verg. A. 1, 303: Thrasippo supplicium a se voluntaria morte exigere volente, while he was about to inflict punishment on himself, etc., Val. Max. 5, 1, ext. 2: scire volentibus immortalibus dis an Romana virtus imperium orbis mereretur, it being the will of the gods to know, etc., Flor. 1, 13, 3 (1, 7, 3): qui sciente aut volente eo ad quem res pertinet, possessionem nanciscitur, with the knowledge and consent of the person who, etc., Dig. 41, 2, 6. —
B.
As adj., willing, voluntary, and hence, favorably disposed (opp. invitus).
1.
Attributively.
a.
In the phrase cum dis volentibus, lit. with the willing or favoring gods, i. e. with the will, permission, or favor of the gods: dono ducite doque volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 208 Vahl.):
sequere hac, mea gnata, me cum dis volentibus,
Plaut. Pers. 3, 1, 4:
cum dis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi Mani uti illaec suovetaurilia, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141 (142).— And without cum, abl. absol.:
virtute ac dis volentibus magni estis et opulenti,
Sall. J. 14, 19.—
b.
Volenti animo.
(α).
= cupide, eagerly:
Romae plebes litteris quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, volenti animo de ambobus acceperant,
Sall. J. 73, 3. —
(β).
On purpose, intentionally:
consilio hanc omnes animisque volentibus urbem Adferimur,
Verg. A. 7, 216.—
2.
Predicatively.
a.
Agreeing with the subject-nom. or subject - acc.
(α).
Voluntarily, willingly, [p. 2011] gladly (class.):
(hi) divini generis appellentur... vobisque jure et lege volentes pareant,
Cic. Univ. 11 fin.:
quas victi ab hostibus poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pendere,
Sall. J. 76, 6:
quia volentes in amicitiam non veniebant,
Liv. 21, 39, 4:
si volentes ac non coacti mansissent in amicitia,
id. 24, 37, 7:
quocunque loco seu volens seu invitus constitisti,
id. 7, 40, 13:
itaque se numquam volentem parte qua posset rerum consilio gerendarum cessurum,
id. 22, 27, 9:
(virtus), quidquid evenerit, feret, non patiens tantum, sed etiam volens,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 15, 5:
non est referre gratiam quod volens acceperis nolenti reddere,
id. Ben. 4, 40, 4:
volens vos Turnus adoro,
Verg. A. 10, 677; 3, 457; 6, 146;
12, 833: date vina volentes,
id. ib. 8, 275: ipsa autem macie tenuant armenta volentes ( on purpose), id. G. 3, 129.—And referring to subjects denoting things: quos rami fructus, quos ipsa volentia rura Sponte tulere sua, carpsit ( spontaneously and willingly), Verg. G. 2, 500.—
(β).
Favorably; with propitius, favorably and kindly, referring to the gods:
precantes Jovem ut volens propitius praebeat sacra arma pro patria,
Liv. 24, 21, 10:
precantibus ut volens propitiaque urbem Romanam iniret,
id. 29, 14, 13:
in ea arce (Victoriam) sacratam, volentem propitiamque, firmam ac stabilem fore populo Romano,
id. 22, 37, 12; 1, 16, 3; 7, 26, 3; 24, 38, 8; Inscr. Orell. 2489 sq.—Parodied by Plautus:
agite, bibite, festivae fores! fite mihi volentes propitiae,
Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 89.— Abl. absol.:
omnia diis propitiis volentibusque ea faciemus,
with the favor and help of the gods, Liv. 39, 16, 11 Weissenb. ad loc.:
si (Jovem) invocem ut dexter ac volens assit,
Quint. 4, prooem. 5.—
b.
Agreeing with other terms of the sentence (rare): volenti consuli causa in Pamphyliam devertendi oblata est, a welcome cause was offered to the consul, etc., Liv. 38, 15, 3:
quod nobis volentibus facile continget,
if we wish, Quint. 6, 2, 30:
is Ariobarzanem volentibus Armeniis praefecit,
to their satisfaction, Tac. A. 2, 4:
gemis... hominem, Urse, tuum, cui dulce volenti servitium... erat,
to whom his servitude was sweet, since he liked it, Stat. S. 2, 6, 15:
me mea virtus, etc., fatis egere volentem,
Verg. A. 8, 133:
saepe ille volentem castigabat erum,
administered kindly received rebukes, Stat. S. 2, 6, 50.—
c.
In the phrase aliquid mihi volenti est or putatur, etc., something is welcome, acceptable to me, pleases me (= volens habeo or accipio aliquid; cf. the Gr. Humin tauta boulomenois estin, and, mihi aliquid cupienti est; v. cupio;
rare but class.): uti militibus exaequatus cum imperatore labos volentibus esset,
that the equalization of labor was acceptable to the soldier, Sall. J. 100, 4:
quia neque plebei militia volenti putabatur,
id. ib. 84, 3 Dietsch:
grande periculum maritumis civitatibus esse, et quibusdam volentibus novas res fore,
that to some a change of the government would be welcome, Liv. 21, 50, 10:
quibus bellum volentibus erat, probare exemplum,
Tac. Agr. 18.— Impers. with subject - inf.: ceterisque remanere et in verba Vespasiani adigi volentibus fuit, to the rest it was acceptable to remain, etc., Tac. H. 3, 43.—With subject-inf. understood:
si volentibus vobis erit, in medium profero quae... legisse memini,
Macr. S. 7, 13, 11:
si volentibus vobis erit, diem fabulis et epulis exigamus,
id. ib. 1, 7; 2, 3 fin.; 6, 6 init. —
3.
As subst. (mostly post-Aug.).
a.
vŏlens, entis, m., = is qui vult, in the different meanings, and often with the construction of the verb.
(α).
One who wishes:
nunc cis Hiberum castra Romana esse, arcem tutam perfugiumque novas volentibus res,
Liv. 22, 22, 11:
consulere se volentibus vacuas aures accommodavit,
Val. Max. 5, 8, 3:
quid opus libertate si volentibus luxu perire non licet,
id. 2, 9, 5:
discere meliora volentibus promptum est,
i. e. it depends on our own will to learn better things, Quint. 11, 11, 12:
nec sum in hoc sollicitus, dum res ipsa volentibus discere appareat,
to the students, id. 8, 4, 15:
mori volentibus vis adhibita vivendi,
Suet. Tib. 61.—
(β).
One who intends, is about:
juris ignorantia non prodest acquirere volentibus,
i. e. in the acquisition of property, Dig. 22, 6, 7:
si quis volentem incipere uti frui prohibuit,
one who is about to enter upon a usufruct, ib. 43, 16, 3, § 14. —
(γ).
One who is willing:
non refert quid sit quod datur, nisi a volente volenti datur,
unless it is both willingly given and received, Sen. Ben. 2, 18, 8:
ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt,
those willing to follow, id. Ep. 107, 11.—
(δ).
One who consents:
tutiusque rati volentibus quam coactis imperitare,
to rule men with their consent, Sall. J. 102, 6:
quippe rempublicam si a volentibus nequeat ab invitis jus expetituram,
peaceably if they could, forcibly if they must, Liv. 3, 40, 4:
si quis aliam rem pro alia volenti solverit,
if one pays with the consent of the receiver, Dig. 46, 3, 46:
nulla injuria est quae in volentem fiat,
ib. 47, 10, 1, § 5.—
(ε).
One who does a thing voluntarily:
pecuniam etiam a volentibus acceperant,
the contributions of money were voluntary, Vell. 2, 62, 3:
parce, puer, stimulis... (solis equi) Sponte sua properant. Labor est inhibere volentis (i. e. properare),
Ov. M. 2, 128.—
(ζ).
Volens = bene volens: munificus nemo habebatur nisi pariter volens, unless he was just as kindly disposed, sc. as he was liberal, Sall. J. 103, 6.—Often referring to a previously mentioned noun:
hunc cape consiliis socium et conjunge volentem,
and unite with him, since he wishes it, Verg. A. 5, 712; so may be taken Ov. M. 2, 128 (v. e).—
b.
In the neutr. plur. (volentia) rare, always with dat., things pleasing, acceptable:
Pompeius multis suspitionibus volentia plebi facturus habebatur,
that he would do what pleased the common people, Sall. H. 4, 31 Dietsch:
haec atque talia plebi volentia fuere,
Tac. A. 15, 36 Draeg. ad loc. al.:
iique Muciano volentia rescripsere,
id. H. 3, 52.—Hence, adv.: vŏlenter, willingly, App. M. 6, p. 178, 4.
2.
vŏlo, āvi, ātum ( part. gen. plur. volantūm, Verg. A. 6, 728; Lucr. 2, 1083), 1, v. n. [Sanscr. val-, to turn one's self, etc.; cf.: vŏlucer, vēlox, and vol- in velivolus], to fly.
I.
Lit.: ex alto... laeva volavit avis, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 95 Vahl.):
aves,
Lucr. 6, 742:
accipitres,
id. 4, 1010:
corvi,
id. 2, 822:
altam supra volat ardea nubem,
Verg. G. 1, 364:
volat ille per aëra magnum Remigio alarum,
id. A. 1, 300:
columbae venere volantes,
id. ib. 6, 191; Prop. 2, 30 (3, 28), 30; Juv. 8, 251:
apes,
Ov. A. A. 1, 96; cf. Plin. 10, 38, 54, § 112:
volasse eum (Antonium), non iter fecisse diceres,
Cic. Phil. 10, 5, 11.—Prov.:
sine pennis volare haud facile est,
Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 49.—
2.
P. a. as subst.: vŏlantes, ĭum, comm., the birds ( poet.), Lucr. 2, 1083; Verg. A. 6, 239; 6, 728.—
II.
Transf., to fly, i. e. to move swiftly like one flying, to fleet, speed, hasten along:
i sane... vola curriculo,
Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 17; cf.:
per summa levis volat aequora curru,
Verg. A. 5, 819:
medios volat ecce per hostes Vectus equo spumante Saces,
id. ib. 12, 650:
illa (Argo) volat,
Ov. H. 6, 66:
currus,
Verg. G. 3, 181:
axis,
id. ib. 3, 107:
nubes,
Lucr. 5, 254:
fulmina,
id. 2, 213:
tempestates,
id. 6, 612:
telum,
id. 1, 971; cf. Sall. J. 60, 2; Verg. A. 9, 698; Liv. 26, 44, 7 al.:
litterae Capuam ad Pompeium volare dicebantur,
Cic. Att. 2, 19, 3:
volat aetas,
id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76:
hora,
Sen. Hippol. 1141:
fama,
Verg. A. 3, 121:
et semel emissum volat irrevocabile verbum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 71.— Poet., with inf.:
ast Erebi virgo ditem volat aethere Memphim Praecipere et Phariā venientem pellere terrā,
Val. Fl. 4, 407.
3.
vŏlo, ōnis, m. [1. volo], a volunteer, first applied to the slaves who, after the battle at Cannæ, were enrolled upon their own expressed desire to serve (cf. Liv. 22, 57, 11; Val. Max. 7, 6, 1):
volones dicti sunt milites, qui post Cannensem cladem usque ad octo milia, cum essent servi, voluntarie se ad militiam obtulere,
Paul. Diac. p. 370:
volones, quia sponte hoc voluerunt, appellati,
Macr. S. 1, 11, 30:
vetus miles tironi, liber voloni sese exaequari sineret,
Liv. 23, 35, 6; 23, 32, 1; Capitol. Anton. Phil. 21, 6; Macr. S. 1, 11, 30.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > volo

19 compte

compte [kɔ̃t]

━━━━━━━━━

1. masculine noun

2. compounds

━━━━━━━━━

1. <

   a. ( = calcul) faire le compte des erreurs to count the mistakes

• faire le compte des dépenses to calculate the expenditure

• comment as-tu fait ton compte pour arriver si tard ? how did you manage to get here so late?

• prendre qch en compte to take sth into account

   b. ( = nombre exact) right number

• le compte y est (paiement) that's the right amount ; (inventaire) that's the right number

• j'ai ajouté 15 € pour faire le compte I've added 15 euros to make up the full amount

   c. (Accounting) account

• faire ses comptes to do one's accounts

• tenir les comptes to do the accounts

• être laissé pour compte [personne] to be left by the wayside

   d. (Banking) account

• compte en banque bank account

• avoir un compte dans une banque to have an account with a bank

   e. (Computing) account

• compte utilisateur user account

   f. ( = facture) invoice ; [d'hôtel, restaurant] bill (Brit), check (US)

• pourriez-vous me faire mon compte ? would you make out my bill?

• mettez-le sur mon compte put it on my bill

   g. ( = dû) il y a trouvé son compte he did well out of it

• chacun y trouve son compte there's something in it for everybody

• il a son compte (inf) (épuisé, mort) he's had it (inf) ; (ivre) he's had more than he can take

• son compte est bon his number's up (inf)

   h. ( = explication) demander des comptes à qn to ask sb for an explanation

• rendre des comptes à qn to explain o.s. to sb

• je n'ai de comptes à rendre à personne I'm accountable to nobody

• rendre compte de qch à qn to give sb an account of sth

   i. (locutions)

► à ce compte-là ( = dans ce cas) in that case ; ( = à ce train-là) at this rate

► tout compte fait all things considered

► se rendre compte de qch/que ( = réaliser) to realize sth/that

• est-ce que tu te rends compte de ce que tu dis ? do you realize what you are saying?

• il a osé dire ça, tu te rends compte ! he dared say that - can you believe it!► tenir compte de qn/qch to take sb/sth into account

• il n'a pas tenu compte de nos avertissements he didn't take any notice of our warnings► compte tenu de considering

► à son compte

• s'installer à son compte to set up one's own business

• travailler à son compte to be self-employed► pour le compte de qn ( = au nom de) on behalf of sb

► sur le compte de ( = à propos de) about

• on m'en a raconté de belles sur son compte ! I was told a few interesting stories about him!

• verser de l'argent sur le compte de qn to pay money into sb's account

• mettre qch sur le compte de qch ( = attribuer à) to put sth down to sth

2. <

► compte chèque postal post office account

► compte chèques, compte courant current (Brit) or checking (US) account

► compte à rebours countdown

► compte rendu account ; [de livre, film] review ; (sur travaux en cours) progress report

• faire le compte rendu d'une réunion to give an account of a meeting ► compte sur livret deposit account

* * *
kɔ̃t
1.

nom masculin

1) ( calcul) count

faire le compte de quelque chose — to work out [dépenses, recettes]; to count (up) [personnes, objets]

si je fais le compte de ce qu'il me doit — if I work out what he owes me

le compte est bon — that works out right

tenir le compte de quelque chose — to keep count of something

comment fais-tu ton compte pour faire...? — fig how do you manage to do...?

au bout du compte — ( pour constater) in the end

tout compte fait — ( tout bien considéré) all things considered; ( en fait) when all is said and done

en fin de compte — ( pour conclure) at the end of the day

tout compte fait or en fin de compte, c'est lui qui avait raison — when all is said and done, he was right

2) ( résultat) ( d'argent) amount; (d'objets, heures, de personnes) number

le compte y est — ( en argent) that's the right amount; (en objets, personnes) all present and correct

le compte n'y est pas, il n'y a pas le compte — ( en argent) that's not the right amount; (en objets, personnes) that's not the right number

il a son compte — (colloq) ( battu ou tué) he's done for (colloq); ( ivre) he's had a drop too much

nous avons eu notre compte d'ennuis — fig we've had more than our fair share of problems

à ce compte-là — ( dans ces conditions) in that case

3) ( considération)

prendre quelque chose en compte, tenir compte de quelque chose — to take something into account

compte tenu de — considering

4) ( intérêt personnel)

être or travailler à son compte — to be self-employed

se mettre or s'installler or s'établir à son compte — to set up one's own business

prendre des jours de congé à son compte — to take a few days off without pay

pour le compte de quelqu'un — on behalf of somebody

y trouver son compte — to get something out of it

à compte d'auteur — at the author's expense

5) ( en comptabilité) account

tenir les comptes — to keep the accounts

6) Finance account

compte bancaire or en banque — bank account

7) Commerce ( ardoise) account

j'ai un compte chez un libraire — I have an account with a bookshop GB ou bookstore

mettre quelque chose sur le compte de quelqu'un — lit to charge something to somebody's account; fig to put something down to somebody

8) ( somme à payer)

voilà votre compte — here's your money

9) (explication, rapport)

rendre compte de quelque chose à quelqu'un — ( rapporter) to give an account of something to somebody; ( justifier) to account for something to somebody

rendre des comptes à quelqu'un — [responsable] to be answerable to somebody

demander des comptes à quelqu'un — to ask for an explanation from somebody

10) ( notion nette)

se rendre compte de — ( être conscient) to realize; ( remarquer) to notice

11) ( sujet)

je ne sais rien sur leur compte — I don't know anything about them

12) Sport ( en boxe) count

2.

à bon compte locution adverbiale lit ( à peu de frais) [acheter] cheap; [acquérir, voyager] cheaply; fig ( sans difficulté) the easy way

s'en tirer à bon compte — to get off lightly

Phrasal Verbs:

- compte chèques

- compte chèque postal

- compte d'épargne

- compte à rebours

- comptes d'apothicaire

* * *
kɔ̃t
1. nm

1) (= total, montant) count, number

faire le compte de — to count up

Le compte des bulletins de vote prendra du temps. — It will take time to count the voting slips.

Le compte est bon. — That's the right amount.

2) (bancaire) account

ouvrir un compte — to open an account

J'ai déposé le chèque sur mon compte. — I've paid the cheque into my account.

3) (chez un commerçant) account

Mettez-le sur mon compte. — Charge it to my account.

4) (autres locutions)

à ce compte-là (= dans ce cas) — in that case, (= à ce train-là) at that rate

tout compte fait — on the whole

à bon compte; s'en tirer à bon compte — to get off lightly

rendre compte de qch (= relater) — to give an account of sth, (en assumant une responsabilité) to account for sth

rendre compte de qch à qn (= relater) — to give sb an account of sth, (en assumant une responsabilité) to account to sb for sth

tenir compte de [fait, circonstances] — to take into account, [conseils] to take notice of

Ils ont tenu compte de mon expérience. — They took my experience into account.

Il n'a pas tenu compte de mes conseils. — He took no notice of my advice.

compte tenu de — taking into account

prendre qch à son compte — to take responsibility for sth

travailler à son compte — to work for oneself

pour le compte de — on behalf of

pour son propre compte — for one's own benefit

sur le compte de qn (= à son sujet) — about sb

mettre qch sur le compte de qn (= le rendre responsable) — to put sth down to sb

en fin de compte fig — when all is said and done, at the end of the day

Le voyage ne s'est pas mal passé, en fin de compte. — The journey wasn't bad, all things considered.

au bout du compte — in the final analysis

avoir son compte fig * — to have had it *

trouver son compte à qch — to do well out of sth

régler un compte (= s'acquitter de qch) — to settle an account, (= se venger) to get one's own back

régler son compte à qn — to eliminate sb

2. comptes nmpl

1) (comptabilité) accounts, books

faire les comptes — to do the accounts, to do the books

tenir les comptes — to keep the accounts

2) (autres locutions)

rendre des comptes à qn — to be answerable to sb

régler ses comptes — to settle one's differences

* * *

compte

A nm

1 ( calcul) count; faire le compte de qch to work out [dépenses, recettes]; to count (up) [personnes, objets]; si je fais le compte de ce qu'il me doit if I work out what he owes me; le compte est bon that works out right; j'ai fait le compte des chocolats qui restaient I counted up how many chocolates were left; tenir le compte de qch to keep count of sth; elle tient un compte précis de ses heures supplémentaires she keeps an exact count of her extra hours; comment fais-tu ton compte pour faire…? fig how do you manage to do…?; au bout du compte ( pour constater) in the end; tout compte fait ( tout bien considéré) all things considered; ( en fait) when all is said and done; en fin de compte ( pour conclure) at the end of the day; tout compte fait or en fin de compte, c'est lui qui avait raison when all is said and done, HE was right;

2 ( résultat) ( d'argent) amount; (d'objets, heures, de personnes) number; le compte y est ( en argent) that's the right amount; (en objets, personnes) all present and correct; le compte n'y est pas, il n'y a pas le compte ( en argent) that's not the right amount; (en objets, personnes) that's not the right number; il y a 28 élèves, le compte y est/n'y est pas there are 28 pupils, everybody's here/somebody's missing ou ( plusieurs personnes) some are missing; il devrait rester 15 pots de confiture, le compte n'y est pas there should be 15 jars of jam left, but they're not all there; faire le compte ( en argent) to come to the right amount; (en personnes, objets) to come to the right number; voici 20 euros, cela devrait faire le compte here's 20 euros, that should be about right; même si chacun ajoute 3 euros cela ne fera pas le compte even if everybody puts in another 3 euros, it still won't come to the right amount; avoir son compte d'heures de sommeil to get the right amount of sleep; il a son compte○ (battu, tué) he's done for○; ( ivre) he's had a drop too much; nous avons eu notre compte d'ennuis fig we've had more than our fair share of problems; à ce compte-là ( dans ces conditions) in that case;

3 ( considération) prendre qch en compte, tenir compte de qch to take sth into account; compte tenu de considering;

4 ( intérêt personnel) être à son compte to be self-employed; travailler à son compte to work for oneself; se mettre or s'installler or s'établir à son compte to set up one's own business; reprendre un commerce à son compte to take over a business in one's own name; prendre des jours de congé à son compte to take a few days off without pay ou to take a few days' unpaid leave; pour le compte de qn on behalf of sb; y trouver son compte to get something out of it; ils ont abandonné l'enquête, beaucoup ont dû y trouver leur compte they abandoned the enquiry GB ou inquiry US, that must have suited a lot of people; faire le compte de qn† to benefit sb; les livres publiés à compte d'auteur books published at the author's expense;

5 Compta account; passer or mettre en compte to place [sth] to account [somme]; être en compte avec qn to have money matters to settle with sb; faire ses comptes [commerçant, ménagère] to do one's accounts; tenir les comptes [commerçant, ménagère, comptable] to keep the accounts; c'est moi qui tiens les comptes à la maison I keep the household accounts; ⇒ ami, ligne;

6 Fin account; compte bancaire or en banque bank account; compte gelé/sans mouvement frozen/dormant account; avoir un compte dans une banque to have an account with a bank; avoir un compte en Suisse to have a Swiss bank account; avoir 1 000 euros sur son compte to have 1,000 euros in one's account; verser de l'argent or faire un versement sur un compte to pay money into an account; retirer de l'argent de son compte to withdraw (some) money from one's account; un compte au nom de… an account in the name of…;

7 Comm ( ardoise) account; j'ai un compte chez un libraire I have an account with a bookshop GB ou bookstore; mettre qch sur le compte de qn lit to charge sth to sb's account; fig to put sth down to sb; il l'a mis sur le compte de la fatigue he put it down to tiredness;

8 ( somme à payer) voilà votre compte here's your money; demander son compte à qn to hand in one's notice to sb; donner son compte à qn to give sb notice; recevoir son compte ( être payé) to be paid; ( être renvoyé) to be given one's notice;

9 (explication, rapport) rendre compte de qch à qn ( rapporter) to give an account of sth to sb; ( justifier) to account for sth to sb; je n'ai pas à te rendre compte de mes actions I don't have to account for my actions to you; rendre des comptes à qn [responsable] to be answerable to sb; je n'ai pas de comptes à te rendre I don't have to answer to you; demander des comptes à qn to ask for an explanation from sb;

10 ( notion nette) se rendre compte de ( être conscient) to realize; ( remarquer) to notice; il ne s'est pas rendu compte du mal qu'il avait fait he didn't realize the harm he had done; tout cela s'est passé si vite que je ne me suis rendu compte de rien it all happened so quickly that I didn't realize what was going on; tu ne te rends pas compte que c'est dangereux! don't you realize how dangerous it is?; je ne me suis pas rendu compte de l'heure I didn't notice the time; se rendre compte de la difficulté d'une tâche to realize how difficult a job is; je ne me suis jamais rendu compte que I never realized that;

11 ( sujet) sur le compte de qn about sb; je ne sais rien sur leur compte I don't know anything about them;

12 Sport ( en boxe) count; pour le compte for the count.

B à bon compte loc adv lit ( à peu de frais) [acheter] cheap; [acquérir, voyager] cheaply; fig ( sans difficulté) the easy way; avoir qch à bon compte to get sth cheap; étudiant qui a obtenu son diplôme à bon compte student who got his degree the easy way; s'en tirer à bon compte to get off lightly; s'en tirer à bon compte avec un bras cassé to get off (lightly) with a broken arm.

Composés

compte d'affectation Compta appropriation account; compte d'amortissement Compta depreciation account; compte de bilan Compta balance sheet; compte bloqué Fin blocked account; compte chèques Fin current account GB, checking account US; compte chèque postal, CCP Fin, Postes post office account; compte client Compta accounts receivable; Fin customer account; compte courant Fin = compte chèques; compte de dépôt Fin deposit account; compte d'épargne Fin savings account; compte d'épargne logement, CEL Fin savings account entitling depositor to cheap mortgage; compte d'exploitation Compta trading account; compte fournisseurs Compta accounts payable, payables US; compte joint Fin joint account; compte sur livret Fin savings account; compte numéroté Fin numbered account; compte de pertes et profits Compta profit and loss account; ce livre a disparu! encore un à mettre au compte des pertes et profits! fig the book has disappeared! another one we can say goodbye to!; compte à rebours countdown; le compte à rebours de la campagne est commencé fig the run-up to the elections has started; compte rémunéré Fin interest-bearing (current GB ou checking US) account; compte de résultat Compta profit and loss account; compte de situation = compte de bilan; compte de soutien Admin, Fin state support fund (à for); compte à vue = compte chèques; comptes d'apothicaire complicated calculations.

[kɔ̃t] nom masculin

A.[CALCUL, SOMME CALCULÉE]

1. [opération] counting

faire le compte (de)

a. [personnes] to count (up)

b. [dépenses] to add up

faites le compte vous-même work it out (for) yourself

quand on fait le compte... when you reckon it all up...

compte à rebours (sens propre & figuré) countdown

2. [résultat] (sum) total

j'ai le compte I've got the right money

je vous remercie, monsieur, le compte est bon ou y est! thank you sir, that's right!

il n'y a pas le compte

a. [personnes] they're not all here ou there, some are missing

b. [dépenses] it doesn't add up

compte rond: cela fait un compte rond that makes it a (nice) round sum ou figure

cela ne fait pas un compte rond it comes to an odd figure

comment fais-tu ton compte pour te tromper à chaque fois/pour que tout le monde soit mécontent? how do you manage to get it wrong every time/manage it so (that) nobody's satisfied?

mais comment a-t-il fait son compte? but how did he make such a mess of it?

3. [avantage]

j'y trouve mon compte I do well out of it, it works out well for me

il n'y trouvait pas son compte, alors il est parti

a. [il ne gagnait pas assez d'argent] he wasn't doing well enough out of it, so he left

b. [dans une relation] he wasn't getting what he wanted out of it, so he left

4. [dû]

demander son compte to ask for one's wages

donner son compte à quelqu'un to give somebody (his) notice

avoir son compte (de) to have more than one's fair share ou more than enough (of)

je n'ai pas mon compte de sommeil I don't get all the sleep I need ou enough sleep

il a déjà son compte (familier) [il a beaucoup bu] he's had quite enough to drink already, he's had a skinful

recevoir son compte

a. (sens propre) to get one's (final) wages

b. (familier, figuré & familier) to get the sack (UK) ou one's marching orders

régler son compte à quelqu'un

a. (sens propre) to pay somebody off

b. (familier, figuré & familier) to give somebody a piece of one's mind

régler ses comptes [mettre en ordre ses affaires] to put one's affairs in order

régler ses comptes avec quelqu'un

a. [le payer] to settle up with somebody

b. [se venger] to settle a score with somebody

son compte est bon (familier) he's had it, he's done for

B.[DANS LE DOMAINE FINANCIER ET COMMERCIAL]

1. [de dépôt, de crédit] account

compte bancaire bank account

compte courant current (UK) ou checking (US) account

compte de dépôt deposit (UK) ou savings (US) account

compte épargne savings account

compte épargne logement savings account (for purchasing a property)

compte joint joint account

compte numéroté numbered account

2. [facture] bill, check (US)

faites-moi ou préparez-moi le compte may I have the bill, please?

3. [bilan]

compte de profits et pertes profit and loss account

C.[LOCUTIONS]

1. [argent]

à mon/son etc. compte: reprendre à son compte

a. [magasin] to take over in one's own name

b. [idée, écrit] to adopt

il a pris le repas à son compte he paid for the meal

être ou travailler à son compte to be self-employed

il est à son compte he's his own boss, he's set up on his own

à compte d'auteur at the author's own expense

en compte: passer ou porter une somme en compte

a. [recette] to credit a sum

b. [dépense] to debit a sum

nous sommes en compte, vous me réglerez tout à la fin as we're doing business together, you may pay me in full at the end

2. [explication, compréhension]

demander des comptes à quelqu'un to ask somebody for an explanation of something, to ask somebody to account for something

rendre des comptes (à quelqu'un) to give ou to offer (somebody) an explanation

je n'ai pas de comptes à vous rendre I don't have to justify myself to you

rendre compte de quelque chose à quelqu'un

a. [s'en expliquer] to justify something to somebody

b. [faire un rapport] to give an account of something to somebody

devoir des comptes à quelqu'un to be responsible ou accountable to somebody

il ne te doit pas de comptes he doesn't owe you any explanations

prendre quelque chose en compte [prendre en considération] to take something into account ou consideration

se rendre compte de quelque chose to realize something

te rends-tu compte de ce que tu fais? do you realize ou really understand what you're doing?

on lui a collé une étiquette dans le dos mais il ne s'en est pas rendu compte somebody stuck a label on his back but he didn't notice

non mais, tu te rends compte! (familier) [indignation] can you believe it?

tenir compte de quelque chose to take account of something, to take something into account

ne tenir aucun compte de quelque chose to disregard something

elle n'a pas tenu compte de mes conseils she took no notice of ou ignored my advice

compte tenu de in view ou in the light of

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comptes nom masculin pluriel

accounts, accounting

faire/tenir les comptes to do/to keep the accounts

faire des comptes d'apothicaire to work things out to the last penny ou cent (US)

les bons comptes font les bons amis (proverbe) pay your debts and you'll keep your friends

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à bon compte locution adverbiale

[acheter] cheap, cheaply

s'en tirer à bon compte

a. [sans frais] to manage to avoid paying a fortune

b. [sans conséquences graves] to get off lightly

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à ce compte locution adverbiale,

à ce compte-là locution adverbiale

[selon ce raisonnement] looking at it ou taking it that way

————————

pour compte locution adverbiale

laisser quelqu'un pour compte to neglect somebody

laisser des marchandises pour compte to leave goods on a merchant's hands

————————

pour le compte locution adverbiale

for the count

pour le compte de locution prépositionnelle

for

elle travaille pour le compte d'une grande société she works for a large firm, she freelances for a large firm

————————

pour mon compte locution adverbiale,

pour son compteetc. locution adverbiale

for my/his etc. part, as for me/him etc.

————————

sur le compte de locution prépositionnelle

1. [à propos de] on, about, concerning

on a dit bien des bêtises sur son compte people talked a lot of nonsense about him

2. (locution)

mettre quelque chose sur le compte de quelqu'un (sens propre) to put something on somebody's bill

mettre quelque chose sur le compte de quelque chose to put something down to something

tout compte fait locution adverbiale,

tous comptes faits locution adverbiale

[après tout] thinking about it, on second thoughts

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > compte

20 Knowledge

   1) To Exist Is to Be Perceived

   It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)

   2) Abstract Science or Demonstration Is a More Perfect Species of Knowledge

   It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.

   But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reﬂection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)

   3) Knowledge Derives from Two Fundamental Sources of the Mind

   Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).

   Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])

   4) The Means by Which Metaphysics Can Be Perfected as a Science

   Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....

   This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)

   5) Knowledge Is Only Real in the Form of System

   Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)

   6) Knowledge, Action, and Evaluation Are Interconnected

   Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)

   7) The Evolution of Knowledge

   "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.

   Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

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